Pengaruh Perhitungan Volume Pekerjaan Terhadap Margin Profit Sebagai Acuan Penentuan Harga Satuan Pekerjaan, Studi Kasus Pada Pekerjaan RS. Boromeus Bandung

Salah satu faktor yang membedakan perhitungan volume pekerjaan antara kontraktor dengan konsultan dalam sebuah proyek adalah karena kontraktor mengacu pada standar ukuran bahan yang beredar di pasaran. Perbedaan tersebut akan menjadi acuan pada proses seleksi guna mendapatkan kontrak. Perhitungan yang dilakukan kontraktor kemudian akan menentukan biaya proyek sebelum pembangunan dilaksanakan. Kontraktor juga akan menjadikan perhitungan ini sebagai bagian dari proses konstruksi secara keseluruhan. Hal tersebut melibatkan faktor pemilihan bahan, produktivitas dan upah buruh, yang kemudian menentukan waktu dan biaya konstruksi, biaya subkontraktor, sampai pada biaya tak terduga dan keuntungan. Estimasi sebagai salah satu bagian dari proses konstruksi memerlukan pengetahuan menyeluruh tentang metodologi dan material konstruksi. Mengingat sedemikian banyak aspek yang terlibat, maka kajian kali ini hanya akan menyoroti masalah estimasi dari segi material konstruksi. Prinsip-prinsip estimasi yang dilakukan subkontraktor pada dasarnya sama dengan kontraktor utama. Namun demikian, terdapat sedikit perbedaan dalam terminologi dan strategi kompetisi selama proses estimasi. Hasil perhitungan subkontraktor ini akan mempengaruhi biaya total proyek, sesuai nilai penawaran terhadap kontraktor utamanya. Metode estimasi pada laporan ini didasarkan pada hasil perhitungan konsultan quantity surveyor yang kemudian dikonversikan sebagai asumsi perhitungan versi kontraktor, untuk kemudian dibandingkan

Continuous use of an adaptive lung ventilation controller in critically ill patients in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit

No Abstract

The spectrum of BPS branes on a noncompact Calabi-Yau

We begin the study of the spectrum of BPS branes and its variation on lines of marginal stability on O_P^2(-3), a Calabi-Yau ALE space asymptotic to C^3/Z_3. We show how to get the complete spectrum near the large volume limit and near the orbifold point, and find a striking similarity between the descriptions of holomorphic bundles and BPS branes in these two limits. We use these results to develop a general picture of the spectrum. We also suggest a generalization of some of the ideas to the quintic Calabi-Yau.Comment: harvmac, 45 pp. (v2: added references

Non-Perturbative Corrections and Modularity in N=1 Type IIB Compactifications

Non-perturbative corrections and modular properties of four-dimensional type IIB Calabi-Yau orientifolds are discussed. It is shown that certain non-perturbative alpha' corrections survive in the large volume limit of the orientifold and periodically correct the Kahler potential. These corrections depend on the NS-NS two form and have to be completed by D-instanton contributions to transform covariantely under symmetries of the type IIB orientifold background. It is shown that generically also the D-instanton superpotential depends on the two-form moduli as well as on the complex dilaton. These contributions can arise through theta-functions with the dilaton as modular parameter. An orientifold of the Enriques Calabi-Yau allows to illustrate these general considerations. It is shown that this compactification leads to a controlled four-dimensional N=1 effective theory due to the absence of various quantum corrections. Making contact to the underlying topological string theory the D-instanton superpotential is proposed to be related to a specific modular form counting D3, D1, D(-1) degeneracies on the Enriques Calabi-Yau.Comment: 35 page

In-situ comparison of the NOy instruments flown

Abstract Two aircraft instruments for the measurement of total odd nitrogen (NO y ) were compared side by side aboard a Learjet A35 in April 2003 during a campaign of the AFO2000 project SPURT (Spurengastransport in der Tropopausenregion). The instruments albeit employing the same measurement principle (gold converter and chemilu-5 minescence) had different inlet configurations. The ECO-Physics instrument operated by ETH-Zürich in SPURT had the gold converter mounted outside the aircraft, whereas the instrument operated by FZ-Jülich in the European project MOZAIC III (Measurements of ozone, water vapour, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides aboard Airbus A340 in-service aircraft) employed a Rosemount probe with 80 cm of FEP-tubing con-10 necting the inlet to the gold converter. The NO y concentrations during the flight ranged between 0.3 and 3 ppb. The two data sets were compared in a blind fashion and each team followed its normal operating procedures. On average, the measurements agreed within 6%, i.e. within the combined uncertainty of the two instruments. This puts an upper limit on potential losses of HNO 3 in the Rosemount inlet of the MOZAIC instrument. 15 Larger transient deviations were observed during periods after calibrations and when the aircraft entered the stratosphere. The time lag of the MOZAIC instrument observed in these instances is in accordance with the time constant of the MOZAIC inlet line determined in the laboratory for HNO 3

Prospective, randomized, double-blind trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of corneal cross-linking to halt the progression of keratoconus

Background: Corneal cross-linking is widely used to treat keratoconus. However, to date, only limited data from randomized trials support its efficacy. Methods: The efficacy and safety of corneal cross-linking for halting progression of keratoconus were investigated in a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. Twenty-nine keratoconus patients were randomized in three trial centres. The mean age at inclusion was 28 years. Longitudinal changes in corneal refraction were assessed by linear regression. The best corrected visual acuity, surface defects and corneal inflammation were also assessed. These data were analysed with a multifactorial linear regression model. Results: A total of 15 eyes were randomized to the treatment and 14 to the control group. Follow-up averaged 1098 days. Corneal refractive power decreased on average (+/-standard deviation) by 0.35 +/- 0.58 dioptres/year in the treatment group. The controls showed an increase of 0.11 +/- 0.61 dioptres/year. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our data suggest that corneal cross-linking is an effective treatment for some patients to halt the progression of keratoconus. However, some of the treated patients still progressed, whereas some untreated controls improved. Therefore, further investigations are necessary to decide which patients require treatment and which do not

Magnetic field stabilization for high-accuracy mass measurements on exotic nuclides

The magnetic-field stability of a mass spectrometer plays a crucial role in precision mass measurements. In the case of mass determination of short-lived nuclides with a Penning trap, major causes of instabilities are temperature fluctuations in the vicinity of the trap and pressure fluctuations in the liquid helium cryostat of the superconducting magnet. Thus systems for the temperature and pressure stabilization of the Penning trap mass spectrometer ISOLTRAP at the ISOLDE facility at CERN have been installed. A reduction of the fluctuations by at least one order of magnitude downto dT=+/-5mK and dp=+/-50mtorr has been achieved, which corresponds to a relative frequency change of 2.7x10^{-9} and 1.5x10^{-10}, respectively. With this stabilization the frequency determination with the Penning trap only shows a linear temporal drift over several hours on the 10 ppb level due to the finite resistance of the superconducting magnet coils.Comment: 23 pages, 13 figure

D-branes on general N=1 backgrounds: superpotentials and D-terms

We study the dynamics governing space-time filling D-branes on Type II flux backgrounds preserving four-dimensional N=1 supersymmetry. The four-dimensional superpotentials and D-terms are derived. The analysis is kept on completely general grounds thanks to the use of recently proposed generalized calibrations, which also allow one to show the direct link of the superpotentials and D-terms with BPS domain walls and cosmic strings respectively. In particular, our D-brane setting reproduces the tension of D-term strings found from purely four-dimensional analysis. The holomorphicity of the superpotentials is also studied and a moment map associated to the D-terms is proposed. Among different examples, we discuss an application to the study of D7-branes on SU(3)-structure backgrounds, which reproduces and generalizes some previous results.Comment: 50 pages; v2: table of contents, some clarifications and references added; v3: typos corrected and references adde