TRAINING-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE TOPOGRAPHY OF MUSCLE TORQUES AND MAXIMAL MUSCLE TORQUES IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS

The aim of the study was to detect changes in the maximal muscle torques in male basketball players during a two-year training cycle. We verified the hypothesis that different workloads applied during the preparation and competition periods would result in changes in the maximal muscle torques of the athletes (increase during the former and decrease or no change during the latter period) accompanied by no alteration of the percent muscle topography of all the muscle groups tested. The examinations were conducted on nine senior male basketball players from the Polish national team. Estimations of the muscle torques in static conditions were performed at the end of the preparation (measurements I and III) and competition (measurements II and IV) periods of a two-year training cycle. Eleven muscle groups were studied including flexors and extensors of the trunk and flexors and extensors of the shoulder, the elbow, the hip, the knee, and the ankle. Muscle torques of the shoulder and the elbow insignificantly decreased except for the muscle torque of the flexors of the shoulder. Muscle torques of the flexors and extensors of the trunk as well as of the flexors and extensors of the hip, the knee, and the ankle increased between measurements I and III and between measurements I and IV with the only exception being the muscle torque of the flexors of the knee (which significantly decreased by 7.4%) In the case of the flexors and extensors of the trunk and the flexors and extensors of the hip, the changes appeared to be significant. The sum of the muscle torques of the upper limbs markedly decreased between the preparation (measurement I) and competition (measurement IV) periods. The sum of the muscle torques of the trunk and the lower limbs and the sum of the muscle torques of the eleven muscle groups significantly increased between measurements I and IV. Percent muscle topography significantly decreased for the flexors and extensors of the shoulder and the elbow. Likewise, the muscle topography for the sum of the upper extremities was significantly reduced. No changes in the “flexors-extensors” indices of the shoulder, the elbow, the hip, and the knee were observed during the two-year training cycle

Change of jumping abilities and power in dancers after two years of training

Celem pracy było porównanie wysokości wyskoku i mocy kończyn dolnych w wyskokach ACMJ (Akimbo counter-movement jump), CMJ (Counter-movement jump) i SPJ (Spike jump) osób uprawiających taniec współczesny po dwuletnim okresie szkolenia. W badaniu uczestniczyło 10 dziewcząt uprawiających taniec współczesny, z  których tylko 5  powtórzyło pomiary po dwuletnim cyklu szkolenia. Pomiaru mocy i wysokości wyskoku dokonano w wyskokach ACMJ, CMJ i SPJ na platformie dynamometrycznej. Moc maksymalna rozwijana w wyskokach ACMJ (99,6%), CMJ (114%) i SPJ – 12% uległa istotnemu zwiększeniu. Wysokość uniesienia środka masy ciała w wyskoku ACMJ, CMJ i SPJ nie różniła się istotnie między pierwszym i drugim pomiarem. Dwuletni cykl szkoleniowy spowodował istotne zwiększenie mocy w wyskokach ACMJ, CMJ i SPJ, któremu nie towarzyszyła istotna poprawa skoczności u tancerek uprawiających taniec współczesny. AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the height of jump and power of the akimbo counter-movement jump (ACMJ), counter-movement jump (CMJ) and spike jump (SPJ) in modern dance participants after two years of training. Ten girls participated in the study, of which only 5 repeated the measurements after two years of training. Power and height of jump were made in ACMJ, CMJ and SPJ jumps on a dynamometer platform. Maximum power developed in ACMJ (99.6%), CMJ (114%) and SPJ - 12% increased significantly. Height of rise of the body mass center in ACMJ, CMJ and SPJ did not differ significantly between first and second measurements. The two-year training cycle resulted in a significant increase in the power in all the jumps, which was not accompanied by a significant improvement in height of jump in modern dance dancers

Change of motor abilities, including shot accuracy, in soccer players

Celem pracy było porównanie zmian wybranych cech motorycznych, w tym celności, u piłkarzy nożnych po pierwszej rundzie rozgrywek. W badaniach udział wzięło 13 piłkarzy nożnych z klubu KP „Polonia” Bydgoszcz. Charakterystyka badanych: wiek 24,9 ± 6,4 lat, wysokość ciała 177,5 ± 4,8 cm, masa ciała 76,2 ± 8,8 kg, staż treningowy 15,5 ± 6,6 lat. Wykonano następujące próby kontrolne: siady z leżenia, test coopera, bieg wahadłowy 4x10 m, rzut piłką lekarską znad głowy, strzał w poprzeczkę z linii 16 metrów. Badania kontrolne wykonano na początku (Pomiar I) i na końcu (Pomiar II) pierwszej rundy rozgrywek. Po pierwszej rundzie rozgrywek zaobserwowano nieistotną statystycznie poprawę wszystkich mierzonych parametrów. Istotne statystycznie różnice stwierdzono jedynie między liczbą celnych strzałów w poprzeczkę przed treningiem w pomiarze I a liczbą strzałów po treningu w pomiarze II.  AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the changes in selected motor abilities, including shot accuracy, of soccer players during first round of competition. Thirteen football players from the club "Polonia" Bydgoszcz took part in the research. Characteristics of the subjects: age 24.9 ± 6.4 years, body height 177.5 ± 4.8 cm, body weight 76.2 ± 8.8 kg, training experience 15.5 ± 6.6 years. The following tests were performed: sit-ups, Cooper test, 4 x 10 m shuttle run, throw a medical ball from the head, shooting at the crossbar from the 16 m line. Control tests were conducted at the beginning (Measure I) and at the end (Measure II) of the first round. After the first round of the tournament, all the measured parameters were statistically insignificant. Significant statistically significant differences were found only between the number of shots fired at the bar before training in I measurement and the number of shots after training in measurement II

Change of body balance in dancers during two years training

Celem pracy była ocena równowagi ciała osób uprawiających taniec po dwóch latach treningu. W badaniach uczestniczyło 16 tancerzy zespołu pieśni i tańca Ziemia Bydgoska. W celu oceny równowagi ciała wykonano dwukrotnie dwa testy stabilometryczne (oczy otwarte, oczy zamknięte) na platformie stabilometrycznej Sigma w odstępie dwóch lat. Mierzono zmiany położenia COP (Center of Pressure). Testy z oczami otwartymi i z oczami zamkniętymi wypadły zdecydowanie lepiej w pierwszym pomiarze w porównaniu z pomiarem II wykonanym po dwóch latach. Większe różnice wszystkich parametrów obserwowano w teście oczy otwarte w porównaniu z testem oczy zamknięte po upływie dwóch lat. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników można stwierdzić, że po dwuletnim cyklu uprawiania tańca zdolności do utrzymania równowagi ciała uległy pogorszeniu. AbstractThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the body balance in persons who practice the dance during two years of training. The study involved 16 dancers of Bydgoszcz's song and dance team. In order to assess body balance, two stabilometric tests (eyes open, eyes closed) were performed on a Sigma stabilometer platform at intervals of two-years. Change of sways of the Centre of Pressure (COP) was measured during 30 second. Tests with open eyes and closed eyes were significantly better in the first measurement compared to the second measurement after two years. More differences were observed in the test eyes open compared to test eyes closed after two years. Based on the obtained results it can be stated that after two years of dance practice the ability to maintain balance of body has deteriorated

Comparison of height of jump in volleyball, handball and basketball players

Krykant P., Buśko K. Comparison of height of jump in volleyball, handball and basketball players. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(6):652-659 eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.841152 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4681 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.06.2017. Revised 2.07.2017. Accepted: 10.07.2017. Porównanie skoczności u zawodników trenujących piłkę siatkową, piłkę ręczną i koszykówkę Comparison of height of jump in volleyball, handball and basketball players Krykant Patryk1, Buśko Krzysztof2 1 Student, Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz, Polska 2 Zakład Anatomii i Biomechaniki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz, Polska 1 MSc Student, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland 2 Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Adres do korespondencji: Buśko Krzysztof, dr hab. prof. nadzw. Zakład Anatomii i Biomechaniki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Sportowa 2, 85-091 Bydgoszcz Tel. 52 3231706 [email protected] Słowa kluczowe: koszykówka, siatkówka, piłka ręczna, skoczność Keywords: volleyball, handball, basketball, height of jump Streszczenie Celem pracy było porównanie wysokości wyskoku w wyskokach z miejsca (CMJ) i z nabiegu (SPJ) u koszykarzy, siatkarzy i piłkarzy ręcznych. W badaniach udział wzięło 15 siatkarzy, 15 koszykarzy i 15 piłkarzy ręcznych. Koszykarze byli istotnie wyżsi od siatkarzy. Siatkarze i piłkarze ręczni nie różnili się pod względem wysokości ciała. Każdy badany wykonał 3 maksymalne wyskoki pionowe z miejsca i trzy z nabiegu. Nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic w wysokości wyskoku w wyskokach z miejsca i nabiegu między siatkarzami, koszykarzami i piłkarzami ręcznymi. Podsumowując, mimo istotnych różnic w wysokości ciała i zasięgu ramion wysokość wyskoku z miejsca i nabiegu nie różnicowała siatkarzy, koszykarzy i piłkarzy ręcznych. Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the height of the jump obtained in CMJ and SPJ jumps made by the basketball, volleyball and handball players. The study involved 15 volleyball players, 15 basketball players and 15 handball players. The basketball players were significantly taller than the volleyball players. Volleyball players and handball players did not differ in body height. Each players performed 3 maximal counter-movement jump (CMJ) and 3 spike jump (SPJ) – a vertical jump which is performed with a 3-4 step run-up before the take-off. There were no significant differences in the height of jump in CMJ and SPJ between the volleyball players, basketball players and handball players. In conclusion, despite the significant differences in body height and arm range, the height of the jump in CMJ and SPJ did not differentiate between volleyball players, basketball players and handball players

Positional differences of physical traits and physiological characteristics in female volleyball players – the role of age

The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in physical and physiological characteristics according to playing position in adolescent and adult female volleyball players. Adolescent (n=62, aged 15.6±1.1 years) and adult volleyball players (n=58, aged 24.9±5.3 years) were examined for anthropometric characteristics and body composition, and they performed a physical working capacity test, a 3-minute step test, the Wingate anaerobic test, sit-and-reach test, handgrip strength test, and countermovement vertical jump with arm-swing test (CMJa). Adult players were taller and had a higher percentage of fat-free mass, better performance in cardiorespiratory power, anaerobic power, handgrip muscle strength and CMJa than adolescents (Cohen’s d>0.45). Positional differences in body height (centers were the tallest, whereas liberos were the shortest, p<.001) were found for both age groups. However, positional differences in body mass and fat-free mass were observed only in adolescents (centers were heavier than liberos, p<.05), whereas differences in CMJa were only in adults (hitters jumped higher than liberos, p<.05). Thus, the differences in body mass, fat-free mass and CMJa among playing positions in female volleyball were age-dependent. These findings might help coaches and trainers to develop position-specific training programs

Effect of elevated physical activity on changes in body composition and subcutaneous fat distribution in boys aged 10 to 16 years: a longitudinal study

AbstrAct: The study is aimed at evaluation of the effect of regular physical activity on total and subcutaneous body fat and its distribution in boys aged 10 to 16 years. A three-year longitudinal study was carried out in order to monitor physical development in 237 boys from sports schools and regular schools in Warsaw, Poland. The boys were selected so that their rate of puberty changes was similar based on evaluation of voice and facial hair. The authors measured 5 skinfolds in the following sites: triceps, calf, subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal skinfolds. The percentage fraction of total body fat in body mass was measured by means of Tanita TBF 300 electronic body composition analyser. A limb fat to trunk fat ratio (LF/TF) was also calculated in order to evaluate the type of distribution of subcutaneous fat in boys and monitor its changes as affected by regular high physical activity throughout puberty. Lower total body fat and subcutaneous fat in boys from sports schools was the effect of considerably higher physical activity. It was demonstrated that with some minimal values of total body fat and subcutaneous fat, physical activity did not cause a reduction in body fat. It was found that elevated physical activity in boys is conducive to development of a more limb-oriented (peripheral) fatness, which is more favourable to human health

Concurrent validity and reliability of proprietary and open-source jump mat systems for the assessment of vertical jumps in sport sciences

Purpose: Vertical jump tests are used to assess lower-limb power of athletes in sport sciences. Flight time measurement with jump-mat systems is the most common procedure for this purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze the concurrent validity and reliability of two proprietary systems (Globus and Axon) and an open-source system (Chronojump). Methods: A conditioning electric circuit governed by a controlled wave generator is designed to substitute athletes jumping on a physical mat. In order to look for possible differences associated to timekeeping by each microcontroller device, all three systems are fed by the circuit simultaneously. Results: Concurrent validity was high for the three systems. Standarized typical error of estimate (TEE) was trivial, according to MBI interpretation, as well as perfect Pearson correlation coefficient. Reliability was assessed using coefficient of variation of flight time measure, resulting in 0.17–0.63% (0.05–0.12 cm) for Globus, 0.01% (0.09 cm) for Chronojump and 5.65–9.38% (2.15–3.53 cm) for Axon. These results show that all jump-mat system produced nearly identical measures of flight time so they can be considered valid and reliable for practical purposes. In comparison, Chronojump showed the best performance whereas Axon showed enough variability and disagreement to pose a problem in testing elite athletes. Conclusions: These experiments show that open-source jump mats are as valid and reliable as their proprietary counterparts at a lower cost. Therefore, practitioners can be confident in using Globus or Chronojump systems to test athletes’ jump height because of their negligible errors and Axon system to monitor general population

Power–velocity relationship and muscular strength in female volleyball players during preparatory period and competition season

The aim of the study was to investigate changes of power–velocity relationship and muscular strength of female volleyball players during preparatory period and competition season. Methods: The study was conducted on eleven female volleyball players: age 21.6 ± 1.7 years, body height 177.9 ± 4.7 cm, body mass 71.3 ± 6.6 kg. Power–velocity relationship was determined by means of five maximal 10-second cycloergometer efforts with external loads equal to: 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5% of body weight (BW). The joint torque of flexors and extensors of an elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and trunk was measured using a torque meter. The measurement were taken before (I) and after (II) the preparatory period, after the first (III) and second (IV) competitive season. Results: The power with a load equal to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0% BW increased significantly after first and second competitive season. The sums of joint torque for the lower and upper limb changed insignificantly. In the case of the right upper limb, sum of the joint torques was significantly reduced by 9.5% between measurement I and IV. Sum of the left upper limb was significantly decreased by 9.8% between measurement I and II. Sum of the joint torque of the trunk was significantly increased between measurements I and II, III and IV by 12.9%, 12.3% and 11.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Obtained results may suggest that selection of the training loads was adequate for training power output and muscle strength of lower limbs but too little emphasis was placed on development of strength in the muscles of the upper limbs

Jumping Abilities and Power-Velocity Relationship in Judo Athletes: Comparative Analysis Among Age Categories

Purpose. The aim of the study was to examine age differences in the maximal power and height of rise of the body mass centre measured in spike jump (SPJ) and counter-movement jump (CMJ), and power-velocity relationship of lower extremities between cadet and U23 age class judo athletes. Methods. Seven cadets (age 16.6 ± 0.7 years) and eight U23 age class (21.3 ± 1.4 years) Polish judoists took part in the study. The maximal power and height of jump were measured at SPJ and CMJ jumps. Power- velocity relations (P-v) were determined from 5 maximal cycle ergometer exercise bouts at increasing external loads equal to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% of body weight (BW). Results. Cadet judoists had a significantly smaller maximal power output (11.56 ± 1.21 W ・ kg-1) than U23 athletes (12.69 ± 0.67 W ・ kg-1). The optimal velocity was similar in both group (119.3 ± 16.0 rpm and 119.6 ± 15.5 rpm, respectively). Significant age differences were founded between the cadet and U23 athletes for power output at external load equal 12.5% BW. Cadet judoists generated insignificantly lower maximal power in CMJ and SPJ than U23 judo athletes with except of the absolute maximal power in SPJ. The age difference was observed in height of CMJ. Conclusions. Based on the characteristics of F-v curve we can see in which direction follow the effects of training. Application of CMJ and SPJ in jumping test allows to assess changes in neuromuscular coordination. The use of the both methods give better information to optimal training control