774 research outputs found
Meso-Scale Hydrologic Modeling for Climate Impact Assessments: A Conceptual and A Regresssion Approach
The paper presents two different approaches to hydrologic modeling for Climate Impact Assessments: A conceptual water balance model and a non-parametric regression model. They both are designed for modeling large-scale river basins (Meso-Scale) at a monthly time step and to accept GCM-based climate scenarios defined as changes in monthly precipitation and temperature. The data requirements for the models are historical, multi-annual series of mean monthly temperature, precipitation, and runoff. These data are used to calibrate the models. GCM data or user-defined sensitivity of climatic variable must be provided for the assessment analyses. The paper describes the theoretical bases of both approaches and presents the results of a comparison of the application of the models to the Vistula River Basin in Poland
Biogeochemical responses to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea, III—Estimates of export production using 234Th:238U disequilibria and sediment traps
Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 56 (2009): 875-891, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.01.008.Direct measurements of new production and carbon export in the subtropical
North Atlantic Ocean appear to be too low when compared to geochemical based
estimates. It has been hypothesized that episodic inputs of new nutrients into surface
water via the passage of mesoscale eddies or winter storms may resolve at least some of
this discrepancy. Here, we investigated particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate
organic nitrogen (PON), and biogenic silica (BSiO2) export using a combination of water
column 234Th:238U disequilibria and free-floating sediment traps during and immediately
following two weather systems encountered in February and March 2004. While these
storms resulted in a 2-4 fold increase in mixed layer NO3 inventories, total chlorophyll a
and an increase in diatom biomass, the systems was dominated by generally low
234Th:238U disequilibria, suggesting limited particle export. Several 234Th models were
tested, with only those including non-steady state and vertical upwelling processes able to
describe the observed 234Th activities. Although upwelling velocities were not measured
directly in this study, the 234Th model suggests reasonable rates of 2.2 to 3.7 m d-1.
Given the uncertainties associated with 234Th derived particle export rates and
sediment traps, both were used to provide a range in sinking particle fluxes from the
upper ocean during the study. 234Th particle fluxes were determined applying the more
commonly used steady state, 1-dimensional model with element/234Th ratios measured in
sediment traps. Export fluxes at 200 m ranged from 1.91 ± 0.20 to 4.92 ± 1.22 mmol C
m-2 d-1, 0.25 ± 0.08 to 0.54 ± 0.09 mmol N m-2 d-1, and 0.22 ± 0.04 to 0.50 ± 0.06 mmol
Si m-2 d-1. POC export efficiencies (Primary Production/Export) were not significantly
different from the annual average or from time periods without storms, although absolute
POC fluxes were elevated by 1-11%. This increase was not sufficient, however, to
resolve the discrepancy between our observations and geochemical based estimates of
particle export. Comparison of PON export rates with simultaneous measurements of
NO3
- uptake derived new production rates, suggested that only a fraction, < 35%, of new
production was exported as particles to deep waters during these events. Measured bSiO2
export rates were more than a factor of two higher (p < 0.01) than the annual average,
with storm events contributing as much as 50% of annual bSiO2 export in the Sargasso
Sea. Furthermore it appears that 65 - 95% (average 86 ± 14%) of the total POC export
measured in this study was due to diatoms.
Combined these results suggest that winter storms do not significantly increase
POC and PON export to depth. Rather, these storms may play a role in the export of
bSiO2 to deep waters. Given the slower remineralization rates of bSiO2 relative to POC
and PON, this transport may, over time, slowly decrease water column silicate
inventories, and further drive the Sargasso Sea towards increasing silica limitation.
These storm events may further affect the quality of the POC and PON exported given
the large association of this material with diatoms during these periods.This study was funded by the National Science Foundation (Chemical
Oceanography Grants OCE-0244612 and OCE-0241645)
Техніки графіки
Робоча програма навчальної дисципліни «Техніки графіки» для студенів спеціальності 023 «Образотворче мистецтво*, декоративне мистецтво, реставрація». Освітній рівень перший (бакалаврський) (2 курс, 3 семестр
Iron, silicate, and light co-limitation of three Southern Ocean diatom species
The effect of combined iron, silicate, and light co-limitation was investigated in the three diatom species Actinocyclus sp. Ehrenberg, Chaetoceros dichaeta Ehrenberg, and Chaetoceros debilis Cleve, isolated from the Southern Ocean (SO). Growth of all species was co-limited by iron and silicate, reflected in a significant increase in the number of cell divisions compared to the control. Lowest relative Si uptake and drastic frustule malformation was found under iron and silicate co-limitation in C. dichaeta, while Si limitation in general caused cell elongation in both Chaetoceros species. Higher light intensities similar to SO surface conditions showed a negative impact on growth of C. dichaeta and Actinocyclus sp. and no effect on C. debilis. This is in contrast to the assumed light limitation of SO diatoms due to deep wind driven mixing. Our results suggest that growth and species composition of Southern Ocean diatoms is influenced by a sensitive interaction of the abiotic factors, iron, silicate, and light
Generalized Fock Spaces, New Forms of Quantum Statistics and their Algebras
We formulate a theory of generalized Fock spaces which underlies the
different forms of quantum statistics such as ``infinite'', Bose-Einstein and
Fermi-Dirac statistics. Single-indexed systems as well as multi-indexed systems
that cannot be mapped into single-indexed systems are studied. Our theory is
based on a three-tiered structure consisting of Fock space, statistics and
algebra. This general formalism not only unifies the various forms of
statistics and algebras, but also allows us to construct many new forms of
quantum statistics as well as many algebras of creation and destruction
operators. Some of these are : new algebras for infinite statistics,
q-statistics and its many avatars, a consistent algebra for fractional
statistics, null statistics or statistics of frozen order, ``doubly-infinite''
statistics, many representations of orthostatistics, Hubbard statistics and its
variations.Comment: This is a revised version of the earlier preprint: mp_arc 94-43.
Published versio
Different iron storage strategies among bloom-forming diatoms
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115(52), (2018): E12275-E12284. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1805243115.Diatoms are prominent eukaryotic phytoplankton despite being limited by the micronutrient iron in vast expanses of the ocean. As iron inputs are often sporadic, diatoms have evolved mechanisms such as the ability to store iron that enable them to bloom when iron is resupplied and then persist when low iron levels are reinstated. Two iron storage mechanisms have been previously described: the protein ferritin and vacuolar storage. To investigate the ecological role of these mechanisms among diatoms, iron addition and removal incubations were conducted using natural phytoplankton communities from varying iron environments. We show that among the predominant diatoms, Pseudo-nitzschia were favored by iron removal and displayed unique ferritin expression consistent with a long-term storage function. Meanwhile, Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira gene expression aligned with vacuolar storage mechanisms. Pseudo-nitzschia also showed exceptionally high iron storage under steady-state high and low iron conditions, as well as following iron resupply to iron-limited cells. We propose that bloom-forming diatoms use different iron storage mechanisms and that ferritin utilization may provide an advantage in areas of prolonged iron limitation with pulsed iron inputs. As iron distributions and availability change, this speculated ferritin-linked advantage may result in shifts in diatom community composition that can alter marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.We thank the captain and crew of the R/V Melville and the CCGS J. P. Tully as well as the participants of the IRNBRU (MV1405) cruise for the California-based data, particularly K. Ellis [University of North Carolina (UNC)], T. Coale (University of California, San Diego), F. Kuzminov (Rutgers), H. McNair [University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)], and J. Jones (UCSB). W. Burns (UNC), S. Haines (UNC), and S. Bargu (Louisiana State University) assisted with sample processing and analysis. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation Grants OCE-1334935 (to A.M.), OCE-1334632 (to B.S.T.), OCE-1333929 (to K.T.), OCE-1334387 (to M.A.B.), OCE-1259776 (to K.W.B), and DGE-1650116 (Graduate Research Fellowship to R.H.L).2019-06-1
Dynamics of Transformation from Segregation to Mixed Wealth Cities
We model the dynamics of the Schelling model for agents described simply by a
continuously distributed variable - wealth. Agents move to neighborhoods where
their wealth is not lesser than that of some proportion of their neighbors, the
threshold level. As in the case of the classic Schelling model where
segregation obtains between two races, we find here that wealth-based
segregation occurs and persists. However, introducing uncertainty into the
decision to move - that is, with some probability, if agents are allowed to
move even though the threshold level condition is contravened - we find that
even for small proportions of such disallowed moves, the dynamics no longer
yield segregation but instead sharply transition into a persistent mixed wealth
distribution. We investigate the nature of this sharp transformation between
segregated and mixed states, and find that it is because of a non-linear
relationship between allowed moves and disallowed moves. For small increases in
disallowed moves, there is a rapid corresponding increase in allowed moves, but
this tapers off as the fraction of disallowed moves increase further and
finally settles at a stable value, remaining invariant to any further increase
in disallowed moves. It is the overall effect of the dynamics in the initial
region (with small numbers of disallowed moves) that shifts the system away
from a state of segregation rapidly to a mixed wealth state.
The contravention of the tolerance condition could be interpreted as public
policy interventions like minimal levels of social housing or housing benefit
transfers to poorer households. Our finding therefore suggests that it might
require only very limited levels of such public intervention - just sufficient
to enable a small fraction of disallowed moves, because the dynamics generated
by such moves could spur the transformation from a segregated to mixed
equilibrium.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure
Spectral noncommutative geometry and quantization: a simple example
We explore the relation between noncommutative geometry, in the spectral
triple formulation, and quantum mechanics. To this aim, we consider a dynamical
theory of a noncommutative geometry defined by a spectral triple, and study its
quantization. In particular, we consider a simple model based on a finite
dimensional spectral triple (A, H, D), which mimics certain aspects of the
spectral formulation of general relativity. We find the physical phase space,
which is the space of the onshell Dirac operators compatible with A and H. We
define a natural symplectic structure over this phase space and construct the
corresponding quantum theory using a covariant canonical quantization approach.
We show that the Connes distance between certain two states over the algebra A
(two ``spacetime points''), which is an arbitrary positive number in the
classical noncommutative geometry, turns out to be discrete in the quantum
theory, and we compute its spectrum. The quantum states of the noncommutative
geometry form a Hilbert space K. D is promoted to an operator *D on the direct
product *H of H and K. The triple (A, *H, *D) can be viewed as the quantization
of the family of the triples (A, H, D).Comment: 7 pages, no figure
Measuring Gravito-magnetic Effects by Multi Ring-Laser Gyroscope
We propose an under-ground experiment to detect the general relativistic
effects due to the curvature of space-time around the Earth (de Sitter effect)
and to rotation of the planet (dragging of the inertial frames or
Lense-Thirring effect). It is based on the comparison between the IERS value of
the Earth rotation vector and corresponding measurements obtained by a
tri-axial laser detector of rotation. The proposed detector consists of six
large ring-lasers arranged along three orthogonal axes.
In about two years of data taking, the 1% sensitivity required for the
measurement of the Lense-Thirring drag can be reached with square rings of 6
side, assuming a shot noise limited sensitivity ().
The multi-gyros system, composed of rings whose planes are perpendicular to one
or the other of three orthogonal axes, can be built in several ways. Here, we
consider cubic and octahedron structures. The symmetries of the proposed
configurations provide mathematical relations that can be used to study the
stability of the scale factors, the relative orientations or the ring-laser
planes, very important to get rid of systematics in long-term measurements,
which are required in order to determine the relativistic effects.Comment: 24 pages, 26 Postscript figure
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