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Hydrothermal oxidation of Navy shipboard excess hazardous materials
This study demonstrated effective destruction, using a novel supercritical water oxidation reactor, of oil, jet fuel, and hydraulic fluid, common excess hazardous materials found on-board Navy vessels. This reactor uses an advanced injector design to mix the hazardous compounds with water, oxidizer, and a supplementary fuel and it uses a transpiring wall to protect the surface of the reactor from corrosion and salt deposition. Our program was divided into four parts. First, basic chemical kinetic data were generated in a simple, tubular-configured reactor for short reaction times (5 seconds) as a function of temperature. Second, using the data, an engineering model was developed for the more complicated industrial reactor mentioned above. Third, the three hazardous materials were destroyed in a quarter-scale version of the industrial reactor. Finally, the test data were compared with the model. The model and the experimental results for the quarter-scale reactor are described and compared in this report. A companion report discusses the first part of the program to generate basic chemical kinetic data. The injector and reactor worked as expected. The oxidation reaction with the supplementary fuel was initiated between 400 {degrees}C and 450 {degrees}C. The released energy raised the reactor temperature to greater than 600 {degrees}C. At that temperature, the hazardous materials were efficiently destroyed in less than five seconds. The model shows good agreement with the test data and has proven to be a useful tool in designing the system and understanding the test results. 16 refs., 17 figs., 11 tabs
Quantum-critical pairing with varying exponents
We analyse the onset temperature T_p for the pairing in cuprate
superconductors at small doping, when tendency towards antiferromagnetism is
strong. We consider the model of Moon and Sachdev (MS), which assumes that
electron and hole pockets survive in a paramagnetic phase. Within this model,
the pairing between fermions is mediated by a gauge boson, whose propagator
remains massless in a paramagnet. We relate the MS model to a generic
\gamma-model of quantum-critical pairing with the pairing kernel \lambda
(\Omega) \propto 1/\Omega^{\gamma}. We show that, over some range of
parameters, the MS model is equivalent to the \gamma-model with \gamma =1/3
(\lambda (\Omega) \propto \Omega^{-1/3}). We find, however, that the parameter
range where this analogy works is bounded on both ends. At larger deviations
from a magnetic phase, the MS model becomes equivalent to the \gamma-model with
varying \gamma >1/3, whose value depends on the distance to a magnetic
transition and approaches \gamma =1 deep in a paramagnetic phase. Very near the
transition, the MS model becomes equivalent to the \gamma-model with varying
\gamma <1/3. Right at the magnetic QCP, the MS model is equivalent to the
\gamma-model with \gamma =0+ (\lambda (\Omega) \propto \log \Omega), which is
the model for color superconductivity. Using this analogy, we verified the
formula for T_c derived for color superconductivity.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, submitted to JLTP for a focused issue on Quantum
Phase Transition
Renormalization Group and Decoupling in Curved Space: II. The Standard Model and Beyond
We continue the study of the renormalization group and decoupling of massive
fields in curved space, started in the previous article and analyse the higher
derivative sector of the vacuum metric-dependent action of the Standard Model.
The QCD sector at low-energies is described in terms of the composite effective
fields. For fermions and scalars the massless limit shows perfect
correspondence with the conformal anomaly, but similar limit in a massive
vector case requires an extra compensating scalar. In all three cases the
decoupling goes smoothly and monotonic. A particularly interesting case is the
renormalization group flow in the theory with broken supersymmetry, where the
sign of one of the beta-functions changes on the way from the UV to IR.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figure
StableClim, continuous projections of climate stability from 21000 BP to 2100 CE at multiple spatial scales
Paleoclimatic data are used in eco-evolutionary models to improve knowledge of biogeographical processes that drive patterns of biodiversity through time, opening windows into past climate-biodiversity dynamics. Applying these models to harmonised simulations of past and future climatic change can strengthen forecasts of biodiversity change. StableClim provides continuous estimates of climate stability from 21,000 years ago to 2100 C.E. for ocean and terrestrial realms at spatial scales that include biogeographic regions and climate zones. Climate stability is quantified using annual trends and variabilities in air temperature and precipitation, and associated signal-to-noise ratios. Thresholds of natural variability in trends in regional- and global-mean temperature allow periods in Earth's history when climatic conditions were warming and cooling rapidly (or slowly) to be identified and climate stability to be estimated locally (grid-cell) during these periods of accelerated change. Model simulations are validated against independent paleoclimate and observational data. Projections of climatic stability, accessed through StableClim, will improve understanding of the roles of climate in shaping past, present-day and future patterns of biodiversity.Stuart C. Brown, Tom M. L. Wigley, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner and Damien A. Fordha
Structural characterisation of MBE grown zinc-blende Ga1-xMnxN/GaAs(001) as a function of Ga flux
Ga1-xMnxN films grown on semi-insulating GaAs(001) substrates at 680°C with fixed Mn flux and varied Ga flux demonstrated a transition from zinc-blende/wurtzite mixed phase growth for low Ga flux (N-rich conditions) to zinc-blende single phase growth with surface Ga droplets for high Ga flux (Ga-rich conditions). N-rich conditions were found favourable for Mn incorporation in GaN lattice. α-MnAs inclusions were identified extending into the GaAs buffer layer
Semimicroscopical description of the simplest photonuclear reactions accompanied by excitation of the giant dipole resonance in medium-heavy mass nuclei
A semimicroscopical approach is applied to describe photoabsorption and
partial photonucleon reactions accompanied by the excitation of the giant
dipole resonance (GDR). The approach is based on the continuum-RPA (CRPA) with
a phenomenological description for the spreading effect. The phenomenological
isoscalar part of the nuclear mean field, momentum-independent Landau-Migdal
particle-hole interaction, and separable momentum-dependent forces are used as
input quantities for the CRPA calculations. The experimental photoabsorption
and partial -reaction cross sections in the vicinity of the GDR are
satisfactorily described for Y, Ce and Pb target nuclei.
The total direct-neutron-decay branching ratio for the GDR in Ca and
Pb is also evaluated.Comment: 19 pages, 5 eps figure
Bremsstrahlung in intermediate-energy nucleon reactions within an effective one-boson exchange model
Within a covariant effective one-boson exchange model for the matrix of
interactions we present detailed calculations of bremsstrahlung cross
sections for proton - proton and proton - neutron reactions at beam energies in
the 1 GeV region. Besides pure bremsstrahlung processes we consider photons
from decays and contributions from the
process. At beam energies above 700 MeV the decay channel dominates
the spectra at large photon energies, where the interference between
non-resonance processes and the decay channel becomes also important.
Low energy photons stem from pure bremsstrahlung processes. The available
experimental data at 730 MeV beam energy is well described. We extrapolate the
model down to 280 MeV, where more detailed experimental data exist, and find
agreement with angular distributions.Comment: 20 pages with 10 figures, to be published in Nucl. Phys.
Zero mode solutions of quark Dirac equations in QCD as the sources of chirality violating condensates
It is demonstrated, that chirality violating condensates in massless QCD
arise from zero mode solutions of Dirac equations in arbitrary gluon fields.
Basing of this idea, the model is suggested, which allows one to calculate
quark condensate magnetic susceptibilities in the external constant
electromagnetic field.Comment: 7 page
Exact quantum states of a general time-dependent quadratic system from classical action
A generalization of driven harmonic oscillator with time-dependent mass and
frequency, by adding total time-derivative terms to the Lagrangian, is
considered. The generalization which gives a general quadratic Hamiltonian
system does not change the classical equation of motion. Based on the
observation by Feynman and Hibbs, the propagators (kernels) of the systems are
calculated from the classical action, in terms of solutions of the classical
equation of motion: two homogeneous and one particular solutions. The kernels
are then used to find wave functions which satisfy the Schr\"{o}dinger
equation. One of the wave functions is shown to be that of a Gaussian pure
state. In every case considered, we prove that the kernel does not depend on
the way of choosing the classical solutions, while the wave functions depend on
the choice. The generalization which gives a rather complicated quadratic
Hamiltonian is simply interpreted as acting an unitary transformation to the
driven harmonic oscillator system in the Hamiltonian formulation.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.
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