Sensibilité du chômage et caractéristiques de l’offre et de la demande sur le marché du travail

In this article, we look at the impact of both supply and demand of labour on the determination of the unemployment rate. The analysis is conducted with annual data by 12 demographic groups over the period 1956-1978. All the data prior to 1976 from the Labour Force Survey were adjusted to the definition of the new Survey. A few differences in the reaction of demographic group unemployment rate are noticeable: (a) in general, male unemployment rates react much more to demand side evolution while female rates are more influenced by movements in the supply of labour; (b) some groups clearly exhibit "discouraged worker" behaviour when facing adverse economic conditions, (namely youths, women aged 25 to 34 and older men); (c) due to a lower sensitivity to economic conditions of many of their jobs, adult women present a fairly stable situation of employment, so their growing unemployment rates are the result of higher competition stemming from an increasing desire to participate in the work world; (d) together these findings have some implications for government policies; more specifically, they emphasize the limitations of demand policy and point to the need for selective measures and a diversification of job opportunities for women

Étude du comportement en flexion et à l'effort tranchant de poutres précontraintes en BRF

RÉSUMÉ L’utilisation du BRF combiné avec la précontrainte est très prometteuse, mais reste encore peu étudiée, surtout en ce qui concerne les éléments de grande hauteur (h>750mm). Cette maîtrise s’intéresse au comportement en flexion et en cisaillement de poutres en BRF précontraintes. L’étude se base sur un programme expérimental comportant neuf poutres faites du même BRF à 80MPa et 1% de fibres. Cinq poutres ont été testées en flexion et quatre à l’effort tranchant. Elles ont en commun leur géométrie extérieure alors que c’est leur ferraillage qui les différencie : nombre de torons, présence d’armatures passives, gainage, présence d’étriers. Aussi, une vaste campagne d’essais de caractérisation a été menée afin d’obtenir les propriétés en compression et surtout en traction du matériau. Des essais de flexion trois points sur des primes entaillés ont été effectués, ainsi que sur des dalles circulaires supportées en trois points. Ces derniers ont permis, par calcul inverse, d’obtenir la courbe contrainte-ouverture de fissure du matériau, propriété caractéristique des BRF et indispensable au calcul numérique des poutres. Des modèles numériques, EPM3D sur ABAQUS et AIS, ont été validés pour chacune des poutres testées afin de pouvoir à l’avenir être utilisés pour prévoir le comportement des éléments structuraux en BRF précontraint. Les résultats des simulations des essais de flexion et de cisaillement sont particulièrement satisfaisants et son en mesure de prédire la résistance maximale et le mode de rupture.----------ABSTRACT The combine use of SFRC and pre-tensioning seem very promising, however it isn’t been greatly studied, especially for the specimen of important height (h>750 mm). This master thesis focuses on the flexural and shears behaviour of pre-stressed SFRC beams. This study is based on an experimental program including nine beams made of the same SFRC (80 MPa – 1 % of fibres). Five of them were tested in bending and the other four were tested in shearing. All these beams have the same geometry, only their reinforcement is different: number of strands, presence of passive reinforcement, and presence of stirrups. Also, an important campaign of characterisation experiment was conducted in order to obtain the compressive capacity and most importantly the traction behaviour of the material. Three-point bend tests on notched beams were conducted and also bend test on centrally loaded round panels supported on three symmetrically arranged pivots and subjected to a central point load. The latter allowed us, through inverse calculation, to obtain the constraint vs. crack opening curve of the material, which a fundamental characteristic of the SFRC and necessary for numerical analysis. Numerical models, EPM3D on ABAQUS and AIS, for each tested beam have been validated, in order to be able to predict the behaviour of pre-stressed SFRC structures. The results of the numerical simulation of the bend and shear test are very satisfying

Geospatial Planning and the Resulting Economic Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Introduction in Mozambique

Research has shown that the distance to the nearest immunization location can ultimately prevent someone from getting immunized. With the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine throughout the world, a major question is whether the target populations can readily access immunization

Analysis of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of subjects with asthma as a complement to exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements: a cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The study of pulmonary biomarkers with noninvasive methods, such as the analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC), provides a useful approach to the pathophysiology of asthma. Although many recent publications have applied such methods, numerous methodological pitfalls remain. The first stage of our study consisted of validating methods for the collection, storage and analysis of EBC; we next sought to clarify the utility of analysing nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the EBC of asthmatics, as a complement to measuring exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 23 controls matched with 23 asthmatics. EBC and FeNO were performed and respiratory function measured. Intra-assay and intra-subject reproducibility were assessed for the analysis of NOx in the EBC of 10 healthy subjects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was excellent for intra-assay reproducibility and was moderate for intra-subject reproducibility (Fermanian's classification). NOx was significantly higher in asthmatics (geometric mean [IQR] 14.4 μM [10.4 - 19.7] vs controls 9.9 μM [7.5 - 15.0]), as was FeNO (29.9 ppb [17.9 - 52.4] vs controls 9.6 ppb [8.4 - 14.2]). FeNO also increased significantly with asthma severity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We validated the procedures for NOx analysis in EBC and confirmed the need for assays of other biomarkers to further our knowledge of the pathophysiologic processes of asthma and improve its treatment and control.</p

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Autoimmunity: A French Cohort Study

Background and ObjectivesTo report the clinical, biological, and imaging features and clinical course of a French cohort of patients with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) autoantibodies.MethodsWe retrospectively included all patients who tested positive for GFAP antibodies in the CSF by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by cell-based assay using cells expressing human GFAPα since 2017 from 2 French referral centers.ResultsWe identified 46 patients with GFAP antibodies. Median age at onset was 43 years, and 65% were men. Infectious prodromal symptoms were found in 82%. Other autoimmune diseases were found in 22% of patients, and coexisting neural autoantibodies in 11%. Tumors were present in 24%, and T-cell dysfunction in 23%. The most frequent presentation was subacute meningoencephalitis (85%), with cerebellar dysfunction in 57% of cases. Other clinical presentations included myelitis (30%) and visual (35%) and peripheral nervous system involvement (24%). MRI showed perivascular radial enhancement in 32%, periventricular T2 hyperintensity in 41%, brainstem involvement in 31%, leptomeningeal enhancement in 26%, and reversible splenial lesions in 4 cases. A total of 33 of 40 patients had a monophasic course, associated with a good outcome at last follow-up (Rankin Score ≤2: 89%), despite a severe clinical presentation. Adult and pediatric features are similar. Thirty-two patients were treated with immunotherapy. A total of 11/22 patients showed negative conversion of GFAP antibodies.DiscussionGFAP autoimmunity is mainly associated with acute/subacute meningoencephalomyelitis with prodromal symptoms, for which tumors and T-cell dysfunction are frequent triggers. The majority of patients followed a monophasic course with a good outcome

A new MRI rating scale for progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: validity and reliability

AIM To evaluate a standardised MRI acquisition protocol and a new image rating scale for disease severity in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple systems atrophy (MSA) in a large multicentre study. METHODS The MRI protocol consisted of two-dimensional sagittal and axial T1, axial PD, and axial and coronal T2 weighted acquisitions. The 32 item ordinal scale evaluated abnormalities within the basal ganglia and posterior fossa, blind to diagnosis. Among 760 patients in the study population (PSP = 362, MSA = 398), 627 had per protocol images (PSP = 297, MSA = 330). Intra-rater (n = 60) and inter-rater (n = 555) reliability were assessed through Cohen's statistic, and scale structure through principal component analysis (PCA) (n = 441). Internal consistency and reliability were checked. Discriminant and predictive validity of extracted factors and total scores were tested for disease severity as per clinical diagnosis. RESULTS Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were acceptable for 25 (78%) of the items scored (≥ 0.41). PCA revealed four meaningful clusters of covarying parameters (factor (F) F1: brainstem and cerebellum; F2: midbrain; F3: putamen; F4: other basal ganglia) with good to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach α 0.75-0.93) and moderate to excellent reliability (intraclass coefficient: F1: 0.92; F2: 0.79; F3: 0.71; F4: 0.49). The total score significantly discriminated for disease severity or diagnosis; factorial scores differentially discriminated for disease severity according to diagnosis (PSP: F1-F2; MSA: F2-F3). The total score was significantly related to survival in PSP (p<0.0007) or MSA (p<0.0005), indicating good predictive validity. CONCLUSIONS The scale is suitable for use in the context of multicentre studies and can reliably and consistently measure MRI abnormalities in PSP and MSA. Clinical Trial Registration Number The study protocol was filed in the open clinical trial registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) with ID No NCT00211224

Measuring transfer of public management programmes : the learning transfer system inventory in the Belgian federal administration

status: publishe