Toward Integrative Bacterial Monitoring of Metolachlor Toxicity in Groundwater

Common herbicides such as metolachlor (MET), and their transformation products, are frequently detected in groundwater worldwide. Little is known about the response of groundwater bacterial communities to herbicide exposure, and its potential use for ecotoxicological assessment. The response of bacterial communities exposed to different levels of MET from the Ariège alluvial aquifer (Southwest of France) was investigated in situ and in laboratory experiments. Variations in both chemistry and bacterial communities were observed in groundwater, but T-RFLP analysis did not allow to uncover a pesticide-specific effect on endogenous bacterial communities. To circumvent issues of hydrogeochemical and seasonal variations in situ, groundwater samples from two monitoring wells of the Ariège aquifer with contrasting records of pesticide contamination were exposed to different levels of MET in laboratory experiments. The standard Microtox® acute toxicity assay did not indicate toxic effects of MET, even at 5 mg L-1 (i.e., 1000-fold higher than in contaminated groundwater). Analysis of MET transformation products and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) in laboratory experiments demonstrated MET biodegradation but did not correlate with MET exposure. High-throughput sequencing analysis (Illumina MiSeq) of bacterial communities based on amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that bacterial community differed mainly by groundwater origin rather than by its response to MET exposure. OTUs correlating with MET addition ranged between 0.4 to 3.6% of the total. Predictive analysis of bacterial functions impacted by pesticides using PICRUSt suggested only minor changes in bacterial functions with increasing MET exposure. Taken together, results highlight MET biodegradation in groundwater, and the potential use of bacterial communities as sensitive indicators of herbicide contamination in aquifers. Although detected effects of MET on groundwater bacterial communities were modest, this study illustrates the potential of integrating DNA- and isotopic analysis-based approaches to improve ecotoxicological assessment of pesticide-contaminated aquifers. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTAn integrative approach was develop to investigate in situ and in laboratory experiments the response of bacterial communities exposed to different levels of MET from the Ariége alluvial aquifer (Southwest of France)

(Homo)glutathione Deficiency Impairs Root-knot Nematode Development in Medicago truncatula

Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are obligatory plant parasitic worms that establish and maintain an intimate relationship with their host plants. During a compatible interaction, RKN induce the redifferentiation of root cells into multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells essential for nematode growth and reproduction. These metabolically active feeding cells constitute the exclusive source of nutrients for the nematode. Detailed analysis of glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH) metabolism demonstrated the importance of these compounds for the success of nematode infection in Medicago truncatula. We reported quantification of GSH and hGSH and gene expression analysis showing that (h)GSH metabolism in neoformed gall organs differs from that in uninfected roots. Depletion of (h)GSH content impaired nematode egg mass formation and modified the sex ratio. In addition, gene expression and metabolomic analyses showed a substantial modification of starch and γ-aminobutyrate metabolism and of malate and glucose content in (h)GSH-depleted galls. Interestingly, these modifications did not occur in (h)GSH-depleted roots. These various results suggest that (h)GSH have a key role in the regulation of giant cell metabolism. The discovery of these specific plant regulatory elements could lead to the development of new pest management strategies against nematodes

Regulation of in labo and in situ genome expression of dichloromethane-degrading methylotrophic bacteria

Le dichlorométhane (DCM ; CH2Cl2) est un polluant chloré toxique émis dans l’environnement principalement par les activités industrielles. Ce polluant peut être dégradé par des bactéries méthylotrophes qui utilisent des composés en C1 réduits comme seule source de carbone et d’énergie. La protéobactérie Methylorubrum extorquens DM4 porte quatre gènes dcm au sein du transposon catabolique dcm très conservé chez les bactéries dégradant le DCM. Le gène dcmA code la DCM déshalogénase de la famille des glutathion-S transférases essentielle à la croissance avec le DCM. Son activité est modulée par DcmR, un facteur de transcription qui régule l’expression de dcmA ainsi que son propre gène, orienté de manière divergente par rapport à dcmA. DcmR porte un domaine hélice-tour-hélice de fixation à l'ADN et un second domaine appelé methanogen / methylotroph, DcmR sensory (MEDS) potentiellement impliqué dans la fixation d’un composé hydrocarboné ligand. Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient de répondre à plusieurs questions : i) quel est le niveau d’expression des transcrits dcm et des protéines correspondantes par rapport à d’autres gènes et protéines dont l’abondance est modifiée en réponse à la croissance sur le DCM ? ii) Comment le facteur de transcription DcmR intervient-il dans la régulation des gènes dcm ? iii) Quelle est la variabilité du gène dcmR et de son environnement génétique in situ ? Des méthodes globales « -omiques » de transcriptomique et de protéomique ont permis d’inventorier les ARN et les protéines dont l’abondance varie chez la souche sauvage DM4 cultivée soit avec le DCM ou le méthanol, le substrat de référence de la méthylotrophie. Les gènes dcm sont parmi les plus exprimés en présence de DCM, ce qui confirme leur régulation en présence de DCM. Deux approches complémentaires ciblant la détermination des sites d’initiation de la transcription (TSS-Seq) et de la traduction (N-terminome) ont permis la recherche de motifs de régulation dans les régions 5’UTR (5’-untranslated terminal region) et les promoteurs de gènes régulés en réponse à la croissance avec le DCM. Le rôle régulateur de dcmR a été étudié en comparant les phénotypes de croissance, l’activité promotrice par fusion transcriptionnelle, la quantification des ARN et des protéines des gènes dcm chez la souche sauvage par rapport à des mutants du gène dcmR seul ou combiné à d’autres gènes dcm mutés. Ces travaux ont permis de confirmer qu’en absence de DCM, DcmR inhibe la transcription de son propre gène ainsi que celle de dcmA. Outre DcmR, la répression nécessite aussi l’expression d’au moins un des autres gènes dcm et ceci par un mécanisme indépendant des boîtes de 12 pb conservées dans les promoteurs des gènes dcmR et dcmA. Lors de la croissance en condition DCM, l’absence du gène dcmR confère une vitesse de croissance ralentie, qui ne résulte pas d’une différence de production des ARN et des protéines codées par le transposon dcm. Pour que l’expression du gène dcmA soit activée, l’ensemble de la région intergénique entre dcmR et dcmA doit être présente, ce qui suggère la présence de sites de régulation pour la fixation d’un facteur de transcription indépendant de DcmR. L’ensemble de ces résultats a permis de proposer un nouveau modèle de régulation des gènes dcm. Alors que le gène dcmR a été détecté en quantité similaire à celle du gène dcmA par qPCR dans des échantillons de sites contaminés par le DCM, une analyse bioinformatique à partir des données de séquences indique que des gènes dcmR-like sont trouvés dans d’autres contextes génétiques que celui du transposon catabolique dcm. Ainsi, DcmR pourrait exercer un rôle de régulateur dans d’autres contextes ouvrant de nouvelles pistes pour l’identification des ligands du domaine MEDS.Dichloromethane (DCM; CH2Cl2) is a toxic chlorinated pollutant mainly emitted in the environment through industrial activities. Some methylotrophic bacteria that utilize reduced one carbon compounds as sole source of carbon and energy can degrade DCM. The four dcm genes found in the catabolic dcm transposon are highly conserved among DCM-degrading bacteria, including in the Proteobacterium Methylorubrum extorquens DM4. The dcmA gene encodes a DCM dehalogenase of the glutathione-S transferase family which is essential for growth with DCM. The transcriptional factor DcmR regulates the expression of dcmA and its own gene, two genes which are divergently oriented. DcmR consists of a helix-turn-helix domain for DNA fixation and of a domain, called MEDS for ‘methanogen / methylotroph, DcmR sensory’, proposed to bind a hydrocarbon ligand. The aim of my PhD was to address the following questions: i) What is the expression level of dcm transcripts and their corresponding proteins compared to other genes and proteins whose abundance is modulated in response to growth with DCM? ii) How does DcmR regulate the expression of the dcm genes? iii) How variable is dcmR and its genetic environment in situ? Global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches were followed to inventory transcripts and proteins whose abundance varied in the wild-type DM4 strain grown with DCM compared to with methanol, the reference substrate for methylotrophy. The dcm genes were among the most expressed in cultures grown with DCM, confirming their regulation in response to DCM. The identification of transcription start sites (TSS-Seq) and translation starts (N-terminome) allowed the subsequent search for regulation motifs in the promoter and 5’-untranslated terminal regions (5’UTR) of regulated genes in response to DCM utilization. The role of dcmR was studied using growth phenotypes, promoter activities in transcription fusion assays, dcm transcript and corresponding protein product quantification, comparing the wild-type strain with strains mutated only in dcmR, or also in other dcm genes. In absence of DCM, DcmR inhibited the transcription of its own gene and of dcmA. In addition to DcmR, repression requires the expression of one of the other dcm genes by a mechanism that does not involve previously predicted DcmR-binding sites (a 12 bp conserved box shared by dcmR and dcmA promoters). Mutants with impaired dcmR show slower growth with DCM, although no difference in transcript or protein abundance encoded by the dcm transposon was observed. The complete dcmR-dcmA intergenic region was shown to be required to activate dcmA expression. This suggests that regulatory sites present in the intergenic region may be involved in DcmR-independent transcription activation. Taken together, these data allowed to propose a new model of dcm gene regulation. The dcmR gene was detected and quantified in similar amounts as dcmA in DCM-contaminated environmental samples, despite the fact that bioinformatics analysis of sequence databases suggests that dcmR-like genes are not necessary associated with the catabolic dcm transposon. Thus, DcmR may play a role in other contexts. This may provide new leads for future investigations of potential ligands of the MEDS domain

Regulation of in labo and in situ genome expression of dichloromethane-degrading methylotrophic bacteria

Le dichlorométhane (DCM ; CH2Cl2) est un polluant chloré toxique émis dans l’environnement principalement par les activités industrielles. Ce polluant peut être dégradé par des bactéries méthylotrophes qui utilisent des composés en C1 réduits comme seule source de carbone et d’énergie. La protéobactérie Methylorubrum extorquens DM4 porte quatre gènes dcm au sein du transposon catabolique dcm très conservé chez les bactéries dégradant le DCM. Le gène dcmA code la DCM déshalogénase de la famille des glutathion-S transférases essentielle à la croissance avec le DCM. Son activité est modulée par DcmR, un facteur de transcription qui régule l’expression de dcmA ainsi que son propre gène, orienté de manière divergente par rapport à dcmA. DcmR porte un domaine hélice-tour-hélice de fixation à l'ADN et un second domaine appelé methanogen / methylotroph, DcmR sensory (MEDS) potentiellement impliqué dans la fixation d’un composé hydrocarboné ligand. Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient de répondre à plusieurs questions : i) quel est le niveau d’expression des transcrits dcm et des protéines correspondantes par rapport à d’autres gènes et protéines dont l’abondance est modifiée en réponse à la croissance sur le DCM ? ii) Comment le facteur de transcription DcmR intervient-il dans la régulation des gènes dcm ? iii) Quelle est la variabilité du gène dcmR et de son environnement génétique in situ ? Des méthodes globales « -omiques » de transcriptomique et de protéomique ont permis d’inventorier les ARN et les protéines dont l’abondance varie chez la souche sauvage DM4 cultivée soit avec le DCM ou le méthanol, le substrat de référence de la méthylotrophie. Les gènes dcm sont parmi les plus exprimés en présence de DCM, ce qui confirme leur régulation en présence de DCM. Deux approches complémentaires ciblant la détermination des sites d’initiation de la transcription (TSS-Seq) et de la traduction (N-terminome) ont permis la recherche de motifs de régulation dans les régions 5’UTR (5’-untranslated terminal region) et les promoteurs de gènes régulés en réponse à la croissance avec le DCM. Le rôle régulateur de dcmR a été étudié en comparant les phénotypes de croissance, l’activité promotrice par fusion transcriptionnelle, la quantification des ARN et des protéines des gènes dcm chez la souche sauvage par rapport à des mutants du gène dcmR seul ou combiné à d’autres gènes dcm mutés. Ces travaux ont permis de confirmer qu’en absence de DCM, DcmR inhibe la transcription de son propre gène ainsi que celle de dcmA. Outre DcmR, la répression nécessite aussi l’expression d’au moins un des autres gènes dcm et ceci par un mécanisme indépendant des boîtes de 12 pb conservées dans les promoteurs des gènes dcmR et dcmA. Lors de la croissance en condition DCM, l’absence du gène dcmR confère une vitesse de croissance ralentie, qui ne résulte pas d’une différence de production des ARN et des protéines codées par le transposon dcm. Pour que l’expression du gène dcmA soit activée, l’ensemble de la région intergénique entre dcmR et dcmA doit être présente, ce qui suggère la présence de sites de régulation pour la fixation d’un facteur de transcription indépendant de DcmR. L’ensemble de ces résultats a permis de proposer un nouveau modèle de régulation des gènes dcm. Alors que le gène dcmR a été détecté en quantité similaire à celle du gène dcmA par qPCR dans des échantillons de sites contaminés par le DCM, une analyse bioinformatique à partir des données de séquences indique que des gènes dcmR-like sont trouvés dans d’autres contextes génétiques que celui du transposon catabolique dcm. Ainsi, DcmR pourrait exercer un rôle de régulateur dans d’autres contextes ouvrant de nouvelles pistes pour l’identification des ligands du domaine MEDS.Dichloromethane (DCM; CH2Cl2) is a toxic chlorinated pollutant mainly emitted in the environment through industrial activities. Some methylotrophic bacteria that utilize reduced one carbon compounds as sole source of carbon and energy can degrade DCM. The four dcm genes found in the catabolic dcm transposon are highly conserved among DCM-degrading bacteria, including in the Proteobacterium Methylorubrum extorquens DM4. The dcmA gene encodes a DCM dehalogenase of the glutathione-S transferase family which is essential for growth with DCM. The transcriptional factor DcmR regulates the expression of dcmA and its own gene, two genes which are divergently oriented. DcmR consists of a helix-turn-helix domain for DNA fixation and of a domain, called MEDS for ‘methanogen / methylotroph, DcmR sensory’, proposed to bind a hydrocarbon ligand. The aim of my PhD was to address the following questions: i) What is the expression level of dcm transcripts and their corresponding proteins compared to other genes and proteins whose abundance is modulated in response to growth with DCM? ii) How does DcmR regulate the expression of the dcm genes? iii) How variable is dcmR and its genetic environment in situ? Global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches were followed to inventory transcripts and proteins whose abundance varied in the wild-type DM4 strain grown with DCM compared to with methanol, the reference substrate for methylotrophy. The dcm genes were among the most expressed in cultures grown with DCM, confirming their regulation in response to DCM. The identification of transcription start sites (TSS-Seq) and translation starts (N-terminome) allowed the subsequent search for regulation motifs in the promoter and 5’-untranslated terminal regions (5’UTR) of regulated genes in response to DCM utilization. The role of dcmR was studied using growth phenotypes, promoter activities in transcription fusion assays, dcm transcript and corresponding protein product quantification, comparing the wild-type strain with strains mutated only in dcmR, or also in other dcm genes. In absence of DCM, DcmR inhibited the transcription of its own gene and of dcmA. In addition to DcmR, repression requires the expression of one of the other dcm genes by a mechanism that does not involve previously predicted DcmR-binding sites (a 12 bp conserved box shared by dcmR and dcmA promoters). Mutants with impaired dcmR show slower growth with DCM, although no difference in transcript or protein abundance encoded by the dcm transposon was observed. The complete dcmR-dcmA intergenic region was shown to be required to activate dcmA expression. This suggests that regulatory sites present in the intergenic region may be involved in DcmR-independent transcription activation. Taken together, these data allowed to propose a new model of dcm gene regulation. The dcmR gene was detected and quantified in similar amounts as dcmA in DCM-contaminated environmental samples, despite the fact that bioinformatics analysis of sequence databases suggests that dcmR-like genes are not necessary associated with the catabolic dcm transposon. Thus, DcmR may play a role in other contexts. This may provide new leads for future investigations of potential ligands of the MEDS domain

Régulation in labo et in situ de l'expression de génomes de souches bactériennes méthylotrophes dégradant le dichlorométhane

Dichloromethane (DCM; CH2Cl2) is a toxic chlorinated pollutant mainly emitted in the environment through industrial activities. Some methylotrophic bacteria that utilize reduced one carbon compounds as sole source of carbon and energy can degrade DCM. The four dcm genes found in the catabolic dcm transposon are highly conserved among DCM-degrading bacteria, including in the Proteobacterium Methylorubrum extorquens DM4. The dcmA gene encodes a DCM dehalogenase of the glutathione-S transferase family which is essential for growth with DCM. The transcriptional factor DcmR regulates the expression of dcmA and its own gene, two genes which are divergently oriented. DcmR consists of a helix-turn-helix domain for DNA fixation and of a domain, called MEDS for ‘methanogen / methylotroph, DcmR sensory’, proposed to bind a hydrocarbon ligand. The aim of my PhD was to address the following questions: i) What is the expression level of dcm transcripts and their corresponding proteins compared to other genes and proteins whose abundance is modulated in response to growth with DCM? ii) How does DcmR regulate the expression of the dcm genes? iii) How variable is dcmR and its genetic environment in situ? Global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches were followed to inventory transcripts and proteins whose abundance varied in the wild-type DM4 strain grown with DCM compared to with methanol, the reference substrate for methylotrophy. The dcm genes were among the most expressed in cultures grown with DCM, confirming their regulation in response to DCM. The identification of transcription start sites (TSS-Seq) and translation starts (N-terminome) allowed the subsequent search for regulation motifs in the promoter and 5’-untranslated terminal regions (5’UTR) of regulated genes in response to DCM utilization. The role of dcmR was studied using growth phenotypes, promoter activities in transcription fusion assays, dcm transcript and corresponding protein product quantification, comparing the wild-type strain with strains mutated only in dcmR, or also in other dcm genes. In absence of DCM, DcmR inhibited the transcription of its own gene and of dcmA. In addition to DcmR, repression requires the expression of one of the other dcm genes by a mechanism that does not involve previously predicted DcmR-binding sites (a 12 bp conserved box shared by dcmR and dcmA promoters). Mutants with impaired dcmR show slower growth with DCM, although no difference in transcript or protein abundance encoded by the dcm transposon was observed. The complete dcmR-dcmA intergenic region was shown to be required to activate dcmA expression. This suggests that regulatory sites present in the intergenic region may be involved in DcmR-independent transcription activation. Taken together, these data allowed to propose a new model of dcm gene regulation. The dcmR gene was detected and quantified in similar amounts as dcmA in DCM-contaminated environmental samples, despite the fact that bioinformatics analysis of sequence databases suggests that dcmR-like genes are not necessary associated with the catabolic dcm transposon. Thus, DcmR may play a role in other contexts. This may provide new leads for future investigations of potential ligands of the MEDS domain.Le dichlorométhane (DCM ; CH2Cl2) est un polluant chloré toxique émis dans l’environnement principalement par les activités industrielles. Ce polluant peut être dégradé par des bactéries méthylotrophes qui utilisent des composés en C1 réduits comme seule source de carbone et d’énergie. La protéobactérie Methylorubrum extorquens DM4 porte quatre gènes dcm au sein du transposon catabolique dcm très conservé chez les bactéries dégradant le DCM. Le gène dcmA code la DCM déshalogénase de la famille des glutathion-S transférases essentielle à la croissance avec le DCM. Son activité est modulée par DcmR, un facteur de transcription qui régule l’expression de dcmA ainsi que son propre gène, orienté de manière divergente par rapport à dcmA. DcmR porte un domaine hélice-tour-hélice de fixation à l'ADN et un second domaine appelé methanogen / methylotroph, DcmR sensory (MEDS) potentiellement impliqué dans la fixation d’un composé hydrocarboné ligand. Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient de répondre à plusieurs questions : i) quel est le niveau d’expression des transcrits dcm et des protéines correspondantes par rapport à d’autres gènes et protéines dont l’abondance est modifiée en réponse à la croissance sur le DCM ? ii) Comment le facteur de transcription DcmR intervient-il dans la régulation des gènes dcm ? iii) Quelle est la variabilité du gène dcmR et de son environnement génétique in situ ? Des méthodes globales « -omiques » de transcriptomique et de protéomique ont permis d’inventorier les ARN et les protéines dont l’abondance varie chez la souche sauvage DM4 cultivée soit avec le DCM ou le méthanol, le substrat de référence de la méthylotrophie. Les gènes dcm sont parmi les plus exprimés en présence de DCM, ce qui confirme leur régulation en présence de DCM. Deux approches complémentaires ciblant la détermination des sites d’initiation de la transcription (TSS-Seq) et de la traduction (N-terminome) ont permis la recherche de motifs de régulation dans les régions 5’UTR (5’-untranslated terminal region) et les promoteurs de gènes régulés en réponse à la croissance avec le DCM. Le rôle régulateur de dcmR a été étudié en comparant les phénotypes de croissance, l’activité promotrice par fusion transcriptionnelle, la quantification des ARN et des protéines des gènes dcm chez la souche sauvage par rapport à des mutants du gène dcmR seul ou combiné à d’autres gènes dcm mutés. Ces travaux ont permis de confirmer qu’en absence de DCM, DcmR inhibe la transcription de son propre gène ainsi que celle de dcmA. Outre DcmR, la répression nécessite aussi l’expression d’au moins un des autres gènes dcm et ceci par un mécanisme indépendant des boîtes de 12 pb conservées dans les promoteurs des gènes dcmR et dcmA. Lors de la croissance en condition DCM, l’absence du gène dcmR confère une vitesse de croissance ralentie, qui ne résulte pas d’une différence de production des ARN et des protéines codées par le transposon dcm. Pour que l’expression du gène dcmA soit activée, l’ensemble de la région intergénique entre dcmR et dcmA doit être présente, ce qui suggère la présence de sites de régulation pour la fixation d’un facteur de transcription indépendant de DcmR. L’ensemble de ces résultats a permis de proposer un nouveau modèle de régulation des gènes dcm. Alors que le gène dcmR a été détecté en quantité similaire à celle du gène dcmA par qPCR dans des échantillons de sites contaminés par le DCM, une analyse bioinformatique à partir des données de séquences indique que des gènes dcmR-like sont trouvés dans d’autres contextes génétiques que celui du transposon catabolique dcm. Ainsi, DcmR pourrait exercer un rôle de régulateur dans d’autres contextes ouvrant de nouvelles pistes pour l’identification des ligands du domaine MEDS

Cartographie à l'échelle du génome des sites d'initiation de la transcription chez Methylorubrum en croissance sur le dichlorométhane et le méthanol

International audienceDichloromethane (DCM, methylene chloride) is a toxic halogenated volatile organic compound massively used for industrial applications, and consequently often detected in the environment as a major pollutant. DCM biotransformation suggests a sustainable decontamination strategy of polluted sites. Among methylotrophic bacteria able to use DCM as a sole source of carbon and energy for growth, Methylorubrum extorquens DM4 is a longstanding reference strain. Here, the primary 5′-ends of transcripts were obtained using a differential RNA-seq (dRNA-seq) approach to provide the first transcription start site (TSS) genome-wide landscape of a methylotroph using DCM or methanol. In total, 7231 putative TSSs were annotated and classified with respect to their localization to coding sequences (CDSs). TSSs on the opposite strand of CDS (antisense TSS) account for 31% of all identified TSSs. One-third of the detected TSSs were located at a distance to the start codon inferior to 250 nt (average of 84 nt) with 7% of leaderless mRNA. Taken together, the global TSS map for bacterial growth using DCM or methanol will facilitate future studies in which transcriptional regulation is crucial, and efficient DCM removal at polluted sites is limited by regulatory processes

N-terminome and proteogenomic analysis of the Methylobacterium extorquens DM4 reference strain for dichloromethane utilization

International audienceMethylobacterium strains can use one-carbon compounds, such as methanol, for methylotrophic growth. In addition to methanol, a few strains also utilize dichloromethane, a major industrial chlorinated solvent pollutant. With a fully assembled and annotated genome, M. extorquens DM4 is the reference bacterium for aerobic dichloromethane degradation. The doublet N-terminal oriented proteomics (dN-TOP) strategy was applied to further improve its genome annotation and a differential proteomics approach was performed to compare M. extorquens DM4 grown either with methanol or dichloromethane as the sole source of carbon and energy. These approaches led to experimental confirmation of 259 hypothetical proteins, correction of 78 erroneous predicted start codons, discovery of 39 new proteins and annotation of 66 signal peptides, including essential enzymes involved in methylotrophic growth.SignificanceDichloromethane (methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, DCM) is one of the most widely used industrial halogenated solvents and a potential carcinogen. Microbial rehabilitation of worldwide-contaminated sites involves DCM breakdown by bacteria that are able to grow using this pollutant as their sole carbon and energy source. The most-studied methylotrophic DCM degrader is Methylobacterium extorquens strain DM4. Proteomic studies of the Methylobacterium genus have been performed previously, but genome-wide investigation of N-termini of expressed proteins has not yet been performed. Differential quantitative proteomic analysis also opens new research perspectives to better monitor and understand bacterial growth with DCM

Maturation of nematode-induced galls in Medicago truncatula is related to water status and primary metabolism modifications.

Root-knot nematodes are obligatory plant parasitic worms that establish and maintain an intimate relationship with their host plants. During a compatible interaction, these nematodes induce the redifferentiation of root cells into multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells (GCs). These metabolically active feeding cells constitute the exclusive source of nutrients for the nematode. We analyzed the modifications of water status, ionic content and accumulation of metabolites in development and mature galls induced by Meloidogyne incognita and in uninfected roots of Medicago truncatula plants. Water potential and osmotic pressure are significantly modified in mature galls compared to developing galls and control roots. Ionic content is significantly modified in galls compared to roots. Principal component analyses of metabolite content showed that mature gall metabolism is significantly modified compared to developing gall metabolism. The most striking differences were the three-fold increase of trehalose content associated to the five-fold diminution in glucose concentration in mature galls. Gene expression analysis showed that trehalose accumulation was, at least, partially linked to a significantly lower expression of the trehalase gene in mature galls. Our results point to significant modifications of gall physiology during maturation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Growth-Supporting Dehalogenation of Chlorinated Methanes in Methylobacterium

International audienceBacterial adaptation to growth with toxic halogenated chemicals was explored in the context of methylotrophic metabolism of Methylobacterium extorquens, by comparing strains CM4 and DM4, which show robust growth with chloromethane and dichloromethane, respectively. Dehalogenation of chlorinated methanes initiates growth-supporting degradation, with intracellular release of protons and chloride ions in both cases. The core, variable and strain-specific genomes of strains CM4 and DM4 were defined by comparison with genomes of non-dechlorinating strains. In terms of gene content, adaptation toward dehalogenation appears limited, strains CM4 and DM4 sharing between 75 and 85% of their genome with other strains of M. extorquens. Transcript abundance in cultures of strain CM4 grown with chloromethane and of strain DM4 grown with dichloromethane was compared to growth with methanol as a reference C1 growth substrate. Previously identified strain-specific dehalogenase-encoding genes were the most transcribed with chlorinated methanes, alongside other genes encoded by genomic islands (GEIs) and plasmids involved in growth with chlorinated compounds as carbon and energy source. None of the 163 genes shared by strains CM4 and DM4 but not by other strains of M. extorquens showed higher transcript abundance in cells grown with chlorinated methanes. Among the several thousand genes of the M. extorquens core genome, 12 genes were only differentially abundant in either strain CM4 or strain DM4. Of these, 2 genes of known function were detected, for the membrane-bound proton translocating pyrophosphatase HppA and the housekeeping molecular chaperone protein DegP. This indicates that the adaptive response common to chloromethane and dichloromethane is limited at the transcriptional level, and involves aspects of the general stress response as well as of a dehalogenation-specific response to intracellular hydrochloric acid production. Core genes only differentially abundant in either strain CM4 or strain DM4 total 13 and 58 CDS, respectively. Taken together, the obtained results suggest different transcriptional responses of chloromethane- and dichloromethane-degrading M. extorquens strains to dehalogenative metabolism, and substrate- and pathway-specific modes of growth optimization with chlorinated methanes

Genome Sequence of the Dichloromethane-Degrading Bacterium Hyphomicrobium sp. Strain GJ21

The genome sequence of Hyphomicrobium sp. strain GJ21, isolated in the Netherlands from samples of environments contaminated with halogenated pollutants and capable of using dichloromethane as its sole carbon and energy source, was determined