DIVERSIDADE FLORÍSTICA E EQUABILIDADE EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS USANDO REDES NEURAIS ARTIFICIAIS

This study aimed to evaluate the predictive efficiency of Shannon index (H') and Pielou Equitability index (J) in forest fragments from the Brazilian Cerrado biome, from the vegetation indices and landscape metrics using artificial neural networks (ANN). Feedforward networks were used and they were trained through a back propagation error algorithm. The variables used as ANN input for simultaneous estimation of indices were: the categorical (H' and J) and the numbers related to the mean and standard deviation of vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, EVI, and MVI5, MVI7) and landscape metrics (AREA, GYRATE, SHAPE, CONTIG, CORE and ENN). It was generated five models of ANN from the functional relationships between numerical variables inherent to vegetation indices in two seasons, a dry season (June) and a rainy season (February). The architecture of the networks was the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), to estimate simultaneously the H' and J: 500 using vegetation indices in the wet season (100 for each vegetation index) and 500 in dry (100 for each vegetation index). The precision, accuracy and realism of biological ANN were assessed. The nets built during the rainy season and dry season that used vegetation indices MVI5 (Moisture Vegetation Index) and SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), respectively, were more appropriate, accurate and biologically realistic to estimate both indices H' and J. The ANN modeling demonstrated to be adequate to estimate the diversity index.Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da predição dos índices de diversidade de Shannon (H’) e de Equabilidade de Pielou (J) em fragmentos florestais do Cerrado brasileiro a partir de índices de vegetação e métricas da paisagem empregando redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Utilizaram-se redes anteroalimentadas (feedforward), treinadas por meio do algoritmo da retropropagação do erro (back propagation). As variáveis utilizadas como entradas das RNA para a estimação simultânea dos índices foram: as categóricas (índices H’ e J) e as numéricas relacionadas às médias e desvios padrão dos índices de vegetação (NDVI, SAVI, EVI, MVI5 e MVI7) e métricas da paisagem (AREA, GYRATE, SHAPE, CONTIG, CORE e ENN). Foram gerados cinco modelos de RNA a partir das relações funcionais entre as variáveis numéricas inerentes aos índices de vegetação em duas épocas, uma seca (junho) e outra chuvosa (fevereiro). A arquitetura das redes foi a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) para estimar simultaneamente H’ e J: 500 utilizando os índices de vegetação na época úmida (100 para cada índice de vegetação) e 500, na seca (100 para cada índice de vegetação). Foi avaliada a precisão, acurácia e realismo biológico das RNA. As redes construídas na época chuvosa e seca que utilizaram os índices de vegetação MVI5 (Moisture Vegetation Index) e SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), respectivamente, foram mais adequadas, precisas e realistas biologicamente para estimar, simultaneamente, os índices de H’ e de J. A modelagem por RNA demonstrou-se adequada para estimar os índices de diversidade e equabilidade

Ley de acceso a la información como instrumento para la realización de investigaciones forestales en Brasil

The Law on Access to Information (LAI) allows access to any information, as long as it is not confidential or personal. Forest inventories submitted to public agencies probably fall within the scope of the LAI, which makes them a viable solution to the lack of financial resources that subsidize forestry research in the Amazon. The objective was to evaluate the LAI as an instrument for conducting forestry research and, based on this, to evaluate the diametrical structure and the spatial pattern of copaíba and uchi. The protocol to request access to the forest inventory was carried out through the e-SIC. The diametral structure was calculated for a 10 cm amplitude, while the spatial pattern was obtained by Ripley's K function. Forest inventories are subject to the LAI and therefore are not considered confidential or personal. The inventory acquisition period was 20 to 30 days. The period, location, required object and thematic cut are fundamental aspects to approve the request for access to forest inventories. The species presented a diametrical structure tending to normality. This suggests an imbalance between mortality and recruitment rates caused by low seed production or unfavorable soil and climatic conditions. The uchi species presented an aggregate spatial pattern, while the copaíba trees presented a variable pattern depending on the distance. These spatial patterns are results of dispersal syndromes and habitat heterogeneity.La Ley de Acceso a la Información (LAI) permite el acceso a cualquier información, siempre que no sea confidencial o personal. Los inventarios forestales presentados a los organismos públicos probablemente entran en el ámbito de la LAI, lo que los convierte en una solución viable a la falta de recursos financieros que subsidian la investigación forestal en la Amazonia. El objetivo fue evaluar la LAI como instrumento para realización de investigaciones forestales y, con base en ello, evaluar la estructura diam[étrica y el patrón espacial de copaíba y uchi. El protocolo para solicitar el acceso al inventario forestal se realizó por medio del e-SIC. La estructura diamétrica[ese calculó para una amplitud de 10 cm, mientras que el patrón espacial se obtuvo por la función K de Ripley. Los inventarios forestales están sujetos a la LAI y por tanto, no se consideran confidenciales ni personales. El período de obtención de inventarios fue de 20 a 30 días. El período, ubicación, objeto requerido y el recorte temático son aspectos fundamentales para aprobar la solicitud de acceso a los inventarios forestales. Las especies presentaron una estructura diamétrica tendiente a la normalidad. Esto sugiere un desequilibrio entre las tasas de mortalidad y de reclutamiento causado por la baja producción de semillas o condiciones edafoclimáticas desfavorables. La especie uchi presentó un patrón espacial agregado, mientras que los árboles de copaíba presentaron un patrón variable en función de la distancia. Estos patrones espaciales son resultados de los síndromes de dispersión y heterogeneidad del hábitat

Ecophysiology modeling by artificial neural networks for different spacings in eucalypt

Growth and production models are widely used to predict yields and support forestry decisions. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are computational models that simulate the brain and nervous system human functions, with a memory capable of establishing mathematical relationships between independent variables to estimate the dependent variables. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of eucalypt biomass modeling under different spacings using Multilayer Perceptron networks, trained through the backpropagation algorithm. The experiment was installed in randomized block, and the effect of five planting spacings was studied in three blocks: T1 – 3.0 x 0.5 m; T2 – 3.0 x 1.0 m; T3 – 3.0 x 1.5 m; T4 – 3.0 x 2.0 m e T5 – 3.0 x 3.0 m. A continuous forest inventory was carried out at the ages of 48, 61, 73, 85 and 101 months. The leaf area, leaf perimeter and specific leaf area were measured at 101 months in one sample tree per experimental unit. Two thousand ANN were trained, using all inventoried trees, to estimate the eco-physiological attributes and the prognosis of the wood biomass. The artificial neural networks modeling was adequate to estimate eucalypt wood biomass, according to age and under different spacings, using the diameter-at-breast-height and leaf perimeter as predictor variables.Growth and production models are widely used to predict yields and support forestry decisions. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are computational models that simulate the brain and nervous system human functions, with a memory capable of establishing mathematical relationships between independent variables to estimate the dependent variables. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of eucalypt biomass modeling under different spacings using Multilayer Perceptron networks, trained through the backpropagation algorithm. The experiment was installed in randomized block, and the effect of five planting spacings was studied in three blocks: T1 – 3.0 x 0.5 m; T2 – 3.0 x 1.0 m; T3 – 3.0 x 1.5 m; T4 – 3.0 x 2.0 m e T5 – 3.0 x 3.0 m. A continuous forest inventory was carried out at the ages of 48, 61, 73, 85 and 101 months. The leaf area, leaf perimeter and specific leaf area were measured at 101 months in one sample tree per experimental unit. Two thousand ANN were trained, using all inventoried trees, to estimate the eco-physiological attributes and the prognosis of the wood biomass. The artificial neural networks modeling was adequate to estimate eucalypt wood biomass, according to age and under different spacings, using the diameter-at-breast-height and leaf perimeter as predictor variables

CROWN MORPHOMETRIC INDEXES OF EUCALYPT ESTIMATED BY LOGISTIC REGRESSION AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES

The proper choice of the modeling method for morphometric tree crown estimates is important to optimize measurement and support silvicultural decision-making. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of interdimensional morphometric relationships modeling of eucalypt crown under different spacings using logistic regression and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The experiment was set up with four spacings (T1: 3.0 × 0.5 m; T2: 3.0 × 1.0 m; T3: 3.0 × 1.5 m and T4: 3.0 × 2.0 m). A continuous forest inventory was carried out at the ages of 24, 37, 48, 59 and 72 months. Two modeling methods, one using nonlinear regression (logistic model) and the other using SVM, were tested. The range, salience and vital space indexes decreased with increasing tree stem dimensions, tending to stabilization. The logistic model was satisfactorily adapted to the problems, more specifically in prediction of the first two indexes. SVM modeling using radial base Kernel function can be used with good precision for crown morphometric indexes estimation of eucalypt, simultaneously, for different planting spacings

Climatic suitability for Eucalyptus cloeziana cultivation in four Brazilian states

The objective of this work was to identify zones with climatic potential for Eucalyptus cloeziana cultivation in four Brazilian states (Bahia – BA, Mato Grosso do Sul – MS, Minas Gerais – MG e São Paulo – SP). 490 records of this species in Australia were obtained. Current prediction of the distribution of habitat suitability was based on climatic conditions recorded between 1960 and 1990. For the future projections of 2050, four scenarios were used: RCP 2.6 W/m2, RCP 4.5 W/m2, RCP 6.0 W/m2 and RCP 8.5 W/m2. MaxEnt was used in modeling, and only climatic information was used as predictor variables. The modeling was robust and presented high values of AUC (> 0.95). Annual precipitation and isothermal were the variables that contributed the most for the quality of the models. It was concluded that the Brazilian mesoregions of Itapetininga (SP), Litoral Sul Paulista (SP) and Zona da Mata (MG) presented the most climatically suitable sites for E. cloeziana cultivation. Climatic changes may restrict the distribution of suitable zones for E. cloeziana cultivation. The negative effect of global warming was more prominent in MG

SAMPLING OF CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN FOREST SOILS

Information about sample adequacy that represents soil chemical attributes distribution are fundamental for a better rationalization of the use of correctives and fertilizers. The objective was to evaluate the variability of these attributes and to size the minimum number of composite samples to represent the fertility of forest soils. The total area planted was 9,101ha, constituted of 265 commercial eucalypt stands. The 687 soil composite samples obtained were for chemical analysis. It was evaluated the performance of two exploratory analysis techniques and six sampling procedures. The attributes P, K, Ca, Mg and S presented higher coefficient of variation (>35%). In contrast, the distributions of Al, organic matter and, mainly, pH were the most homogeneous. The sample error was smaller as the amount of composite samples increased. The representative of all chemical attributes (sample error of 5%) was achieved with a minimum of 309 (one each 29ha, 1:29) and 295 (1:31) composite samples from sampling procedures simple casual and stratified by altitude class, respectively. Both procedures were promising for soil sampling, especially, when applying the boxplot for identification and removal of outliers

PERCEPÇÕES SOBRE CASTANHAIS NATIVOS NO BAIXO RIO TAPAJÓS, ESTADO DO PARÁ

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a estrutura populacional e do potencial econômico de castanhais nativos no Baixo Rio Tapajós, estado do Pará. Foram usados dados de três censos florestais (A, B e C), os quais registraram apenas árvores com DAP ≥ 30 cm. A estrutura diamétrica e o padrão espacial foram avaliados por meio de histogramas e da função K de Ripley, respectivamente. O potencial econômico foi estimado pela diferença entre o custo de produção e o produto do número de árvores aptas à colheita, produtividade média e preço da castanha em Santarém, Óbidos e Oriximiná. A abundância de árvores foi moderada e variou entre os castanhais. As estruturas diamétricas exibiram tendência normal, enquanto o padrão espacial foi completamente agregado. Os castanhais possuem potencial econômico para manejo florestal de castanha. As maiores receitas e margens de lucro foram obtidas quando a simulação de venda foi realizada para Santarém. Mas, se o mercado de Santarém não absorver toda a produção, Óbidos e Oriximiná são alternativas viáveis. A considerar todos os castanhais seria possível obter receitas líquidas anuais de R$72.829,2. Além disso, sugere-se que a comercialização seja feita por meio de cooperativas, pois minimizam o impacto do atravessador nos lucros. Palavras-chave: estrutura diamétrica; padrão espacial; potencial econômico; castanha-do-Brasil,   Perceptions about native Brazil nut groves in the baixo rio Tapajós, Pará state   ABSTRACT: In our study, we evaluated the population structure and economic potential of native Brazil nut groves in the Lower Rio Tapajós, Pará state. We used data from three forest censuses (A, B, and C), which registered only trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm. Diametric structure and spatial pattern were evaluated using histograms and Ripley's K function, respectively. We have estimated the economic potential through the difference between the production cost and the product of the number of trees suitable for harvest, average productivity and price of Brazil nuts in Santarém, Óbidos and Oriximiná. The abundance of trees was moderate and ranged among the chestnut groves. Diametric structures exhibited a normal trend, while the spatial pattern was completely aggregated. The chestnut groves have economic potential for forest management nuts. The highest revenues and profit margins were obtained when the sales simulation was performed for Santarém. However, if the Santarém market does not absorb all the production, the cities of Óbidos and Oriximiná are viable alternatives. Considering all Brazil nut groves, it would be possible to obtain annual net income of R$ 72,829.2. In addition, we suggest that commercialization be done, preferably, through cooperatives, as they minimize the impact of the middleman on profits. Keywords: diametric structure; spatial pattern; economic potential; Brazil nuts

PADRÃO ESPACIAL E VALOR FINANCEIRO DE POPULAÇÕES DE COPAÍBA NA FLONA DO TAPAJÓS

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a estrutura diamétrica, padrão espacial e potencial econômico da copaíba na Flona Tapajós, estado do Pará. Os dados foram coletados nas áreas A, B, C e D, onde foram medidas apenas árvores com DAP ≥ 30 cm. A estrutura diamétrica e o padrão espacial foram analisados por meio de histogramas e da função K de Ripley, respectivamente. O valor econômico foi calculado por meio da multiplicação da abundância de árvores, produtividade e preço. As abundâncias foram baixas, mas iguais entre as áreas. As estruturas diamétricas exibiram tendência normal, enquanto o padrão espacial foi aleatório. O valor econômico das áreas teve alta variação. As maiores receitas foram estimadas quando a simulação de venda do óleo-resina foi realizada para Altamira, a saber: A - R$3.173,83; B - R$ 2.333,70; C- R$5.414,18 e D - R$ 6.160,97. A considerar todas as áreas seria possível obter receitas totais de R$17.082,68, R$ 12.757,66, R$5.933,59, R$ 12.812,56, R$12.132,90 para Altamira, Belém, Breves, Gurupá e Santarém, respectivamente. O potencial econômico foi baixo, por isso recomenda-se que os extrativistas se organizem em cooperativas para melhorar o poder de barganha no mercado, receber melhores preços e, consequentemente, aumentar os lucros. Palavras-chave: distribuição diamétrica; potencial econômico; óleo-resina; Copaifera sp.   Spatial pattern and economic value of populations of copaíba in Flona Tapajós, Pará   ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the diametric structure, spatial pattern, and economic potential of copaíba in the Tapajós Flona, Pará State. Data were collected in areas A, B, C and D, where only trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm were measured. Diametric structure and spatial pattern were analyzed using histograms and Ripley's K function, respectively. Economic value was calculated by multiplying tree abundance, productivity, and price. Abundances were low but equal among areas. Diametric structures showed a normal trend, while the spatial pattern was random. The economic value of the areas had high variation. The highest revenues were estimated when the oil-resin sales simulation was performed for Altamira, namely: A - R$ 3,173.83; B - R$2,333.70; C - R$ 5,414.18 and D - R$6,160.97. Considering all the areas it would be possible to obtain total revenues of R$ 17,082.68, R$12,757.66, R$ 5,933.59, R$12,812.56, R$ 12,132.90 for Altamira, Belém, Breves, Gurupá and Santarém, respectively. The economic potential was low, so it is recommended that extractivists organize into cooperatives to improve bargaining power in the market, receive better prices and consequently increase profits. Keywords: diametric distribution; economic potential; oil-resin; Copaifera sp

Crown projection area of Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch (Chrysobalanaceae), estimated by linear regression / Área de projeção da copa de Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch (Chrysobalanaceae), estimada por regressão linear

Knowledge of the Crown Projection Area (CPA) allows to make inferences about the shading and to know space occupied by a tree. However, crown measurements are more time-consuming and laborious when compared to those of Circumference Breast Height (CBH). Thus, this work aimed to evaluate regression models and present the most suitable to CPA estimate of Licania tomentosa, in an urban area of São João Evangelista municipality, Brazil. Fifty trees distributed over 7 public roads were sampled. CBH and Crown Diameter (CD, m) were measured for later calculation of its projection area (CPA, m2). Four regression models were tested in order to estimate CPA as a function of CBH alone. The equation derived from of the model “” showed a homoscedastic distribution of the percentage residues, with closer deviations around the abscissa axis. It is concluded that the equation obtained with the adjustment of the simple linear model was the most efficient to estimate of the crown projection area of L. tomentosa. This projection area increased as the stem of the trees thickened

EFICIÊNCIA DE UTILIZAÇÃO DE MACRONUTRIENTES EM EUCALIPTO POR MÉTODO NÃO DESTRUTIVO ESTIMADOS POR REDES NEURAIS ARTIFICIAIS

The Non-Destructive Sampling (NDS) provides an efficient, simple and safe characterization of chemical properties of the plant, as the Coefficient of Biological Use (CBU). The association of NDS with the technique of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can be a potential alternative to replace the regression equations and the traditional methods of interpolation. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of ANN and non-destructive sampling for the efficiency of nutrient use in the trunk. The research plot was installed in a randomized block being studied, in three blocks, the effect of five planting spacing: T1 – 3,0 m x 0,5 m, T2 – 3,0 m x 1,0 m, T3 – 3,0 m x 1,5 m, T4 – 3,0 m x 2,0 m e T5 – 3,0 m x 3,0 m. A sample-tree was felled to make the cubage and quantify the dry bark and wood per experimental plot, totaling 15 trees. The sample-trees were weighed in the field and subsamples of bark and wood were collected along the stem to form a composite sample per tree. Also removed was a single sample of each component obtained with the aid of a chisel and hammer in DBH in the same sample-trees. The samples were dried at 65°C until constant weight. The material was ground and subjected chemical analysis. Adjusted regression models and application of ANN to estimation of CBUTrunk from the CBUDBH Bark and CBUDBH Wood. The ANN had a higher accuracy and reliability of the regression. Modeling by artificial neural networks using only sample in the DBH region proved to be adequate for estimating the coefficient of biological use of stem.A Amostragem Não Destrutiva (AND) permite uma caracterização eficiente, simples e segura das propriedades químicas do vegetal, como o Coeficiente de Utilização Biológico (CUB). A associação da AND com a técnica de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) pode ser uma alternativa potencial em substituição às equações de regressão e aos métodos tradicionais de interpolação. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência da RNA e da amostragem não destrutiva para estimar a eficiência de uso de nutrientes no tronco. O experimento foi instalado em blocos ao acaso, sendo estudado, em três blocos, o efeito de cinco espaçamentos de plantio: T1 – 3,0 m x 0,5 m; T2 – 3,0 m x 1,0 m; T3 – 3,0 m x 1,5 m; T4 – 3,0 m x 2,0 m e T5 – 3,0 m x 3,0 m. Uma árvore-amostra foi abatida para realizar a cubagem rigorosa e quantificar a matéria seca de casca e lenho por unidade experimental, totalizando-se 15 árvores. As árvores-amostras foram pesadas no campo e subamostras de casca e lenho foram coletadas ao longo do fuste para compor uma amostra composta por árvore. Também foi retirada uma amostra simples de cada componente obtidas com auxílio de um formão e martelo na região do DAP nas mesmas árvores-amostras. As amostras foram secas a 65ºC até peso constante. O material vegetal foi moído e submetido à análise química. Ajustaram-se modelos de regressão e aplicação de RNA para estimação do CUBTronco a partir do CUBDAP Casca e CUBDAP Lenho. As RNA apresentaram maior precisão e confiabilidade do que a regressão. A modelagem por redes neurais artificiais utilizando-se apenas uma amostra da casca na região do DAP demonstrou ser adequada para a estimativa do coeficiente de utilização biológico do tronco