A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the molecular clock on Bayesian ensembles of phylogenies

Divergence date estimates are central to understand evolutionary processes and depend, in the case of molecular phylogenies, on tests of molecular clocks. Here we propose two non-parametric tests of strict and relaxed molecular clocks built upon a framework that uses the empirical cumulative distribution (ECD) of branch lengths obtained from an ensemble of Bayesian trees and well known non-parametric (one-sample and two-sample) Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) goodness-of-fit test. In the strict clock case, the method consists in using the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test to directly test if the phylogeny is clock-like, in other words, if it follows a Poisson law. The ECD is computed from the discretized branch lengths and the parameter $\lambda$ of the expected Poisson distribution is calculated as the average branch length over the ensemble of trees. To compensate for the auto-correlation in the ensemble of trees and pseudo-replication we take advantage of thinning and effective sample size, two features provided by Bayesian inference MCMC samplers. Finally, it is observed that tree topologies with very long or very short branches lead to Poisson mixtures and in this case we propose the use of the two-sample KS test with samples from two continuous branch length distributions, one obtained from an ensemble of clock-constrained trees and the other from an ensemble of unconstrained trees. Moreover, in this second form the test can also be applied to test for relaxed clock models. The use of a statistically equivalent ensemble of phylogenies to obtain the branch lengths ECD, instead of one consensus tree, yields considerable reduction of the effects of small sample size and provides again of power.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 8 tables. Minor revision, additin of a new example and new title. Software: https://github.com/FernandoMarcon/PKS_Test.gi

A Demonstrative Analysis of News Articles Using Fairclough\u27s Critical Discourse Analysis Framework

This paper attempts to demonstrate Norman Fairclough\u27s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework by conducting internal and external level analyses on two online news articles that report on the Moro Islamic Liberation Front\u27s (MILF) submission of its findings on the “Mamasapano Incident” that happened in the Philippines in 2015. In performing analyses using this framework, the social context and background for these texts, as well as the relationship between the internal discourse features and the external social practices and structures in which the texts were produced are thoroughly examined. As a result, it can be noted that from the texts\u27 internal discourse features, the news articles portray ideological and social distinctions among social actors such as the Philippine Senate, the SAF troopers, the MILF, the MILF fighters, and the civilians. Moreover, from the viewpoint of the texts as being external social practices, the texts maintain institutional identities as news reports, but they also reveal some evaluative stance as exemplified by the adjectival phrases that the writers employed. Having both the internal and external features examined, it can be said that the way these texts were written seems to portray power relations that exist between the Philippine government and the MILF. Key words: Critical Discourse Analysis, discourse analysis, news articles, social practices, social structures, power relation

Análisis comparativo de la resistencia a la tracción de postes de fibra de vidrio cementados con diferentes cementos.

Tesis (Cirujano Dentista, Especialización en Clínica Integral Adulto)RESUMEN: la odontología adhesiva ha avanzado mucho desde sus comienzos. los materiales y técnicas han cambiado y un ejemplo de esto es la aparición de los postes de fibra de vidrio y los agentes de cementación de resina duales autograbantes. los cementos de resina están indicados para la cementación de postes de fibra y juegan un rol fundamental en su éxito. A pesar de las ventajas de los cementos de resina, algunos odontólogos continúan usando cemento de vidrio ionómero para la cementación de postes de fibra. El propósito de este estudio es comparar la resistencia a la tracción de postes de fibras de vidrio (Relyx fiber post de la empresa 3M) cementados con dos cementos de resina duales autograbantes (Biscem de la empresa Bisco y Relyx Unicem de la empresa 3M) y un cemento de vidrio ionómero (Ketac Cem de la empresa 3M). A partir del presente estudio se puede concluir que los postes de fibra de vidrio cementados con cemento de resina dual autograbante (Relyx Unicem y Biscem) presentan significativamente mayor resistencia a la tracción que los cementados con vidrio ionomero (Ketac Cem). Esto puede deberse a que los agentes de cementación evaluados presentan distintas propiedades y diferentes capacidad de unión a los postes de fibra de vidrio ya la dentina del conducto radicular.ABSTRACT: The adhesive odontolgy in fixed prothesis has advanced very much from his beginning. The materials and technologies have changed and an example of this is the appearance of the glass fiber posts and the self etching dual cured resin luting cement.Jhe adhesive resin system are indicated in the setting of this fiber posts and playa fundamental role in your success. In spite of the advantages of the adhesive resin system, sorne dentists have continued using the glass - ionomer cement as material of fixation in glass fiber posts. The purpose of this study is compares the resistance to the traction of the fiber glass posts (Relyx fiber post of 3M company) cemented with two adhesives resin systems (Biscem cement of Bisco Company and Retyx Unicem cement of 3M company) and glass - ionómer cement (Ketac Cem cement of 3M company). From the present study it is possible to conclude that the posts of glass fiber cernented with self etching dual cured resin luting cements (Relyx Unicem and Biscem) present significantly major resistance to the traction that the cemented ones with glass - ionomer cement (Ketac Cem). This can owe to that the agents of cementation evaluated present different properties and different capacity of union to the glass fiber posts and to the dentine of the root canal

Manage comfort preferences conflicts using a multi-agent system in an adaptive environment system

Managing comfort preferences conflicts of the different users and locals on an IoT adaptive system is a actual problem, this paper proposes a protocol and hierarchical rules to develop a multi-agent system to achieve a Adaptive Environment System that solves the management of conflicts in an autonomous way for the users and interdependent of the user schedules and routines.This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2019

Magnetic domain wall propagation in a submicron spin-valve stripe: influence of the pinned layer

The propagation of a domain wall in a submicron ferromagnetic spin-valve stripe is investigated using giant magnetoresistance. A notch in the stripe efficiently traps an injected wall stopping the domain propagation. The authors show that the magnetic field at which the wall is depinned displays a stochastic nature. Moreover, the depinning statistics are significantly different for head to head and tail-to-tail domain walls. This is attributed to the dipolar field generated in the vicinity of the notch by the pinned layer of the spin-valve