Cascades physiopathologiques dans la maladie de Sanfilippo B

La mucopolysaccharidose de type IIIB (MPSIIIB), ou maladie de Sanfilippo B, est une maladie de surcharge lysosomale caractérisée par des atteintes neurologiques. Cette maladie génétique rare est causée par la déficience en a-N-acétylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), une enzyme nécessaire pour la dégradation des héparanes sulfates (HS). La dégradation incomplète des HS cause l accumulation de saccharides d HS dans les lysosomes et à la surface des cellules. Mais la cascade physiopathologique induite par ces saccharides n est pour l instant pas connue. D une part, ces recherches fournissent des preuves que la communication avec l environnement des cellules neurales déficientes en NAGLU est altérée. En effet, l intégrine ß1 et ses effecteurs sont suractivés et recrutés au niveau des plaques d adhérence dans des astrocytes déficients. Les comportements cellulaires dépendants des intégrines, tels que la polarisation et la migration, sont également altérés. Ces phénotypes sont restaurés par l apport de l enzyme déficiente. Cette restauration indique que l accumulation de saccharides d HS provoque l activation de la signalisation des intégrines, et perturbe la polarisation et la migration des cellules neurales. L ajout de saccharides d HS purifiés sur des cellules neurales normales confirme que les saccharides d HS extracellulaires activent des composants des plaques d adhérence. D autre part, l étude d un modèle cellulaire humain, dont l expression de NAGLU a été inhibée par shRNA, a montré que l accumulation de vésicules de stockage caractéristiques de la maladie est causée, entre autre, par une déformation de l appareil de Golgi et la surexpression de GM130. Ces phénotypes sont également observés dans les neurones atteints. Ils s accompagnent d une augmentation de la stabilité et de la nucléation des microtubules, au niveau de l appareil de Golgi. Les défauts de communication entre la cellule malade et son environnement semblent donc modifier la dynamique et la structure cellulaire. Nous présumons que les mécanismes physiopathologiques déchiffrés en culture sont reliés à la neuropathologie de la MPSIIIB. En perturbant la perception de l environnement cellulaire, la polarité, la migration, et la pousse neuritique, les saccharides d HS accumulés dans les tissus cérébraux malades, affectent probablement divers mécanismes clefs de la maturation corticale.Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (Sanfilippo B disease) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by severe neurological manifestations in children. This rare monogenic disease is caused by a-N acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) deficiency, a lysosomal hydrolase necessary for heparan sulfate (HS) degradation. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of HS saccharides. Mechanisms mediating HS saccharides deleterious effects on brain cells are not well understood. This research provides evidences that neural cell sensing of environment is altered in MPSIIIB cells. Integrins and focal adhesion components are over-recruited and over-activated in deficient mouse astrocytes. Consistently, integrin-dependant cell behavior such as cell polarization and directed migration were defective in affected astrocytes and neural stem cells. HS saccharide clearance, by NAGLU gene transfer, rescues a normal phenotype suggesting that HS saccharides induce focal adhesion formation. Addition of purified HS saccharides on normal astrocytes confirms that extracellular HS saccharides can activate the recruitment of focal adhesion components and provides an in vitro assay to decipher the saccharide code of HS. Otherwise, investigations performed on HeLa cell model, in which NAGLU expression was inhibited by shRNA, showed that accumulation of intracellular storage vesicles, a hallmark of the disease, is due over expression of a cis-Golgi protein. This affects the Golgi morphology and microtubule nucleation and stability. It seems that alterations of environment cell sensing and downstream signaling also modify the dynamic and the structure of cells. We assume that mechanisms deciphered in cell cultures are related to MPSIIIB neuropathology. By affecting cell perception of environmental cues, cell polarity, cell migration and neurite outgrowth, HS saccharides, which accumulate in brain tissues defective for a HS degradation enzyme, likely affect various processes important for accurate cortical maturation.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Macrophage skewing by Phd2 haplodeficiency prevents ischemia by inducing arteriogenesis

The authors are thankful to Dr. P. Carmeliet for scientific discussion and support. VE-Cadherin:CreERT and PDGFRB:Cre transgenic mice were generated at the Cancer Research UK (London, UK) and kindly donated by Dr. R. Adams. The IKKβ floxed mice are a generous gift of Dr. M. Karin (UCSD, La Jolla, CA). The hydroxylase-deficient PHD2 construct was given by Dr. P. Ratcliffe (Oxford, UK).PHD2 serves as an oxygen sensor that rescues blood supply by regulating vessel formation and shape in case of oxygen shortage. However, it is unknown whether PHD2 can influence arteriogenesis. Here we studied the role of PHD2 in collateral artery growth by using hindlimb ischaemia as a model, a process that compensates for the lack of blood flow in case of major arterial occlusion. We show that Phd2 (also known as Egln1) haplodeficient (Phd2(+/-)) mice displayed preformed collateral arteries that preserved limb perfusion and prevented tissue necrosis in ischaemia. Improved arteriogenesis in Phd2(+/-) mice was due to an expansion of tissue-resident, M2-like macrophages and their increased release of arteriogenic factors, leading to enhanced smooth muscle cell (SMC) recruitment and growth. Both chronic and acute deletion of one Phd2 allele in macrophages was sufficient to skew their polarization towards a pro-arteriogenic phenotype. Mechanistically, collateral vessel preconditioning relied on the activation of canonical NF-κB pathway in Phd2(+/-) macrophages. These results unravel how PHD2 regulates arteriogenesis and artery homeostasis by controlling a specific differentiation state in macrophages and suggest new treatment options for ischaemic disorders.This work was supported by grants from FWO (G.0726.10), Belgium, and from VIB. ED was granted by ARC, SC by FCT, RLO and VF by FWO, AH by DFG. CR was supported by COST action TD0901. MDP was supported by an ERC starting grant

Reducing falls in older adults recently discharged from hospital: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Older adults are known to have increased falls rates and functional decline following hospital discharge, with substantial economic healthcare costs. This systematic review aimed to synthesise the evidence for effective falls prevention interventions in older adults recently discharged from hospital. Methods: Literature searches of six databases of quantitative studies conducted from 1990 to June 2017, reporting falls outcomes of falls prevention interventions for community-dwelling older adults discharged from hospital were included. Study quality was assessed using a standardised JBI critical appraisal tool (MAStARI) and data pooled using Rev-Man Review Manager® Results: Sixteen studies (total sample size N= 3,290, from eight countries, mean age 77) comprising 12 interventions met inclusion criteria. We found home hazard modification interventions delivered to those with a previous falls history (1 study), was effective in reducing the number of falls (RR 0.63, 95%CI 0.43, 0.93, Low GRADE evidence). Home exercise interventions (3 studies) significantly increased the proportion of fallers (OR 1.74, 95%CI 1.17, 2.60, Moderate GRADE evidence), and did not significantly reduce falls rate (RR 1.27, 95%CI 0.99, 1.62, Very Low GRADE evidence) or falls injury rate (RR1.16, 95%CI, 0.83,1.63, Low GRADE evidence). Nutritional supplementation for malnourished older adults (1 study) significantly reduced the proportion of fallers (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19, 0.86, Low GRADE evidence). Conclusion: The recommended falls prevention interventions for older adults recently discharged from hospital are to provide home hazard minimisation particularly if they have a recent previous falls history and consider nutritional supplementation if they are malnourished

Pathophysiological cascades of Sanfilippo B disease

La mucopolysaccharidose de type IIIB (MPSIIIB), ou maladie de Sanfilippo B, est une maladie de surcharge lysosomale caractérisée par des atteintes neurologiques. Cette maladie génétique rare est causée par la déficience en a-N-acétylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), une enzyme nécessaire pour la dégradation des héparanes sulfates (HS). La dégradation incomplète des HS cause l’accumulation de saccharides d’HS dans les lysosomes et à la surface des cellules. Mais la cascade physiopathologique induite par ces saccharides n’est pour l’instant pas connue. D’une part, ces recherches fournissent des preuves que la communication avec l’environnement des cellules neurales déficientes en NAGLU est altérée. En effet, l’intégrine ß1 et ses effecteurs sont suractivés et recrutés au niveau des plaques d’adhérence dans des astrocytes déficients. Les comportements cellulaires dépendants des intégrines, tels que la polarisation et la migration, sont également altérés. Ces phénotypes sont restaurés par l’apport de l’enzyme déficiente. Cette restauration indique que l’accumulation de saccharides d’HS provoque l’activation de la signalisation des intégrines, et perturbe la polarisation et la migration des cellules neurales. L’ajout de saccharides d’HS purifiés sur des cellules neurales normales confirme que les saccharides d’HS extracellulaires activent des composants des plaques d’adhérence. D’autre part, l’étude d’un modèle cellulaire humain, dont l’expression de NAGLU a été inhibée par shRNA, a montré que l’accumulation de vésicules de stockage caractéristiques de la maladie est causée, entre autre, par une déformation de l’appareil de Golgi et la surexpression de GM130. Ces phénotypes sont également observés dans les neurones atteints. Ils s’accompagnent d’une augmentation de la stabilité et de la nucléation des microtubules, au niveau de l’appareil de Golgi. Les défauts de communication entre la cellule malade et son environnement semblent donc modifier la dynamique et la structure cellulaire. Nous présumons que les mécanismes physiopathologiques déchiffrés en culture sont reliés à la neuropathologie de la MPSIIIB. En perturbant la perception de l’environnement cellulaire, la polarité, la migration, et la pousse neuritique, les saccharides d’HS accumulés dans les tissus cérébraux malades, affectent probablement divers mécanismes clefs de la maturation corticale.Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (Sanfilippo B disease) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by severe neurological manifestations in children. This rare monogenic disease is caused by a-N­acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) deficiency, a lysosomal hydrolase necessary for heparan sulfate (HS) degradation. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of HS saccharides. Mechanisms mediating HS saccharides deleterious effects on brain cells are not well understood. This research provides evidences that neural cell sensing of environment is altered in MPSIIIB cells. Integrins and focal adhesion components are over-recruited and over-activated in deficient mouse astrocytes. Consistently, integrin-dependant cell behavior such as cell polarization and directed migration were defective in affected astrocytes and neural stem cells. HS saccharide clearance, by NAGLU gene transfer, rescues a normal phenotype suggesting that HS saccharides induce focal adhesion formation. Addition of purified HS saccharides on normal astrocytes confirms that extracellular HS saccharides can activate the recruitment of focal adhesion components and provides an in vitro assay to decipher the saccharide code of HS. Otherwise, investigations performed on HeLa cell model, in which NAGLU expression was inhibited by shRNA, showed that accumulation of intracellular storage vesicles, a hallmark of the disease, is due over expression of a cis-Golgi protein. This affects the Golgi morphology and microtubule nucleation and stability. It seems that alterations of environment cell sensing and downstream signaling also modify the dynamic and the structure of cells. We assume that mechanisms deciphered in cell cultures are related to MPSIIIB neuropathology. By affecting cell perception of environmental cues, cell polarity, cell migration and neurite outgrowth, HS saccharides, which accumulate in brain tissues defective for a HS degradation enzyme, likely affect various processes important for accurate cortical maturation

Cascades physiopathologiques dans la maladie de Sanfilippo B

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (Sanfilippo B disease) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by severe neurological manifestations in children. This rare monogenic disease is caused by a-N­acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) deficiency, a lysosomal hydrolase necessary for heparan sulfate (HS) degradation. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of HS saccharides. Mechanisms mediating HS saccharides deleterious effects on brain cells are not well understood. This research provides evidences that neural cell sensing of environment is altered in MPSIIIB cells. Integrins and focal adhesion components are over-recruited and over-activated in deficient mouse astrocytes. Consistently, integrin-dependant cell behavior such as cell polarization and directed migration were defective in affected astrocytes and neural stem cells. HS saccharide clearance, by NAGLU gene transfer, rescues a normal phenotype suggesting that HS saccharides induce focal adhesion formation. Addition of purified HS saccharides on normal astrocytes confirms that extracellular HS saccharides can activate the recruitment of focal adhesion components and provides an in vitro assay to decipher the saccharide code of HS. Otherwise, investigations performed on HeLa cell model, in which NAGLU expression was inhibited by shRNA, showed that accumulation of intracellular storage vesicles, a hallmark of the disease, is due over expression of a cis-Golgi protein. This affects the Golgi morphology and microtubule nucleation and stability. It seems that alterations of environment cell sensing and downstream signaling also modify the dynamic and the structure of cells. We assume that mechanisms deciphered in cell cultures are related to MPSIIIB neuropathology. By affecting cell perception of environmental cues, cell polarity, cell migration and neurite outgrowth, HS saccharides, which accumulate in brain tissues defective for a HS degradation enzyme, likely affect various processes important for accurate cortical maturation.La mucopolysaccharidose de type IIIB (MPSIIIB), ou maladie de Sanfilippo B, est une maladie de surcharge lysosomale caractérisée par des atteintes neurologiques. Cette maladie génétique rare est causée par la déficience en a-N-acétylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), une enzyme nécessaire pour la dégradation des héparanes sulfates (HS). La dégradation incomplète des HS cause l’accumulation de saccharides d’HS dans les lysosomes et à la surface des cellules. Mais la cascade physiopathologique induite par ces saccharides n’est pour l’instant pas connue. D’une part, ces recherches fournissent des preuves que la communication avec l’environnement des cellules neurales déficientes en NAGLU est altérée. En effet, l’intégrine ß1 et ses effecteurs sont suractivés et recrutés au niveau des plaques d’adhérence dans des astrocytes déficients. Les comportements cellulaires dépendants des intégrines, tels que la polarisation et la migration, sont également altérés. Ces phénotypes sont restaurés par l’apport de l’enzyme déficiente. Cette restauration indique que l’accumulation de saccharides d’HS provoque l’activation de la signalisation des intégrines, et perturbe la polarisation et la migration des cellules neurales. L’ajout de saccharides d’HS purifiés sur des cellules neurales normales confirme que les saccharides d’HS extracellulaires activent des composants des plaques d’adhérence. D’autre part, l’étude d’un modèle cellulaire humain, dont l’expression de NAGLU a été inhibée par shRNA, a montré que l’accumulation de vésicules de stockage caractéristiques de la maladie est causée, entre autre, par une déformation de l’appareil de Golgi et la surexpression de GM130. Ces phénotypes sont également observés dans les neurones atteints. Ils s’accompagnent d’une augmentation de la stabilité et de la nucléation des microtubules, au niveau de l’appareil de Golgi. Les défauts de communication entre la cellule malade et son environnement semblent donc modifier la dynamique et la structure cellulaire. Nous présumons que les mécanismes physiopathologiques déchiffrés en culture sont reliés à la neuropathologie de la MPSIIIB. En perturbant la perception de l’environnement cellulaire, la polarité, la migration, et la pousse neuritique, les saccharides d’HS accumulés dans les tissus cérébraux malades, affectent probablement divers mécanismes clefs de la maturation corticale

Les analyses bilologiques (extraction de l'ADN) et chimiques (détection des xénobiotiques) réalisées sur le cheveu et leurs applications

CHATENAY M.-PARIS 11-BU Pharma. (920192101) / SudocSudocFranceF

B41 HD on chip : reconstituting the cortico-striatal network on microfluidics to study intracellular trafficking and synaptic transmission

International audienceMost of the cellular or molecular studies in HD used so far separated cultures of striatal or cortical neurons. However, in the brain these neurons are connected and form a particular network that is defective in HD. The polarised nature of neurons and the size and density of synapses complicates the manipulation and visualisation of specific events taking place in axons or dendrites and of specific synaptic transmission within the cortico-striatal network.To overcome these limitations, we developed several microfluidic systems compatible with high-resolution videomicroscopy and connected to microelectrode arrays (MEA) to reconstitute and identify each component of the corticostriatal network. The microfluidic system directs the formation of identified synapses separately between cortical axons and striatal dendrites and soma. In parallel, a multielectrode substrate monitors and controls presynaptic and postsynaptic activity independently. Using this multicomplex system we are investigating how the trafficking of synaptic vesicles or mitochondria along axons is regulated by presynaptic and postsynaptic patterns in the corticostriatal network in health and HD. In addition, the system allows modifying the genetic status of the cortical or striatal neurons as a way to selectively investigate how disease neurons differentially affect pre or post-synaptic events in HD and overall alter synapse function