The rhetoric of gender role reversal – strong female characters in the American revisionist western

This article investigates gender role reversal in the feminist revisionist Western film by exploring the notion of reversal (peripeteia). First, it demonstrates features of classical Western on the example of John Ford’s "The Searchers" (1956). It establishes genre’s reliance on gendered binary opposites i.e. civilization/wilderness, individual/community, passive/active, and draws attention to language. Then it analyzes how these fundamental conventions are changed in more recent fi lms and what do differences signal rhetorically. Distinction is made between "The Missing" (2013) with its clear focus on reversal of generic features associated with dominant masculinity, and "The Ballad of Little Jo" (1993) which addresses critical concepts of agency, gaze, and performative aspect of gender

Wstyd - uczucie czy cnota? : dylematy etyki arystotelowskiej w komentarzach Sebastiana Petrycego z Pilzna

As an exegesist and commentary of Aristotle, Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno takes on his model of ethics. He does not restrict himself to the reconstruction of the Ancient model, but reshapes it. Remaining in the already-established arethologic paradigm, he inscribes his own text in it. One of the distinctive features of Petrycy’s arethology is the inclusion of shame to the number of virtues. The importance of external goods was strongly emphasized in his code; each of the virtues was shown from the perspective of reward, fame. Shame, which was called here fear of disgrace, plays in a sense a supervisory role in this context. I f worship and fame are the aim of practicing virtues, shame as fear of defamation, as a stable condition, must accompany each value. In systems which treat this feature as an autotelic value, as in the case of Stoics, there is no room for shame as it is the sign of weakness and, paradoxically, we should be ashamed of it

A Comparative Study of Political Communication in Televised Pre-Election Debates in Poland and the United States of America

This paper combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies to study the persuasive strategies employed by candidates taking part in televised pre-election debates in Poland and the United States between 1995 and 2016. First, the authors identify the key strategies and calculate the frequency with which they are used by individual candidates. This allows for numerical comparisons between politicians in the two polities, as well as between winners and losers, and candidates of the right and the left politically. These statistical results led the authors to look more closely at the individual styles of two contrasting debaters. We conclude that the rhetorical landscape of political communication does not differ greatly between the two countries; although the data suggest noticeable differences in the approach of political parties and between individuals

Opinions and experiences of physicians regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). A research report from Poland

Background: The term CAM denotes complementary and alternative medicine. However, CAM is practiced by individuals without academic medical education and formal eligibility for treating people. The extent of interest in CAM is considerable. The WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine has demonstrated that 87% of all WHO Member States legally recognise individual forms of CAM, and 100 Member States have national policies regarding such practices. In Poland, performing medical activities without appropriate qualifications is prohibited. Material and Methods: Diagnostic survey distributed as Google Forms was used as the basic research method with the research technique of a questionnaire. The questionnaire starting with a metrics part consisted of several questions regarding popularity and tendency of CAM, causes of CAM popularity, approach to those types of practices and patients as well as role of CAM during the pandemic. Sixty-one responses were obtained from physicians of different age, experience and speciality. Results: Ninety-five percent (95%) of doctors believe that alternative medicine can be dangerous; 67.2% think that the phenomenon of alternative medicine should be combated; almost half of the physicians surveyed believe that there is a fundamental contradiction between evidence-based medicine (EBM) and alternative medicine. Furthermore, according to 48% of respondents, physicians in Poland should be able to recommend and combine methods of traditional and alternative medicine. Conclusion: Doctors point to the increasing popularity of CAM among patients in Poland, the consequences of which cannot be determined because there is still a lack of research on the safety of alternative methods. The most frequently cited reasons for interest in CAM suggest that there is a need for a better tailored biomedical approach to individual patient needs

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on racial and ethnic discrimination - a systematic review

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the entire society, being particularly detrimental to ethnic and racial minorities. Moreover, the problems faced by these communities are characterised and the measures that can be implemented to improve their situation are put forward. Many authors have suggested introducing the solutions according to the socio-ecological model which considers individual, organisational, community and policy factors. Due to the lack of trust of ethnic minorities in health care, no effort should be spared to restore their trust. To achieve this goal, educational programs should be carried out to dispel doubts about research and treatment. Furthermore, the impact of social media on the dissemination of discriminatory content should be meticulously analysed. The present paper is a systematic review of current literature, which analyses the authors` opinions on racial and ethnic discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic

Recent achievements in transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects : a systematic review of literature and a meta-analysis

Background: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Currently, surgery remains the treatment of choice. However, transcatheter techniques for closing of various types of VSDs have become an alternative. Aims: The objective of our study was to present the outcomes of transcatheter closure of various types of VSD based on a systematic review of recent publications. Methods: A systematic review of studies published in English between January 2014 and March 2020 was performed using the PubMed database (MEDLINE) independently by 2 reviewers. Data on success and complication rates were extracted. Studies including fewer than 5 patients and those with acquired VSD were excluded from the analysis. Results: Finally, 44 studies were included for analysis, with a total number of 4050 patients. The pooled estimate of the overall success rate based on the random effects model was 97.96% (95% CI, 97.37–98.56; Q test P 0.99; I 2 = 0%) for permanent VSD. Conclusions: Transcatheter closure of selected VSDs appears to be an effective and safe method of treatment. Recent studies have shown high rates of successful interventions with a low incidence of complications

Detection and genetic variability of newly identified dasheen mosaic virus in Poland

Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of aroids and can cause major economic losses for ornamental crops. Here, we present the detection and molecular characterisation of DsMV isolates originating from Monstera adansonii plants in Poland. Moreover, the genetic variability of DsMV isolates was analyzed based on the coat protein gene ( CP) of the Polish and other DsMV isolates described to date. The presence of DsMV was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with specific, diagnostic primers in three out of ten examined plants. To obtain full-length sequences of CP, two pairs of primers were designed and used in the RT-PCR. The specificity of obtained products was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The obtained sequences of CP were compared with 44 other DsMV sequences retrieved from the GenBank. Analyses revealed that DsMV population is very diverse. The variability of DsMV isolates was confirmed by low sequence identity and pervasive recombination events. The phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 37 non-recombinant CP sequences. The maximum-likelihood reconstruction revealed that the Polish isolates are distinct and grouped separately from other DsMV isolates. Due to the high genetic diversity, detecting the virus could be difficult. Nonetheless disease management relies strongly on a fast and accurate identification of the causal agent. To our knowledge this is the first report of DsMV in Poland