Morpheme {BuN-}: an Example of Morphological Process Through Affixation in Bidayuh-Somu Language

The goals of this research were to identify the allomorph of morpheme {buN-}, describe its affixation process, and determine the function of the allomorphs. The qualitative method was applied to gather the data from an informant who was done by recording technique on the field research. The informant was a Bidayuh-Somu language native speaker. The collected data included the derivational words derived from free morpheme that was root, base, and bound morpheme. The free and bound morpheme were then sorted into nominal and verbal class, as well as described qualitatively. Affixation as one of the morphological processes to derive complex derivational word in Bidayuh-Somu Language involved free and bound morpheme. Morpheme {buN-} was chosen as an example to describe the process of affixation in deriving complex derivational word of the language. It is found that the morpheme {buN-} is a prefix and verbal, affixed to the verb, and noun and adjective. Therefore, it functions both as class-maintaining and class-changing. Moreover, it is identified that the morpheme {buN-} has five allomorphs, namely /bu-/ with its alternant /bur-/ and /b-/, and /bum-/, /bun-/, /buN-/ and /bu-/. The morpheme {buN-} is affixed to free morpheme which is initiated with all consonant and vowel phonemes. The morpheme {buN-}also bears meaning

Improving Students\u27 Pronunciation by Listening to the Audio Visual and Its Transcription of the Narrative Text

This research aimed to improve students\u27 pronunciation by listening to the audio visual and its transcription of the narrative text of eight grade students of SMP S Khatulistiwa Jungkat in academic year 2013/2014. The writer applied Classroom Action Research which consisted of three cycles. The subject of this research was the second year students of class eight of SMP S Khatulistiwa Jungkat. They consist of 23 students. The data was collected using observation checklist, questionnaire, field notes, and tape recorder. Audio visual media and its transcription improved students\u27 pronunciation in each cycle and process of teaching and learning pronunciation. The audio visual was played several times and the students repeated by reading the transcription of the narrative text based on the audio. The transcription had been added with symbols to help the students to read the text based on the audio. The repetition of the audio and the transcription of the narrative text helped the students to improve their pronunciation. Audio visual and its transcription helped and encouraged students to learn pronunciation. In conclusion, audio visual and its transcription helped students\u27 improved their pronunciation

Improving Students' Ability in Writing Procedure Text by Using Picture to the Second Year Class F Students of SMP N 13 Pontianak

This research is aimed to finding the answers' problems in teaching procedure text using picture to the students through classroom action research and have been done in three cycles. In cycle I, students were difficult to write their ideas into English because there were some unfamiliar words in the text. In cycle I, they were better because they divided into some groups. They were be motivated and paid more attention to the teacher. In the cycle III, the students more interested to the material because they have been met with the words likes lettuce, tomato, cheese, carrot, cucumber, butter, and bread. The researcher taken the average research's' result from student's score in each cycle, with the score; Cycle I was 50.16, higher score is 80 and lower score is 30; cycle II is 62.82, higher score is 85 and lower score is 45; cycle III is 79.22, higher score is 90 and lower score is 65. The result showed that students' ability improved and better in each cycle after they were teaching using a picture in writing procedure text. Key words : students' ability, writing, procedure text, pictur

Improving Reading Comprehension of Narrative Text Through Students\u27 Team Achievement Division (Stad)

This research is aimed at improving students\u27 reading comprehension of narrative text. This research was conducted to second year students of SMK Al-Madani Pontianak in academic year 2013/2014. This class consists of 30 students. The researcher conducted a classroom action research. The data was collected by using observation and measurement technique. The observation checklist and field notes were used as the tools of data collecting. Students\u27 Team Achievement Division (STAD) was used as technique in this research. The researcher applied three cycles. The research findings showed that the mean score of students\u27 reading comprehension in the first cycle was 55.36; the second cycle was 58.33 but in the third cycle was 62.03. From the research applied to the subject of the research, it can be stated that the Students\u27 Team Achievement Division (STAD) could ensure the students in understanding and comprehending the text they read

Teaching Vocabulary to Young Learner Through Cops and Soldiers Game

The purpose of conducting this research is to improve student's vocabulary mastery by teaching using Cops and Soldiers Game at first grade students of extracurricular English class of SD Islam Al-Azhar 21 Pontianak in academic year 2013/2014. This research was conducted through A-Pre Experimental design to solve the problems that happened in the class, which was students' lack of vocabulary. The subject of this research was the first students of extracurricular English class of SD Islam Al-Azhar 21 Pontianak in academic year 2013/2014 which consists of 18 students. The research finding showed that Cops and Soldiers Game improves the students' vocabulary mastery. The result of the post test revealed that the mean score was 73.33 while their mean score in pre-test was 58.05. it indicated that Cops and Soldiers Game had improved students' vocabulary mastery on first grade students of extracurricular English class of SD Islam Al-Azhar 21 Pontianak in academic year 2013/2014. In conclusion, Cops and Soldiers Games could improve students' vocabulary mastery

Reinforcing Vocabulary Using Jazz Chant Technique

The research investigated the evidence that this technique was useful to use in reinforcing students vocabulary. This was a pre experimental research with one group pre-test and post-test design. There were 10 students which participated in this research. The data were collected by objective tests and analyzed by paired t-test and effect size formula using Cohen\u27s index. Based on the research findings, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected, while alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. The t absolute (2.41) was bigger than t critical (1.860) by degree of freedom 8. The effect size was categorized as large effect since the r value was 0.99, bigger than 0.80. To conclude, the use of Jazz Chant technique is significant and very effective to reinforce vocabulary mastery of Year-7 students of SMP Islam Bawari in Academic Year 2015/2016

Can we identify non-stationary dynamics of trial-to-trial variability?"

Identifying sources of the apparent variability in non-stationary scenarios is a fundamental problem in many biological data analysis settings. For instance, neurophysiological responses to the same task often vary from each repetition of the same experiment (trial) to the next. The origin and functional role of this observed variability is one of the fundamental questions in neuroscience. The nature of such trial-to-trial dynamics however remains largely elusive to current data analysis approaches. A range of strategies have been proposed in modalities such as electro-encephalography but gaining a fundamental insight into latent sources of trial-to-trial variability in neural recordings is still a major challenge. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept study to the analysis of trial-to-trial variability dynamics founded on non-autonomous dynamical systems. At this initial stage, we evaluate the capacity of a simple statistic based on the behaviour of trajectories in classification settings, the trajectory coherence, in order to identify trial-to-trial dynamics. First, we derive the conditions leading to observable changes in datasets generated by a compact dynamical system (the Duffing equation). This canonical system plays the role of a ubiquitous model of non-stationary supervised classification problems. Second, we estimate the coherence of class-trajectories in empirically reconstructed space of system states. We show how this analysis can discern variations attributable to non-autonomous deterministic processes from stochastic fluctuations. The analyses are benchmarked using simulated and two different real datasets which have been shown to exhibit attractor dynamics. As an illustrative example, we focused on the analysis of the rat's frontal cortex ensemble dynamics during a decision-making task. Results suggest that, in line with recent hypotheses, rather than internal noise, it is the deterministic trend which most likely underlies the observed trial-to-trial variability. Thus, the empirical tool developed within this study potentially allows us to infer the source of variability in in-vivo neural recordings

Control of magnetic anisotropy by orbital hybridization in (La0.67Sr0.33MnO3)n/(SrTiO3)n superlattice

The asymmetry of chemical nature at the hetero-structural interface offers an unique opportunity to design desirable electronic structure by controlling charge transfer and orbital hybridization across the interface. However, the control of hetero-interface remains a daunting task. Here, we report the modulation of interfacial coupling of (La0.67Sr0.33MnO3)n/(SrTiO3)n superlattices by manipulating the periodic thickness with n unit cells of SrTiO3 and n unit cells La0.67Sr0.33MnO3. The easy axis of magnetic anisotropy rotates from in-plane (n = 10) to out-of-plane (n = 2) orientation at 150 K. Transmission electron microscopy reveals enlarged tetragonal ratio > 1 with breaking of volume conservation around the (La0.67Sr0.33MnO3)n/(SrTiO3)n interface, and electronic charge transfer from Mn to Ti 3d orbitals across the interface. Orbital hybridization accompanying the charge transfer results in preferred occupancy of 3d3z2-r2 orbital at the interface, which induces a stronger electronic hopping integral along the out-of-plane direction and corresponding out-of-plane magnetic easy axis for n = 2. We demonstrate that interfacial orbital hybridization in superlattices of strongly correlated oxides may be a promising approach to tailor electronic and magnetic properties in device applications

Facilitating motor imagery-based brain–computer interface for stroke patients using passive movement

Motor imagery-based brain–computer interface (MI-BCI) has been proposed as a rehabilitation tool to facilitate motor recovery in stroke. However, the calibration of a BCI system is a time-consuming and fatiguing process for stroke patients, which leaves reduced time for actual therapeutic interaction. Studies have shown that passive movement (PM) (i.e., the execution of a movement by an external agency without any voluntary motions) and motor imagery (MI) (i.e., the mental rehearsal of a movement without any activation of the muscles) induce similar EEG patterns over the motor cortex. Since performing PM is less fatiguing for the patients, this paper investigates the effectiveness of calibrating MI-BCIs from PM for stroke subjects in terms of classification accuracy. For this purpose, a new adaptive algorithm called filter bank data space adaptation (FB-DSA) is proposed. The FB-DSA algorithm linearly transforms the band-pass-filtered MI data such that the distribution difference between the MI and PM data is minimized. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by an offline study on data collected from 16 healthy subjects and 6 stroke patients. The results show that the proposed FB-DSA algorithm significantly improved the classification accuracies of the PM and MI calibrated models (p < 0.05). According to the obtained classification accuracies, the PM calibrated models that were adapted using the proposed FB-DSA algorithm outperformed the MI calibrated models by an average of 2.3 and 4.5 % for the healthy and stroke subjects respectively. In addition, our results suggest that the disparity between MI and PM could be stronger in the stroke patients compared to the healthy subjects, and there would be thus an increased need to use the proposed FB-DSA algorithm in BCI-based stroke rehabilitation calibrated from PM