Ökonomische Folgen der Ausbreitung von Neobiota : Forschungsbericht 20186211

The European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species T-PWS(2002) 8 mandates intensified research by member nations on invasive species. This research will not be restricted solely to the biology and remediation of invasive species, but will also evaluate their adverse health effects and economic impact. Previous studies of these issues have only been carried out in the Unites States of America, or in a limited, regional manner. Consequently, 20 plant and animal species from various problem areas (species which pose a threat to public health; losses to agriculture, fisheries, and forestry; damage to public roads and waterways; costs associated with the protection of native species threatened by non-native species as mandated by Recommendation 77 of the Bern Convention were assessed in Germany nation-wide. The accruing costs were sorted into 3 categories: a) direct economic losses, such as those caused by destructive pest species; b) ecological costs, in the form of extra care and protection of native taxa, biotopes, or ecosystems threatened by invasive species; c) costs of measures to combat invasive species. Because of the nature of available data, as well as the different biology and ecology of the invasive species, each had to be treated individually, and the associated costs vary greatly from species to species. Moreover, not all of the species investigated cause economic losses. Accordingly, a nuanced approach to alien species is essential. Cost assessment of losses deriving from ecological damage was only possible in a few cases. Ongoing, multi-year studies incorporating cost/benefit analysis will be necessary to resolve remaining issues.In dem Entwurf einer European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species T-PVS (2002) 8 werden verstärkte Forschungsaktivitäten der Mitgliedstaaten angeregt, die nicht nur auf den biologischen Bereich oder Bekämpfung invasiver Arten beschränkt bleiben, sondern auch die Bewertung der Auswirkungen auf Gesundheitswesen und Volkswirtschaft untersuchen sollen. Derartige Studien wurden bisher nur für die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika oder mit eher regionalen Charakter durchgeführt. Aus diesem Grunde wurden 20 Tiere und Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Problemgebieten (Gesundheitsgefährdende Arten, Schäden in Forst-, Land-, und Fischereiwirtschaft, im kommunalen Bereich, an aquatischen und terrestrischen Verkehrswegen sowie Kosten von Arten, die einheimische Spezies gefährden oder in der Empfehlung 77 der Berner Konvention aufgeführt sind) ausgewählt und beispielhaft für das Gebiet Deutschlands bearbeitet. Die entstehenden Kosten wurden in drei Kategorien aufgeschlüsselt: a) direkte ökonomische Schäden, beispielsweise durch Vorratsschädlinge, b) ökologische Schäden, verursacht durch Pflege und Schutz gefährdeter heimischer Arten, Biozönosen oder Ökosysteme und c) Kosten für Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung invasiver Arten. Es zeigte sich, dass auf Grund der Datenlage sowie der unterschiedlichen Biologie und Ökologie der invasiven Arten jeweils individuelle Ansätze notwendig waren. Die hier ermittelten Kosten unterscheiden sich stark von Art zu Art. Nicht alle untersuchten Arten verursachen ökonomische Schäden. Eine differenzierte Betrachtung von Neobiota ist nach dem Prinzip der Einzelfallbewertung erforderlich. Die Monetisierung von ökologischen Schäden gelang hierbei nur in wenigen Fällen. Weitergehende, mehrjährige Studien sollten willingness to pay-Analysen einbeziehen, um offen gebliebene Fragen zu beantworten

Poder, história e coetaneidade: os lugares do colonialismo na antropologia sobre a África

O presente artigo toma como base a tese clássica de Johannes Fabian sobre a política do tempo na representação antropológica tendo em vista revisar criticamente a carreira da coetaneidade na produção antropológica sobre a África. Ele parte da antropologia feita sob o colonialismo, com foco no estrutural-funcionalismo britânico, e chega à antropologia do colonialismo que desponta nos anos 90, passando pela forte disjunção temporal imposta à disciplina pelas independências africanas, que começam a florescer no final dos anos 50. Observa-se nessa trajetória um amadurecimento teórico acerca do impacto formativo duradouro do poder colonial nas sociedades africanas. Como conclusão, problematizo a prescrição de Fabian de “um encontro real com o tempo do outro” ao recorrer a debates contemporâneos sobre a condição pós-colonial em África. Destaco assim a natureza ambígua e elusiva da temporalidade subalterna e defendo a necessidade de uma abordagem mais etnograficamente atenta às vicissitudes da temporalização periférica. his article explores Johannes Fabian’s well-known thesis about the politics of time in anthropological representation and reviews critically the carrier of coevalness in the anthropology of Africa. It departs from the anthropology produced under colonialism, focusing on the British structural-functionalist school, and arrives at the anthropology of colonialism emerging in the 1990s, passing through the robust temporal disjunction imposed to the discipline by the African independent states that start flourishing in the late 1950s. This trajectory is followed by a growing theoretical awareness about the formative impact of colonial power in African societies. As a conclusion, I question Fabian’s prescription of an “actual confrontation with the Time of the Other” by recurring to contemporary perspectives about the post-colonial condition in Africa. I highlight the ambiguous and elusive nature of subaltern time, and defend a more ethnographically grounded approach to the vicissitudes of peripheral temporality.

Os estudos críticos da religião e do secularismo: virada ou paradigma?

Neste artigo proponho uma revisão da recente virada crítica nos estudos da religião e do secularismo. Revisito alguns aspectos da abordagem genealógica e antropológica de Talal Asad para a religião, o secular e o secularismo, e destaco duas linhas de investigação por ela estimuladas: o estudo comparativo dos secularismos realmente existentes e o estudo simétrico de fricções e controvérsias entre o conceito secular de religião e as tradições por ele englobadas. Esse sobrevoo me servirá de base para debater se o recente rearranjo do lugar da religião na academia indicaria uma “virada” ou uma “mudança paradigmática”.The article proposes a review, based on the work of Talal Asad, of the critical turn in the studies of religion and secularism. I revisit some aspects of Asad’s genealogical and anthropological approach to religion, the secular, and secularism, and address two lines of research it has encouraged: the comparative study of actually existing secularisms and the symmetrical study of frictions and controversies between the secular concept of religion and the traditions it encompasses. I conclude by debating whether the recent realignment of religion in secular scholarship would indicate a “turn” or a “paradigmatic shift”.Dans cet article, je propose une révision du récent tournant critique dans les études de la religion et de la sécularisation. Je revisite certains aspects de l’approche généalogique et anthropologique de Talal Asad en matière de religion, de séculaire et de sécularisation, et je souligne deux axes de recherche qu’elle a encouragés : l’étude comparative des sécularisations réellement existantes et l’étude symétrique des frictions et des controverses entre le concept séculaire de religion et les traditions qu’elle englobent. Ce survol servira de base pour débattre la question de savoir si le récent réaménagement de la place de la religion dans le milieu universitaire indiquerait un « tournant » ou un « changement paradigmatique »

GLÓRIA: A PAIXÃO (E AS PAIXÕES) DE FLORDELIS

A partir da experiência do autor com o movimento pentecostal em Gana, o comentário dialoga com o artigo “Fazendo política em outros Congressos”, de Carly Machado. Destaco as propriedades expansivas e eticamente contingentes da concepção pentecostal de glória, que considero um esteio de sua teopolítica e uma fonte de instabilidade moral nas vidas dos homens e mulheres de Deus. Articulo o caso pentecostal com a genealogia da glória oferecida por Agamben e sublinho três contribuições do artigo de Machado para um estudo imanente da política pentecostal: o conceito de escalas, sua abordagem não-reducionista para a midiatização religiosa e sua proposta de uma antropologia do suplício pentecostal

Economic impact of the spread of alien species in Germany

In dem Entwurf einer European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species T-PVS (2002) 8 werden verstärkte Forschungsaktivitäten der Mitgliedstaaten angeregt, die nicht nur auf den biologischen Bereich oder Bekämpfung invasiver Arten beschränkt bleiben, sondern auch die Bewertung der Auswirkungen auf Gesundheitswesen und Volkswirtschaft untersuchen sollen. Derartige Studien wurden bisher nur für die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika oder mit eher regionalen Charakter durchgeführt. Aus diesem Grunde wurden 20 Tiere und Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Problemgebieten (Gesundheitsgefährdende Arten, Schäden in Forst-, Land-, und Fischereiwirtschaft, im kommunalen Bereich, an aquatischen und terrestrischen Verkehrswegen sowie Kosten von Arten, die einheimische Spezies gefährden oder in der Empfehlung 77 der Berner Konvention aufgeführt sind) ausgewählt und beispielhaft für das Gebiet Deutschlands bearbeitet. Die entstehenden Kosten wurden in drei Kategorien aufgeschlüsselt: a) direkte ökonomische Schäden, beispielsweise durch Vorratsschädlinge, b) ökologische Schäden, verursacht durch Pflege und Schutz gefährdeter heimischer Arten, Biozönosen oder Ökosysteme und c) Kosten für Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung invasiver Arten. Es zeigte sich, dass auf Grund der Datenlage sowie der unterschiedlichen Biologie und Ökologie der invasiven Arten jeweils individuelle Ansätze notwendig waren. Die hier ermittelten Kosten unterscheiden sich stark von Art zu Art. Nicht alle untersuchten Arten verursachen ökonomische Schäden. Eine differenzierte Betrachtung von Neobiota ist nach dem Prinzip der Einzelfallbewertung erforderlich. Die Monetisierung von ökologischen Schäden gelang hierbei nur in wenigen Fällen. Weitergehende, mehrjährige Studien sollten willingness to pay-Analysen einbeziehen, um offen gebliebene Fragen zu beantworten.The European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species T-PWS(2002) 8 mandates intensified research by member nations on invasive species. This research will not be restricted solely to the biology and remediation of invasive species, but will also evaluate their adverse health effects and economic impact. Previous studies of these issues have only been carried out in the Unites States of America, or in a limited, regional manner. Consequently, 20 plant and animal species from various problem areas (species which pose a threat to public health; losses to agriculture, fisheries, and forestry; damage to public roads and waterways; costs associated with the protection of native species threatened by non-native species as mandated by Recommendation 77 of the Bern Convention were assessed in Germany nation-wide. The accruing costs were sorted into 3 categories: a) direct economic losses, such as those caused by destructive pest species; b) ecological costs, in the form of extra care and protection of native taxa, biotopes, or ecosystems threatened by invasive species; c) costs of measures to combat invasive species. Because of the nature of available data, as well as the different biology and ecology of the invasive species, each had to be treated individually, and the associated costs vary greatly from species to species. Moreover, not all of the species investigated cause economic losses. Accordingly, a nuanced approach to alien species is essential. Cost assessment of losses deriving from ecological damage was only possible in a few cases. Ongoing, multi-year studies incorporating cost/benefit analysis will be necessary to resolve remaining issues

Ups and downs of a transcriptional landscape shape iron deficiency associated chlorosis of the maize inbreds B73 and Mo17

BACKGROUND: Improving nutrient homeostasis is a major challenge of a sustainable maize cultivation, and cornerstone to ensure food supply for a growing world population. Although, iron constitutes an important nutrient, iron availability is limited. In this respect, iron deficiency associated chlorosis causes severe yield losses every year. Natural variation of the latter trait has yet not been addressed in maize and was therefore studied in the present analysis. RESULTS: In this study, we i) report about the contrasting chlorosis phenotypes of the inbreds B73 and Mo17 at 10 and 300 μM iron regime, ii) identified over 400 significantly regulated transcripts (FDR < 0.05) within both inbreds at these growth conditions by deep RNA-Sequencing, iii) linked the gained knowledge with QTL information about iron deficiency related traits within the maize intermated B73 by Mo17 (IBM) population, and iv) highlighted contributing molecular pathways. In this respect, several genes within methionine salvage pathway and phytosiderophore synthesis were found to present constitutively high expression in Mo17, even under sufficient iron supply. Moreover, the same expression pattern could be observed for two putative bHLH transcription factors. In addition, a number of differentially expressed genes showed a co-localisation with QTL confidence intervals for iron deficiency related traits within the IBM population. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights differential iron deficiency associated chlorosis between B73 and Mo17 and represents a valuable resource for differentially expressed genes upon iron limitation and chlorosis response. Besides identifying two putative bHLH transcription factors, we propose that methionine salvage pathway and sterol metabolism amongst others; underlie the contrasting iron deficiency related chlorosis phenotype of both inbreds. Altogether, this study emphasizes a contribution of selected genes and pathways on natural trait variation within the IBM population

Da Lição de Escritura

A partir da interpelação feita por Jacques Derrida à celebre Lição de Escritura, de Claude Lévi-Strauss, e das proposições de James Clifford sobre o texto etnográfico, propõe-se uma reflexão acerca do fazer etnográfico em sua dimensão escritural.From the point of view of the interpelation of Jacques Derrida to Claude Lévi-Strauss's The Writing Lesson and the propositions of James Clifford about the ethnographic text, this article proposes a reflexion about the written dimension of the etnographic métie