197 research outputs found

    DNA Electrotransfer: An Effective Tool for Gene Therapy

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    L’album en V.O. en cours de langue : de l’élĂšve acteur au sujet lecteur en L2

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    Picture-books have often been used in modern languages classes in French primary schools. Indeed, their linguistic and stylistic qualities make them, not only really useful and efficient to help children learn words and phrases in their second language, but also to develop skills in phonology in this language. And their pictures can be used to help children understand the text and to incite them to speak.However, picture-books shouldn’t be reduced only to their linguistic contents. The question is whether those books couldn’t enable children to learn more than linguistic elements and whether a task-based approach couldn’t encourage a more literary reading of these texts. By making children more active and by focusing on their way of reading and re-writing picture-books, can’t teachers help them also develop reading skills in a second language?Keywords: picture-books, teaching/learning languages, task-based approach, re-writing, subjectreaderEl ĂĄlbum se ha utilizado a menudo como soporte de aprendizaje en clases de lengua en la escuelaprimaria en Francia. En efecto, sus calidades lingĂŒĂ­sticas y estilĂ­sticas favorecen la adquisiciĂłn del lĂ©xico y de estructuras lingĂŒĂ­sticas en una segunda lengua, tambiĂ©n mejoran la competencia fonolĂłgica de los alumnos en este idioma y sus imĂĄgenes son herramientas para facilitar la compresiĂłn y fomentarla producciĂłn.Sin embargo, el ĂĄlbum no debe reducirse sĂłlo a sus contenidos lingĂŒĂ­sticos. Se plantea entoncesla cuestiĂłn de si el ĂĄlbum en version original no podrĂ­a permitir que el estudiante se apropiara de algomĂĄs que de los hechos del lenguaje y si la perspectiva accional podrĂ­a no fomentar una explotaciĂłn mĂĄs literaria del ĂĄlbum. Haciendo del estudiante un actor y tomando interĂ©s en cĂłmo lee y reescribeel ĂĄlbum, Âżno puede el maestro ayudar al estudiante a desarrollar la competencia lectora en la segundalengua tambiĂ©n?Palabras clave: ĂĄlbum, enseñanza/aprendizaje de lenguas, perspectiva accional, reescritura, sujeto lector.L’album a souvent Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© comme support d’apprentissage en classe de langue Ă  l’école primaireen France. Ses qualitĂ©s linguistiques et stylistiques en font en effet un support de choix pour favoriserl’acquisition de lexique et de structures langagiĂšres en langue seconde mais Ă©galement pour dĂ©velopperdes compĂ©tences phonologiques dans cette langue. Et ses images sont autant d’outils permettant defaciliter la comprĂ©hension et d’encourager la production.Il ne faudrait cependant pas rĂ©duire l’album Ă  ses seuls contenus linguistiques. La question qui sepose alors est de savoir si l’album en V.O. ne pourrait pas permettre Ă  l’élĂšve de s’approprier autre choseque des faits de langue et si la perspective actionnelle ne pourrait pas encourager une exploitation pluslittĂ©raire de l’album. En faisant de l’élĂšve un acteur et en s’intĂ©ressant Ă  sa façon de lire et de rĂ©Ă©crirel’album, l’enseignant ne peut-il pas l’aider Ă  dĂ©velopper Ă©galement des compĂ©tences de lecteur en L2 ?Mots-clĂ©s : album, enseignement/apprentissage des langues, approche actionnelle, rĂ©Ă©criture,sujet-lecteu

    Pratiques transfictionnelles en classe de langue Ă  l’école primaire

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    Cet article s’intĂ©resse Ă  l’utilisation de l’album de littĂ©rature de jeunesse en cours de langues vivantes Ă©trangĂšres. S’il permet Ă  l’élĂšve d’acquĂ©rir des connaissances lexicales, grammaticales et phonologiques, il l’aide Ă©galement Ă  construire une compĂ©tence interculturelle : il est alors doublement mĂ©diateur. La question qui se pose ensuite est de savoir s’il peut ĂȘtre vĂ©ritablement exploitĂ© en tant que support littĂ©raire. Un dĂ©tour, par la recherche en littĂ©rature et l’étude des pratiques transfictionnelles, nous permettra de dĂ©finir les relations en jeu entre le texte et son lecteur et de voir s’il est possible de jouer sur ces Ă©changes Ă  l’école. Les projets de « rĂ©Ă©critures » des histoires, mis en place en classe de langue dans le cadre de la perspective actionnelle, ne permettent-ils pas Ă  l’élĂšve de devenir Ă  son tour mĂ©diateur ?This article deals with the exploitation of picture-books in second language classes. As well as allowing pupils to acquire lexical, grammatical and phonological knowledge, they also help them build an intercultural competence: picture-books are therefore mediative in two ways. The question is whether those books can really be exploited as literary texts. A look at the work of researchers in literature and transfictionality will help us analyse what relationships are at stake between books and their readers and see if these relationships can be exploited at school. Can “rewriting” stories, as is done in a second language class in an action-oriented approach, enable pupils in turn to become mediators

    Les albums d'Anthony Browne en version originale : de nouveaux classiques Ă  l'Ă©cole en France ?

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    Si ĂȘtre rĂ©compensĂ© par des prix littĂ©raires est une marque de classicisation et si l’école est un lieu d’institutionnalisation des classiques, le Britannique Anthony Browne, primĂ© pour plusieurs de ses albums et pour l’ensemble de sa carriĂšre en tant qu’illustrateur, figurant en bonne place des auteurs Ă©tudiĂ©s en français Ă  l’école Ă©lĂ©mentaire, mĂ©rite bien le titre de classique. Il connaĂźt, en outre, une nouvelle forme de reconnaissance depuis une quinzaine d’annĂ©es : ses ouvrages, en version originale, sont devenus des classiques du cours d’anglais langue Ă©trangĂšre. Plusieurs de ses albums figurent parmi les exemples proposĂ©s pour une exploitation en cours d’anglais par les sites institutionnels et il existe mĂȘme une mĂ©thode intitulĂ©e Enseigner l’anglais avec les albums d’Anthony Browne. Il s’agit alors de savoir comment revisiter ces classiques. En version originale, ils vont permettre aux lecteurs français de dĂ©couvrir de nouveaux aspects de l’Ɠuvre de Browne. GrĂące aux jeux complexes qu’ils proposent, ces ouvrages sont alors envisagĂ©s dans leurs dimensions linguistique et culturelle mais aussi artistique et littĂ©raire. Mots-clĂ©s : albums, Anthony Browne, classique, version originale, culture artistique et littĂ©raire

    Links between particle surface hardening and rehydration impairment during micellar casein powder storage

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    Storage is an unavoidable critical phase regarding dairy powder reconstitution abilities, particularly for high casein content powders, which generally present a poor rehydration behavior. The ability of micellar casein powders to completely rehydrate can thus be particularly affected by storage time and temperature. To implement best practices for the optimization of storage conditions, understanding changes occurring is a crucial point. For the first time, biophysical techniques were used to investigate powder surface at the nanoscale. Atomic force microscopy revealed that particle surface became rougher during storage, associated with the formation of hollow zones (around 500 nm) holes when stored for 10 months at 40 °C. Mechanical properties of micellar casein particle surface during powder storage was quantified using AFM nanoindentation. Spatially-resolved force/indentation curves evidenced a significant stiffer surface for aged powder (Young modulus of ∌20 GPa) in comparison with the fresh one (∌0.2 GPa). These findings were fully consistent with the formation of a crust at the powder surface observed by high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy during powder rehydration. Finally, alterations of the rehydration process can be related to modifications occurring at the particle surface during storage

    Altering textural properties of fermented milk by using surface-engineered Lactococcus lactis

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    Lactic acid bacteria are widely used for the fermentation of dairy products. While bacterial acidification rates, proteolytic activity and the production of exopolysaccharides are known to influence textural properties of fermented milk products, little is known about the role of the microbial surface on microbe-matrix interactions in dairy products. To investigate how alterations of the bacterial cell surface affect fermented milk properties, 25 isogenic Lactococcus lactis strains that differed with respect to surface charge, hydrophobicity, cell chaining, cell-clumping, attachment to milk proteins, pili expression and EPS production were used to produce fermented milk. We show that overexpression of pili increases surface hydrophobicity of various strains from 3-19% to 94-99%. A profound effect of different cell surface properties was an altered spatial distribution of the cells in the fermented product. Aggregated cells tightly fill the cavities of the protein matrix, while chaining cells seem to be localized randomly. A positive correlation was found between pili overexpression and viscosity and gel hardness of fermented milk. Gel hardness also positively correlated with clumping of cells in the fermented milk. Viscosity of fermented milk was also higher when it was produced with cells with a chaining phenotype or with cells that overexpress exopolysaccharides. Our results show that alteration of cell surface morphology affects textural parameters of fermented milk and cell localization in the product. This is indicative of a cell surface-dependent potential of bacterial cells as structure elements in fermented foods

    Stability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG incorporated in edible films: impact of anionic biopolymers and whey protein concentrate

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    The incorporation of probiotics and bioactive compounds, via plasticised thin-layered hydrocolloids, within food products has recently shown potential to functionalise and improve the health credentials of processed food. In this study, choice of polymer and the inclusion of whey protein isolate was evaluated for their ability to stabalise live probiotic organisms. Edible films based on low (LSA) and high (HSA) viscosity sodium alginate, low esterified amidated pectin (PEC), kappa-carrageenan/locust bean gum (Îș-CAR/LBG) and gelatine (GEL) in the presence or absence of whey protein concentrate (WPC) were shown to be feasible carriers for the delivery of L. rhamnosus GG. Losses of L. rhamnosus GG throughout the drying process ranged from 0.87 to 3.06 log CFU/g for the systems without WPC, losses were significantly reduced to 0 to 1.17 log CFU/g in the presence of WPC. Storage stability (over 25d) of L. rhamnosus GG at both tested temperatures (4 and 25°C), in descending order, was Îș-CAR/LBG>HSA>GEL>LSA=PEC. In addition, supplementation of film forming agents with WPC led to a 1.8- to 6.5-fold increase in shelf-life at 4°C (calculated on the WHO/FAO minimum requirements of 6 logCFU/g), and 1.6 to 4.3-fold increase at 25°C. Furthermore probiotic films based on HSA/WPC and Îș-CAR/LBG/WPC blends had both acceptable mechanical and barrier properties
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