Relecture de vocabulaires d’architecture : apport de la complexité des représentations numériques dans la caractérisation de formes architecturales

En articulant terminologie, logique fonctionnelle et logique géométrique, la sémantique d’un élément peut être considérée comme un concept d’architecture à part entière. Non seulement essentielle à la compréhension de l’évolution stylistique dans le temps et dans l’espace, la sémantique architecturale constitue à bien des égards l’un des fondements des théories d’architecture. En se situant à la croisée de la théorie d’architecture, de l’histoire de l’art, voire des pratiques du relevé, les vocabulaires d’architecture offrent des tentatives de normalisation sémantique qui pourraient être rediscutées à la lumière des avancées scientifiques récentes dans le domaine de l’étude du bâti. Cet article vise donc à concilier les enjeux cognitifs propres à l’étude sémantique d’éléments architecturaux et l’exploitation de la donnée massive issue des représentations numériques. Il s’agit donc de croiser la caractérisation géométrique d’un corpus de formes (résultant de l’examen des similarités géométriques partagées par ce corpus) avec la description donnée par quatre vocabulaires d’architecture. L’enjeu est d’observer les points de rencontre mais aussi de tension entre une sémantique proposée par l’histoire de l’art et une sémantique issue d’une observation géométrique fine. En mettant en exergue les contradictions entre les vocabulaires eux-mêmes et le modèle géométrique obtenu, cet article discute l’apport des méthodes d’analyse provenant de l’informatique graphique dans le développement de connaissances architecturales.By articulating terminology, functional logics and geometrical logics, the semantics of an element can be considered as an architectural concept. In many ways, architectural semantics is one of the foundations of architectural theory, essential for understanding stylistic evolutions in time and space. At the crossroads of architectural theory, art history and even survey practices, architectural vocabularies offer efforts to provide semantic standardisation that might be revisited today, in the light of recent scientific advances in the field of the built heritage. This article aims to reconcile the cognitive issues specific to the semantic study of architectural elements and the exploitation of big data resulting from building digitisations. It is necessary to compare the geometrical characterisation of a corpus of elements (resulting from the examination of the geometrical similarities shared by this corpus) with the description given by four architectural vocabularies. The challenge is to observe the encounters, but also the points of tension between a semantics proposed by the history of art and a semantics resulting from fine geometrical observations. By highlighting the contradictions between the vocabularies themselves and the geometric model, this article discusses the contribution of methods of analysis coming from computer graphics for the development of architectural knowledge

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Caractérisation de formes architecturales: De la "vérité d’après nature" au "jugement exercé"

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Restitutions numériques du patrimoine bâti: Problématiques et applications au site du Grand-Hornu -- Architecture

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Des archives 2D au modèle 3D: Problématiques et applications au site du Grand-Hornu, Belgique

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Victor Horta's Maison du Peuple and Josef Hoffman's Palais Stoclet: Methodology for a 3D restitution

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Relecture de vocabulaires d’architecture: Apport de la complexité des représentations numériques dans la caractérisation de formes architecturales

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Relevé numérique 3D par photogrammétrie. Al Taybeh

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe