Understanding female sport attrition in a stereotypical male sport within the framework of Eccles' expectancy-value model.

International audienceAn empirical research study based upon the expectancy-value model of Eccles and colleagues (1983) investigated the effect of gender role orientations on psychological dimensions of female athletes' sport participation and the likelihood of their continued participation in a stereotypical masculine activity. The model (Eccles et al., 1983) posits that gender role orientation is linked to the intention to persist or discontinue sport participation which is later acted upon indirectly, as mediated by two motivational variables: an individual's perceived competence and the perceived value of the activity. Three models were compared to test this mediation hypothesis with 333 female adolescent handball players in a prospective study. Results from structural equation modeling showed that a fully mediated model better fit the data and that: (1) the masculinity orientation positively predicted value for and perceived competence in handball, whereas the femininity orientation negatively predicted perceived competence; (2) the two motivational variables negatively predicted intention to dropout. And finally such intentions are constituted the more proximal predictors of actual dropout

Mothers' Expectancies and Young Adolescents Perceived Physical Competence : A Year-long Study

International audiencePerceived physical competence can be an important predictor of the physical activity behavior of children and adolescents. Investigated in this study was the role of mothers' expectancies effects in shaping their child's perceived physical competence. Data were obtained from 156 French children and young adolescents and their mothers. Structural equation modeling revealed that mothers' perceptions of their child's physical competence predicted their child's own perceived physical competence one year later, independent of the child's previously demonstrated physical ability and the child's initial level of perceived competence. Child's gender moderated the relation in that mothers' perceptions of their daughters' competence were related significantly to their child's perceived competence but that relation was not present between mothers and sons

Um olhar sobre o desenvolvimento positivo dos jovens através do desporto

This article is based on the recognition of the importance of Positive Youth Development (PYD) as a concept, while also highlighting its still relatively scarce dissemination and application in sporting contexts, particularly in Portuguese-speaking countries. In this sense, seeking to promote its dissemination and to suggest possible research and intervention in this field, an analysis was conducted of what has been published on the subject in major international sporting science and social psychology journals, in relation to four key issues: i ) how the DPJ movement began ii) the PYD movement in Sport iii) major PYD programmes in Sport, and iv) how to evaluate the impact of PYD programmes in Sport. Basically, what emerges from this analysis is the fact that while PYD shares some principles and objectives in common with Positive Psychology, it is an independent movement that is potentially very useful in the development of young people, particularly in sporting contexts. Moreover, over the past years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of programmes in this field that have achieved promising results, although more robust sophisticated methodologies and instruments must be developed to assess its real impact on the development of young people as well as helping to offer a better insight into the mechanisms through which PYD is processed

Capacidad de esfuerzo en snowboarders : diferencias individuales en una prueba de máximo esfuerzo en half-pipe

El propósito de esta investigación es analizar y valorar la capacidad de realizar esfuerzos de los snowboarders, en una prueba específica. Evaluaremos dicha capacidad de trabajo individual a través de la Frecuencia cardiaca (FC), del Esfuerzo Percibido (REP) y del Nivel de Fatiga Percibida (NFP), en la modalidad de Half-Pipe. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, valorativo y correlacional de diseno cuasiexperimental unifactorial multivariado, con una muestra de n=5 sujetos, que constituyen la totalidad del equipo Olímpico espanol de Snowboard. La prueba disenada ad hoc se ha realizado a 3.000 m. en el glaciar de Tignes. Las conclusiones de este estudio demuestran 1) que es posible realizar una investigación de campo en la que se cuantifique la intensidad de la tarea, y 2) que para valorar el esfuerzo debemos combinar variables fisiológicas y psicológicas. Finalmente se plantea la importancia del Nivel de Fatiga Percibida, como instrumento predictivo en el proceso de toma de decisiones.The goal of this study is to analyze and evaluate snowboarders' effort capacity using a specific test. The individual's effort capacity was assessed using Heart Rate, Perceived Effort and Perceived Fatigue in the Half-Pipe. This is a descriptive, evaluative and correlational study with quasi-experimental unifactorial multivariate design. N=5 constitutes the entire Spanish Olympic Snowboard team. The test, which was specifically designed for the study, was conducted on the Tignes glacier, at an altitude of 3000 m. The conclusions of the study are that it is possible to conduct a field study quantifying task intensity and that both physiological and psychological variables must be used in order to evaluate effort. Finally, the relevance of the Perceived Fatigue construct is discussed as predictive of the decision making process

Bienestar psicológico y psicopatología : estudio de un caso de intervención en el equipo técnico y deportistas de un Club de Tenis

Due to their intensive sporting activities, athletes might not only experience positive outcomes and a state of psychological wellbeing but also a considerable amount of stress which can contribute to psychopathological states. Research into psychopathology in sport is a relatively recent field of study and investigations have focused rather narrowly on a few limited areas of study. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of psychological intervention after a young tennis player experienced a manic episode which affected the emotional wellbeing of other individuals from the same sporting environment, including the coaches and other athletes. The intervention, directed at the coaching staff and athletes, was based on the Psychological Wellbeing Model developed by Carol Ryff.Como consecuencia de la intensa participación en el deporte, los atletas no solo pueden experimentar sentimientos positivos de bienestar sino que también experimentar cantidades significativas de estrés que pueden contribuir a la psicopatología. La investigación sobre la psicopatología en el deporte es un área de estudio relativamente reciente y las investigaciones se han focalizado más estrechamente sobre algunos tópicos de estudio. El propósito de esta investigación fue dar cuenta de una intervención psicológica que se desarrollo una vez que se detecto que uno de los tenistas del equipo deportivo sufre un episodio maniáco, dado que dicha situación afectó la organización deportiva y la estabilidad emocional de entrenadores y grupo de jugadores. El enfoque de la intervención estuvo dirigida al equipo te'cnico y deportistas y se baso en el Modelo de Bienestar Psicológico de Carol Ryff

Social support and sport injury recovery : an overview of empirical findings and practical implications

Epidemiologically-based evidence has demonstrated that a substantial number of athletes and exercisers are injured each year, which can result in physical disability as well as other negative physical, social and psychological consequences. Accumulated research has indicated that the prevalence of sport and physical activity-related injuries varies based on gender, age group, type of sport, level of participation, and role on the team, among other considerations. Although physical causes are the primary contributors to injury, a considerable number of studies have suggested that psychological and social factors also have importance in injury prevention and rehabilitation. Among the psychosocial factors investigated, social support has emerged as a significant buffering and coping resource in the recovery process from athletic injuries. However, research has also indicated that sources of social support tend to be less frequently available to athletes during some stages of rehabilitation and do not necessarily meet the athletes' expectations and needs. Moreover, some studies have suggested that social support may have detrimental effects under certain circumstances. As such, coaches, athletic trainers and health care professionals should be aware of these complex forms of influence and develop and implement injury rehabilitation processes that are based on a holistic approach in order to promote the athletes' recovery and well-being.Los estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que, cada año, un número considerable de atletas y de practicantes de actividad física sufre una lesión causante de discapacidad y de otras repercusiones negativas para el bienestar físico, psicológico y social. Además, las investigaciones actuales revelan que la prevalencia de las lesiones asociadas a los deportes varía según el género, la edad, el deporte, el nivel competitivo, la posición en el juego, entre otros. Aunque los factores físicos constituyen las principales causas de las lesiones más comunes, varios estudios han sugerido que los factores psicológicos y sociales también ejercen un efecto significativo en la prevención y rehabilitación de las lesiones deportivas. Entre los factores psicosociales estudiados, el apoyo o soporte social percibido por el propio deportista se ha destacado como un importante mecanismo para controlar el distrés emocional y afrontar mejor las dificultades inherentes al proceso de recuperación de las lesiones deportivas. Sin embargo, la investigación también indica que las fuentes de apoyo social tienden a no satisfacer las expectativas y necesidades de soporte social de los atletas, siendo insuficientes en determinadas fases de la rehabilitación. Igualmente, algunos estudios han sugerido que el apoyo social puede inducir efectos perjudiciales en determinadas circunstancias. Por lo tanto, los entrenadores y profesionales de la salud (médicos, fisioterapeutas, psicólogos, etc.) deben tener conocimiento de estos factores influyentes y implementar intervenciones desde un punto de vista más integral con el fin de promover la recuperación de los atletas y mejorar su bienestar.Os estudos epidemiológicos têm demonstrado que, cada ano, um número considerável de atletas e de praticantes de actividade física sofre uma lesão causadora de incapacidade e de outras repercussões negativas para o bem-estar físico, psicológico e social. Adicionalmente, as investigações actuais revelam que a prevalência de lesões associadas à prática desportiva varia segundo o género, idade, modalidade, nível competitivo, posição de jogo, entre outros. Embora os factores físicos constituam as principais causas das lesões mais comuns, vários estudos têm sugerido que os factores psicológicos e sociais também exercem um efeito significativo na prevenção e reabilitação das lesões desportivas. Entre os factores psicossociais estudados, o apoio ou suporte social percebido pelo próprio desportista tem-se destacado como um importante mecanismo para controlar o distress emocional e enfrentar melhor as dificuldades inerentes ao processo de recuperação das lesões desportivas. Contudo, a investigação indica também que as fontes de suporte social tendem a não satisfazer as expectativas e necessidades de suporte social dos atletas, sendo insuficientes em determinadas fases da reabilitação. De igual modo, alguns estudos têm sugerido que o suporte social pode induzir efeitos prejudiciais em determinadas circunstâncias. Portanto, os treinadores e os profissionais da saúde (médicos, fisioterapeutas, psicólogos, etc.) devem ter conhecimento destes influentes factores e implementar intervenções desde um ponto de vista mais global, visando promover a recuperação dos atletas e a melhoria do seu bem-estar

Estrategias de afrontamiento y bienestar psicológico en jóvenes tenistas de competición

The study aimed to examine the types of coping strategies preferred by adolescent competition tennis players and specific attention was paid to understanding these strategies' perceived effectiveness and the coping strategy's subsequent effects on well-being. The sample for the study was made up of 27 adolescent tennis players with a mean age of 15 years who participate at a high competitive level. The Approach to Coping in Sport Questionnaire (ACSQ-1) was used to measure the coping strategy used by the players and their psychological well-being was assessed by the Psychological Well-Being Scale. The results indicated that the emotional calming strategy was the tennis players' preferred coping strategy in general. At the same time, emotional calming and active planning were the strategies the players' considered to be the most effective in terms of improving performance. An additional finding was that players with lower levels of self-acceptance relied more heavily on the emotional calming strategy and those with higher levels of self-acceptance used mental distancing more frequently. Players who perceived greater environmental control relied more heavily upon mental distancing as their preferred coping strategy. These findings indicate that individual differences were present in terms of preferred coping strategies and that the strategies produced differentiated effects on well-being for young competition tennis players

Estado del Arte, y Perspectiva Actual del Concepto de Bienestar PsicolóGico en Psicología del Deporte

Well-being psychology theory (Ryff, 1989) is one of the essential links of positive psychology, which has been mainly framed between two perspectives that explain a model of world and a model of person (Díaz, 2006). Ryff (1989) states her model baptized as “Integrated Model of Personal Development”. Considering that sport, and life cycle sport are activities that demand to be strong, to have superior volitive skills, autonomy, be challenging, set up objectives, meet aims, grow as person, adapt to different environments and changes, and for that purpose, establish positive relationship with the others, be healthy and maintain self control, is for that reason we will stop into this concept and the analysis of psychological well-being and its involvement in sport, and sport psychology, from Carol Ryff perspective