Designed glycopeptidomimetics disrupt protein−protein interactions mediating amyloid β‑peptide aggregation and restore neuroblastoma cell viability

How anti-Alzheimer’s drug candidates that reduce amyloid 1−42 peptide fibrillization interact with the most neurotoxic species is far from being understood. We report herein the capacity of sugar-based peptidomimetics to inhibit both Aβ1−42 early oligomerization and fibrillization. A wide range of bio- and physicochemical techniques, such as a new capillary electrophoresis method, nuclear magnetic resonance, and surface plasmon resonance, were used to identify how these new molecules can delay the aggregation of Aβ1−42. We demonstrate that these molecules interact with soluble oligomers in order to maintain the presence of nontoxic monomers and to prevent fibrillization. These compounds totally suppress the toxicity of Aβ1−42 toward SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, even at substoichiometric concentrations. Furthermore, demonstration that the best molecule combines hydrophobic moieties, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, ammonium groups, and a hydrophilic β-sheet breaker element provides valuable insight for the future structure-based design of inhibitors of Aβ1−42 aggregation

Development of analytical tools to the study of the amyloid β peptide oligomerization : application toward the synthesis and the evaluation of compounds against Alzheimer's disease

Les protéines amyloïdes sont impliquées dans de nombreux processus pathologiques de maladies qui restent souvent incurables. Ces protéines solubles dans leur forme native, s’auto- assemblent pour former des oligomères, des fibrilles, des fibres et enfin des agrégats riches en feuillets β. C’est ce processus délétère qui est le point commun entre ces maladies amyloïdes. La protéine amyloïde la plus décrite est le peptide Aβ suspecté de jouer un rôle primordial dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. Récemment, les petits oligomères du peptide Aβ1-42 formés lors des étapes précoces de ce processus ont été décrit comme étant les plus toxiques.Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons donc développé deux méthodes pour pouvoir évaluer l’activité des composés synthétisés sur les étapes précoces de l’oligomérisation et une pour étudier l’affinité du peptide Aβ1-42 pour son ligand. Nous avons également conçu et synthétisé des peptidomimétiques comme ligands du peptide Aβ1-42 capables ainsi de perturber les interactions protéine-protéine du processus d’agrégation du peptide Aβ1-42. L’évaluation de ces composés ainsi que de différents ligands synthétisés au laboratoire a permis une intéressante étude sur la relation entre la structure des composés évalués et leurs activités sur les étapes cruciales du processus d’oligomérisation du peptide Aβ1-42. Des études de viabilité cellulaire, de RMN et de Docking sont en cours pour améliorer notre compréhension du mode d’action de ces composés et du processus d’oligomérisation du peptide Aβ1-42.Amyloid proteins are involved in many pathological processes of diseases that are often incurable. These soluble proteins in their native form self-assemble to form oligomers, fibrils, fibers and finally aggregates rich in β-sheets. It is this deleterious process which is the common point between these amyloid diseases. The most described amyloid protein is the Aß peptide suspected of playing a key role in Alzheimer's disease. Recently, small peptide Aβ1-42 oligomers formed during the early stages of this process have appeared to be the most toxic species.In this thesis, we have developed two methods to evaluate the activity of different synthesized compounds on the early steps of oligomerization and one method to study the affinity of Aβ1-42 peptide for its ligand. We have also designed and synthesized peptidomimetics as ligands of Aβ1-42 peptide which are able to disrupt protein-protein interactions involved in the aggregation process of Aβ1-42 peptide. Evaluation of these compounds as well as other ligands synthesized in the laboratory allowed an interesting study on the relationship between the structure of the tested compounds and their activities on the critical steps of the oligomerization process of Aβ1-42 peptide. Cell viability studies, NMR and docking are underway to improve our understanding of the mode of action of these compounds and of the oligomerization process of Aβ1-42 peptide

Delineating Amyloid Plaque Associated Neuronal Sphingolipids in Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice (tgArcSwe) Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry

The major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the progressive aggregation and accumulation of beta-amyloid (A beta) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein into neurotoxic deposits. A beta aggregation has been suggested as the critical early inducer, driving the disease progression. However, the factors that promote neurotoxic A beta aggregation remain elusive. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful technique to comprehensively elucidate the spatial distribution patterns of lipids, peptides, and proteins in biological tissue sections. In the present study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS)-based imaging was used on transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse (tgArcSwe) brain tissue to investigate the sphingolipid microenvironment of individual A beta plaques and elucidate plaque-associated sphingolipid alterations. Multivariate data analysis was used to interrogate the IMS data for identifying pathologically relevant, anatomical features based on their lipid chemical profile. This approach revealed sphingolipid species that distinctly located to cortical and hippocampal deposits, whose A beta identity was further verified using fluorescent amyloid staining and immunohistochemistry. Subsequent multivariate statistical analysis of the spectral data revealed significant localization of gangliosides and ceramides species to A beta positive plaques, which was accompanied by distinct local reduction of sulfatides. These plaque-associated changes in sphingolipid levels implicate a functional role of sphingolipid metabolism in A beta plaque pathology and AD pathogenesis. Taken together, the presented data highlight the potential of imaging mass spectrometry as a powerful approach for probing A beta plaque-associated lipid changes underlying AD pathology

Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Polysubstituted Benzofurans

An efficient access to 2-substituted 3-arylbenzofurans through a palladium-catalyzed C3 direct arylation of 2-substituted benzofurans with aryl bromides is described. The scope and limitation of this reaction was studied. The method tolerates a variety of functional groups on the aryl halide and has been successfully extended to polysubstituted benzofurans to obtain the corresponding 3-arylbenzofurans with good to excellent yields

Novel Trimodal MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS3) at 10 μm Reveals Spatial Lipid and Peptide Correlates Implicated in Aβ Plaque Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease

Multimodal chemical imaging using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) can provide comprehensive molecular information in situ within the same tissue sections. This is of relevance for studying different brain pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where recent data suggest a critical relevance of colocalizing Aβ peptides and neuronal lipids. We here developed a novel trimodal, high-resolution (10 μm) MALDI imaging MS (IMS) paradigm for negative and positive ion mode lipid analysis and subsequent protein ion imaging on the same tissue section. Matrix sublimation of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (1,5-DAN) enabled dual polarity lipid MALDI IMS on the same pixel points at high spatial resolutions (10 μm) and with high spectral quality. This was followed by 10 μm resolution protein imaging on the same measurement area, which allowed correlation of lipid signals with protein distribution patterns within distinct cerebellar regions in mouse brain. The demonstrated trimodal imaging strategy (IMS3) was further shown to be an efficient approach for simultaneously probing Aβ plaque-associated lipids and Aβ peptides within the hippocampus of 18 month-old transgenic AD mice (tgArcSwe). Here, IMS3 revealed a strong colocalization of distinct lipid species including ceramides, phosphatidylinositols, sulfatides (Cer 18:0, PI 38:4, ST 24:0) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC 16:0, LPC 18:0) with plaque-associated Aβ isoforms (Aβ 1–37, Aβ 1–38, Aβ 1–40). This highlights the potential of IMS3 as an alternative, superior approach to consecutively performed immuno-based Aβ staining strategies. Furthermore, the IMS3 workflow allowed for multimodal in situ MS/MS analysis of both lipids and Aβ peptides. Altogether, the here presented IMS3 approach shows great potential for comprehensive, high-resolution molecular analysis of histological features at cellular length scales with high chemical specificity. It therefore represents a powerful approach for probing the complex molecular pathology of, e.g., neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by neurotoxic protein aggregation

Pyroglutamation of amyloid-βx-42 (Aβx-42) followed by Aβ1–40 deposition underlies plaque polymorphism in progressing Alzheimer's disease pathology

Amyloid- (A) pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the formation of polymorphic deposits comprising diffuse and cored plaques. Because diffuse plaques are predominantly observed in cognitively unaffected, amyloid-positive (CU-AP) individuals, pathogenic conversion into cored plaques appears to be critical to AD pathogenesis. Herein, we identified the distinct A species associated with amyloid polymorphism in brain tissue from individuals with sporadic AD (s-AD) and CU-AP. To this end, we interrogated A polymorphism with amyloid conformation-sensitive dyes and a novel in situ MS paradigm for chemical characterization of hyperspectrally delineated plaque morphotypes. We found that maturation of diffuse into cored plaques correlated with increased A1-40 deposition. Using spatial in situ delineation with imaging MS (IMS), we show that A1-40 aggregates at the core structure of mature plaques, whereas A1-42 localizes to diffuse amyloid aggregates. Moreover, we observed that diffuse plaques have increased pyroglutamated Ax-42 levels in s-AD but not CU-AP, suggesting an AD pathology-related, hydrophobic functionalization of diffuse plaques facilitating A1-40 deposition. Experiments in tgAPP(Swe) mice verified that, similar to what has been observed in human brain pathology, diffuse deposits display higher levels of A1-42 and that A plaque maturation over time is associated with increases in A1-40. Finally, we found that A1-40 deposition is characteristic for cerebral amyloid angiopathy deposition and maturation in both humans and mice. These results indicate that N-terminal Ax-42 pyroglutamation and A1-40 deposition are critical events in priming and maturation of pathogenic A from diffuse into cored plaques, underlying neurotoxic plaque development in AD