Syntectonic crustal melting and high-grade metamorphism in a transpressional regime, Variscan Massif Central, France

Hot collisional orogens are characterized by abundant syn-kinematic granitic magmatism that profoundly affects their tectono-thermal evolutions. Voluminous granitic magmas, emplaced between 360 and 270 Ma, played a visibly important role in the evolution of the Variscan Orogen. In the Limousin region (western Massif Central, France), syntectonic granite plutons are spatially associated with major strike-slip shear zones that merge to the northwest with the South Armorican Shear Zone. This region allowed us to assess the role of magmatism in a hot transpressional orogen. Microstructural data and U/Pb zircon and monazite ages from a mylonitic leucogranite indicate synkinematic emplacement in a dextral transpressional shear zone at 313 ± 4 Ma. Leucogranites are coeval with cordierite-bearing migmatitic gneisses and vertical lenses of leucosome in strike-slip shear zones. We interpret U/Pb monazite ages of 315 ± 4 Ma for the gneisses and 316 ± 2 Ma for the leucosomes as the minimum age of high-grade metamorphism and migmatization respectively. These data suggest a spatial and temporal relationship between transpression, crustal melting, rapid exhumation and magma ascent, and cooling of high-grade metamorphic rocks. Some granites emplaced in the strike-slip shear zone are bounded at their roof by low dip normal faults that strike N-S, perpendicular to the E-W trend of the belt. The abundant crustal magmatism provided a low-viscosity zone that enhanced Variscan orogenic collapse during continued transpression, inducing the development of normal faults in the transpression zone and thrust faults at the front of the collapsed orogen. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Signatures of current loop coalescence in solar flares

The nonlinear coalescence instability of current carrying solar loops can explain many of the characteristics of the solar flares such as their impulsive nature, heating and high energy particle acceleration, amplitude oscillations of electromagnetic emission as well as the characteristics of 2-D microwave images obtained during a solar flare. The physical characteristics of the explosive coalescence of currents are presented in detail through computer simulation and theory. Canonical characteristics of the explosive coalescence are: (1) a large amount of impulsive increase of kinetic energies of electrons and ions; (2) simultaneous heating and acceleration of electrons and ions in high and low energy spectra; (3) ensuing quasi-periodic amplitude oscillations in fields and particle quantities; and (4) the double peak (or triple peak) structure in these profiles, participate in the coalescence process, yielding varieties of phenomena

Supervised Associative Learning in Spiking Neural Network

In this paper, we propose a simple supervised associative learning approach for spiking neural networks. In an excitatory-inhibitory network paradigm with Izhikevich spiking neurons, synaptic plasticity is implemented on excitatory to excitatory synapses dependent on both spike emission rates and spike timings. As results of learning, the network is able to associate not just familiar stimuli but also novel stimuli observed through synchronised activity within the same subpopulation and between two associated subpopulations

Rolling contact fatigue of railways wheels: Influence of steel grade and sliding conditions

AbstractThe aim of this work is to develop a numerical approach which is able to compare the different steel grades influence on rolling contact fatigue of railways wheels according to practical conditions. The main stages are the identification of the material behavior, the determination of the stress-strain fields and the application of a fatigue criterion. Two steels usually used for the manufacturing of wheels have been studied, R9T and 50CrMo4. Their influence has been numerically studied. Results show that the threshold of elastic and plastic shakedown differs depending on the steel grades and consequently the risk of damage can be affected. This methodology allows a classification of the material grades face the risk on rolling contact fatigue

Space-time laser instabilities in homogeneously broadened dense media

We investigate the space-time dynamics of a homogeneously broadened single-mode laser when local field correction (LFC) is taken into account. We demonstrate that the Maxwell-Bloch equations modified by LFC admit travelling-wave solutions, as when LFC is not taken into account. Their stability is discussed and compared to the case without LFC

太陽フレアーにおける融合不安定

Double sub-peak structures in the quasi-periodic oscillations found in the time profiles of two solar flares on 1980 June 7 and 1982 November 26 are well explained in terms of the coalescence instability of two current loops. This interpretation is supported by the observations of two microwave sources and their interaction for the November 26 flare. The difference of both sub-peak structures and time scales between the two flares are discussed from the viewpoint of different plasma parameters in our computer simulations

Hot electron cooling by acoustic phonons in graphene

We have investigated the energy loss of hot electrons in metallic graphene by means of GHz noise thermometry at liquid helium temperature. We observe the electronic temperature T / V at low bias in agreement with the heat diffusion to the leads described by the Wiedemann-Franz law. We report on $T\propto\sqrt{V}$ behavior at high bias, which corresponds to a T4 dependence of the cooling power. This is the signature of a 2D acoustic phonon cooling mechanism. From a heat equation analysis of the two regimes we extract accurate values of the electron-acoustic phonon coupling constant $\Sigma$ in monolayer graphene. Our measurements point to an important effect of lattice disorder in the reduction of $\Sigma$, not yet considered by theory. Moreover, our study provides a strong and firm support to the rising field of graphene bolometric detectors.Comment: 5 figure

Symmetric sequence processing in a recurrent neural network model with a synchronous dynamics

The synchronous dynamics and the stationary states of a recurrent attractor neural network model with competing synapses between symmetric sequence processing and Hebbian pattern reconstruction is studied in this work allowing for the presence of a self-interaction for each unit. Phase diagrams of stationary states are obtained exhibiting phases of retrieval, symmetric and period-two cyclic states as well as correlated and frozen-in states, in the absence of noise. The frozen-in states are destabilised by synaptic noise and well separated regions of correlated and cyclic states are obtained. Excitatory or inhibitory self-interactions yield enlarged phases of fixed-point or cyclic behaviour.Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretica

Instance Space of the Number Partitioning Problem

Within the replica framework we study analytically the instance space of the number partitioning problem. This classic integer programming problem consists of partitioning a sequence of N positive real numbers \{a_1, a_2,..., a_N} (the instance) into two sets such that the absolute value of the difference of the sums of $a_j$ over the two sets is minimized. We show that there is an upper bound $\alpha_c N$ to the number of perfect partitions (i.e. partitions for which that difference is zero) and characterize the statistical properties of the instances for which those partitions exist. In particular, in the case that the two sets have the same cardinality (balanced partitions) we find $\alpha_c=1/2$. Moreover, we show that the disordered model resulting from hte instance space approach can be viewed as a model of replicators where the random interactions are given by the Hebb rule.Comment: 7 page

太陽フレアーにおけるCoalescence不安定

The non-linear coalescence instability of current carrying solar loops can explain many of the characteristics of the solar flares such as their impulsive nature, heating and high energy particle acceleration, amplitude oscillations of electromagnetic emission as well as the characteristics of 2-D microwave images obtained during a flare. The plasma compressibility leads to the explosive phase of loop coalescence and its overshoot results in amplitude oscillations in temperatures by adiabatic compression and decompression. We note that the presence of strong electric fields and super-Alfvenic flows during the course of the instabilty paly an important role in the production of non-thermal particles. A qualitative explanation on the physical processes taking place during the non-linear stages of the instability is given