Les effets environnementaux des particules

National audienceApart from its impact on human health, particulate matter is involved in different environmental problems, such as climate change, tropospheric ozone formation, visibility impairment and hydrology disruption. The role of particulate matter in global warming depends on the composition of the particles, and can lead to a cooling or a warming effect. New scientific results are currently showing the possibility of a stronger warming of the atmosphere by black carbon aerosols than previously thought. For that reason, some scientists claim that strategies to fight global warming should include black carbon emission reductions. These reductions would have an immediate action of slowing global warming, that would complete actions taken on CO2 targeting long-term effects. Such a strategy would bring ancillary benefits in terms of air quality and health effects. At least, past and current European policies of emission reduction of SO2 and NH3 are expected to lead to a decrease in the cooling effect of sulphate and nitrate aerosols, that should be offset as much as possible by efforts on black carbon emission reductions, otherwise the net effect of aerosols on global warming in Europe could go the wrong way. Pollution by particulate matter and tropospheric ozone formation are closely interconnected (particulate matter impacts on photolysis rates, secondary aerosol and ozone have common precursor gases,...), and for that reason the North-American Strategy on Tropospheric Ozone (NARSTO) chose to integrate both aspects in its strategy. Such a concern for consistency should be considered at a higher degree within the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution in Europe. Another environmental effect of particulate matter is visibility impairment, mainly attributable to sulphate and organic aerosols. In the United States, it is considered as an important problem that affects not only National Parks but also the entire population. It has been evaluated in the US that monetarised benefits from the Clean Air Act are twice as high as benefits expected from reduced damages to crops by tropospheric ozone. There is very few knowledge about public perception of this environmental problem in Europe, nor European countries seem to have policies to address the issue. However, a recent study found that visibility impairment was more pronounced for most parts of Europe than in the USA. Finally, considering all environmental effects of particulate matter, it is likely that the best way to address such a variety of problems is to search for a simultaneous and general reduction of all air pollutants emissions. It is especially important that future emissions reduction of atmospheric pollutants address black carbon, if we want to avoid the risk that these reductions might lead to counter-productive effects in terms of climate change.En dehors de leur effet sur la santé humaine, les particules interviennent dans de nombreuses problématiques environnementales, dont le changement climatique, la formation d'ozone troposphérique, la réduction de la visibilité, et les régimes hydrologiques. L'effet des particules en termes de changement climatique est complexe et emprunte plusieurs voies. Il se traduit par des effets opposés de réchauffement ou de refroidissement de l'atmosphère, notamment selon la composition chimique des particules. On semble assister actuellement à la remise en cause de l'idée qui prévalait que, globalement, les aérosols refroidissaient l'atmosphère, notamment en raison de nouveaux faits scientifiques concernant l'action réchauffante des particules de carbone. Par conséquent, certains scientifiques estiment que les stratégies de lutte contre le changement climatique pourraient inclure une réduction des aérosols de carbone-suie, en permettant un effet à court terme de ralentissement du changement climatique, complémentaire des actions sur le CO2, qui sont plus difficiles à mettre en place à court terme, et qui n'auront pas un impact rapide. Des bénéfices supplémentaires en termes de qualité de l'air sont en outre à attendre d'une telle stratégie. Enfin, les politiques passées et actuelles de réduction importante des émissions de SO2 et NH3 en Europe vont amener une baisse des aérosols secondaires de sulfate et de nitrate, globalement refroidissants, qui devrait être accompagnée par une baisse suffisante des aérosols de carbone-suie, sous peine d'une évolution négative du forçage radiatif global par les aérosols en Europe. Des liens étroits unissent pollution particulaire et formation d'ozone (impact des particules sur les réactions photo-oxydantes, précurseurs communs pour les particules secondaires et l'ozone,...), ce qui a conduit à intégrer complètement les deux stratégies, dans le cadre de la Stratégie Nord Américaine pour l'Ozone Troposphérique (NARSTO). Ce souci de cohérence des stratégies de réduction des particules avec les problèmes de formation d'ozone serait utile à considérer pour la Convention de Genève sur la Pollution Atmosphérique Transfrontière en Europe. Un autre impact qui leur est imputable est la réduction de la visibilité,qui est principalement le fait des aérosols de sulfates et des aérosols organiques. Aux Etats-Unis, il s'agit d'un problème important, considéré comme portant atteinte aux parcs nationaux, mais également à l'ensemble de la population. On a pu évaluer aux USA que les bénéfices monétarisés du Clean Air Act sont deux fois plus importants en termes d'amélioration de la visibilité, que pour la réduction des dommages aux cultures par l'ozone troposphérique. Peu de connaissance est disponible sur la perception de cette question par les populations, et aucun pays d'Europe ne semble disposer d'une politique en la matière. Cependant, une étude récente a estimé que la réduction de visibilité est significativement plus grande en Europe qu'aux Etats-Unis. Au vu de cette synthèse des effets environnementaux des particules, il semble probable que la seule façon d'obtenir des politiques globalement positives pour l'ensemble des effets pris en considération, soit de rechercher une baisse continue et simultanée des émissions de l'ensemble des polluants atmosphériques. Il semble notamment important de veiller à ce que les mesures de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques prises dans le futur, hors gaz à effets de serre, prennent en compte le carbone-suie, car sinon il existe un risque qu'elles conduisent à un effet contre-productif en termes de lutte contre le réchauffement global

Spatiotemporal pulses in a liquid crystal optical oscillator

A nonlinear optical medium results by the collective orientation of liquid crystal molecules tightly coupled to a transparent photoconductive layer. We show that such a medium can give a large gain, thus, if inserted in a ring cavity, it results in an unidirectional optical oscillator. Dynamical regimes with many interacting modes are made possible by the wide transverse size and the high nonlinearity of the liquid crystals. We show the generation of spatiotemporal pulses, coming from the random superposition of many coexisting modes with different frequencies

HISTORICAL AND NOMENCLATURAL REMARKS ON SOME MEGATOOTHED SHARK TEETH (ELASMOBRANCHII, OTODONTIDAE) FROM THE CENOZOIC OF NEW JERSEY (U.S.A.)

. In the second issue of Samuel Morton’s “Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States” published in June 1835, several otodontid shark teeth from Cenozoic formations of New Jersey are named with authorship of Louis Agassiz and meet the conditions of availability of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclatural. It has gone largely unnoticed that some of these names were introduced in this work before their publication in Agassiz’s masterpiece “Recherches sur les poissons fossiles”. The specimens presented by Morton were kept in the John Price Wetherill (1794-1853) collection that found its way into the paleontological collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, where most of them have been rediscovered. These teeth are part of the type series upon which Agassiz introduced Lamna obliqua Agassiz in Morton, 1835, Lamna lanceolata Agassiz in Morton, 1835, Carcharias lanceolatus Agassiz in Morton, 1835, Carcharias megalotis Agassiz, 1835 and Carcharias polygurus Agassiz in Morton, 1835, all of these species being referred to the genus Otodus in the present work. In order to secure the nomenclatural stability of the Otodontidae, it is established that Otodus lanceolatus is a junior synonym of Otodus obliquus, that “Carcharias” lanceolatus belongs to the genus Otodus Agassiz, 1838 and is invalid as a junior secondary homonym of Otodus lanceolatus, that Otodus megalotis is a junior synonym of Otodus auriculatus (Blainville, 1818), and that Otodus polygurus (Otodus polygyrus being an incorrect subsequent spelling) is a junior synonym of Otodus megalodon (Agassiz, 1835). Furthermore, it is shown that the date of publication of Otodus obliquus (Agassiz in Morton, 1835) is 1835 and not 1838 as previously thought

Perspectives for integrating human and environmental risk assessment and synergies with socio-economic analysis

International audienceFor more than a decade, the integration of human and environmental risk assessment (RA) has become an attractive vision. At the same time, existing European regulations of chemical substances such as REACH (EC Regulation No. 1907/2006), the Plant Protection Products Regulation (EC regulation 1107/2009) and Biocide Regulation (EC Regulation 528/2012) continue to ask for sector-specific RAs, each of which have their individual information requirements regarding exposure and hazard data, and also use different methodologies for the ultimate risk quantification. In response to this difference between the vision for integration and the current scientific and regulatory practice, the present paper outlines five medium-term opportunities for integrating human and environmental RA, followed by detailed discussions of the associated major components and their state of the art. Current hazard assessment approaches are analyzed in terms of data availability and quality, and covering non-test tools, the integrated testing strategy (ITS) approach, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept, methods for assessing uncertainty, and the issue of explicitly treating mixture toxicity. With respect to exposure, opportunities for integrating exposure assessment are discussed, taking into account the uncertainty, standardization and validation of exposure modeling as well as the availability of exposure data. A further focus is on ways to complement RA by a socio-economic assessment (SEA) in order to better inform about risk management options. In this way, the present analysis, developed as part of the EU FP7 project HEROIC, may contribute to paving the way for integrating, where useful and possible, human and environmental RA in a manner suitable for its coupling with SEA

From invisible scribe to first-class author. Collaborative translation of religious texts into guarani in the jesuit reductions of Paraguay

À partir de l’exemple de la traduction en guarani du traité ascétique De la diferencia entre lo temporal y eterno originellement écrit par Juan Eusebio Nieremberg en 1640, puis imprimé dans la réduction de Loreto (Paraguay) en 1705, cet article met en lumière les enjeux de pouvoir entourant la pratique de la traduction collaborative en contexte missionnaire. En reconstituant les conditions d’édition de l’ouvrage, il s’agit de remettre en cause son attribution à un seul et unique traducteur, le jésuite José Serrano, et de souligner la probable implication d’une équipe d’auxiliaires indiens, jusque là considérés comme de simples copistes. Prolongeant un récent renouveau historiographique, l’examen des motifs sociaux et linguistiques d’une telle invisibilité, associé à l’identifi cation de plusieurs cotraducteurs guarani (à l’image du cacique Nicolás Yapuguay), débouche sur une interprétation de la cécité en question en termes épistémologiques.On the basis of the translation into guarani of the ascetical treatise De la diferencia entre lo temporal y eterno written by Juan Eusebio Nieremberg in 1640 and then printed in the mission of Loreto (Paraguay) in 1705, this article highlights the power struggles linked with collaborative translation practices in a missionary context. Th e reconstitution of the book’s editorial background challenges its attribution to an alleged single translator, Jesuit missionary José Serrano, and underlines the presumable implication of an Indian backup team, although such collaborators are still considered to be mere scribes. Following recent historiographical proposals, the study of the social and linguistic motives of this invisibility, combined with the identifi cation of various Guarani co-translators (such as cacique Nicolás Yapuguay), leads us to analyze such blindness from an epistemological point of view.Al tomar como punto de partida el caso de la traducción al guaraní del tratado ascético De la diferencia entre lo temporal y eterno escrito por Juan Eusebio Nieremberg en 1640, impreso luego en la reducción de Loreto (Paraguay) en 1705, este artículo hace hincapié en las relaciones de poder vinculadas con la práctica de la traducción colaborativa en contexto misionero. La reconstrucción de las condiciones en que la obra se editó permite cuestionar la autoría del único traductor conocido, el jesuita José Serrano, y subraya la probable implicación de un equipo de ayudantes indígenas, considerados hasta la fecha como meros copistas. A partir de iniciativas historiográfi cas recientes, el análisis de los motivos sociales y lingüísticos de dicha invisibilidad, asociado con la identifi cación de varios cotraductores guaraníes (entre los cuales destaca el cacique Nicolás Yapuguay), nos conduce a refl exionar sobre tal ceguera en clave epistemológica

DU COPISTE INVISIBLE À L’AUTEUR DE PREMIER ORDRE. LA TRADUCTION COLLABORATIVE DE TEXTES RELIGIEUX EN GUARANI DANS LES RÉDUCTIONS JÉSUITES DU PARAGUAY

On the basis of the translation into guarani of the ascetical treatise De la diferencia entre lo temporal y eterno written by Juan Eusebio Nieremberg in 1640 and then printed in the mission of Loreto (Paraguay) in 1705, this article highlights the power struggles linked with collaborative translation practices in a missionary context. The reconstitution of the book’s editorial background challenges its attribution to an alleged single translator, Jesuit missionary José Serrano, and underlines the presumable implication of an Indian backup team, although such collaborators are still considered to be mere scribes. Following recent historiographical proposals, the study of the social and linguistic motives of this invisibility, combined with the identification of various Guarani co-translators (such as cacique Nicolás Yapu uay), leads us to analyze such blindness from an epistemological point of view.Al tomar como punto de partida el caso de la traducción al guaraní del tratado ascético De la diferencia entre lo temporal y eterno escrito por Juan Eusebio Nieremberg en 1640, impreso luego en la reducción de Loreto (Paraguay) en 1705, este artículo hace hincapié en las relaciones de poder vinculadas con la práctica de la traducción colaborativa en contexto misionero. La reconstrucción de las condiciones en que la obra se editó permite cuestionar la autoría del único traductor conocido, el jesuita José Serrano, y subraya la probable implicación de un equipo de ayudantes indígenas, considerados hasta la fecha como meros copistas. A partir de iniciativas historiográficas recientes, el análisis de los motivos sociales y lingüísticos de dicha invisibilidad, asociado con la identificación de varios cotraductores guaraníes (entre los cuales destaca el cacique Nicolás Yapuguay), nos conduce a reflexionar sobre tal ceguera en clave epistemológica.À partir de l’exemple de la traduction en guarani du traité ascétique De la diferencia entre lo temporal y eterno originellement écrit par Juan Eusebio Nieremberg en 1640, puis imprimé dans la réduction de Loreto (Paraguay) en 1705, cet article met en lumière les enjeux de pouvoir entourant la pratique de la traduction collaborative en contexte missionnaire. En reconstituant les conditions d’édition de l’ouvrage, il s’agit de remettre en cause son attribution à un seul et unique traducteur, le jésuite José Serrano, et de souligner la probable implication d’une équipe d’auxiliaires indiens, jusque là considérés comme de simples copistes. Prolongeant un récent renouveau historiographique, l’examen des motifs sociaux et linguistiques d’une telle invisibilité, associé à l’identification de plusieurs cotraducteurs guarani (à l’image du cacique Nicolás Yapuguay), débo che sur une interprétation de la cécité en question en termes épistémologiques

De Montoya a Restivo. Apuntes para un estudio sistemático de los vocabularios castellano-guaraní en el Paraguay jesuítico (1640-1722)

Despite their interest for Hispano-Amerindian philology, Antonio Ruiz de Montoya's and Pablo Restivo's "Vocabularios" (1640-1722) have not been studied systematically. They nonetheless stand as privileged witnesses of Jesuit linguistic policy in the Order's Paraguayan missions. Through a diachronic comparison of these two dictionaries, we develop both a quantitative and qualitative analysis of their content, driven by a relational database and a conceptual approach inspired by missionary linguistics. Three emblematic lexicographic phenomena of the 18th century are highlighted: the progressive recognition of native speakers' oral and written authority, the increasing hispanisation of cattle-related lexicon and the persistency of animist taxonomies and ontologies.A pesar de su interés para la filología hispano-amerindia, los "Vocabularios" castellano-guaraní de Antonio Ruiz de Montoya (1640) y Pablo Restivo (1722) no se han estudiado de manera sistemática. Constituyen sin embargo testimonios privilegiados de la política lingüística del Paraguay jesuítico. Cotejando ambos diccionarios en clave diacrónica, ofrecemos un análisis a la vez cuantitativo y cualitativo de su contenido, mediante una base de datos relacional y un enfoque conceptual inspirado en la lingüística misionera. Se privilegia el examen de tres fenómenos lexicográficos emblemáticos del siglo XVIII: el progresivo reconocimiento de la autoridad oral y letrada de los locutores indígenas, la creciente hispanización del léxico asociado a la ganadería y la persistencia de taxonomías y ontologías animistas

Linking Moral Obligations, Assumption-based Research, and Structured Decision Making to Inform Bull Trout Recovery

More than 1500 species of plants and animals in the United States are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The U.S. Departments of Interior and Commerce are required, under Section 4(f)(1) of the ESA, to develop recovery plans for ESA-listed species under the respective agency jurisdictions. However, developing recovery plans that are both scientifically defensible and consistent with a diversity of stakeholder (e.g., states, tribes, private landowners) values is often difficult. Structured decision making is a framework that resource managers can use to integrate diverse, and often conflicting, stakeholder value systems into species recovery planning. Within this framework difficult decisions are deconstructed into the three basic components: 1) explicit, quantifiable objectives that represent stakeholder values; 2) mathematical models used to predict the effect of management decisions on the outcome of objectives; and 3) management alternatives or actions. The goal of my dissertation was to acknowledge and understand the uncertainty of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus reintroduction strategies and provide an ethical and scientific foundation for an enduring and biologically sound conservation program. My objectives were to (1) describe how incorporating stakeholder values into scientifically defensible recovery planning using structured decision making will fulfill legal and moral obligations to recover species, (2) determine how captive rearing environments affect the development and survival behaviors of bull trout and how these effects may influence the efficacy and ultimate success of reintroduction and recovery programs, and (3) use structured decision making to evaluate the tradeoffs of alternative bull trout reintroduction decisions. I developed this research project to be multifaceted by incorporating components of philosophy (Chapter 2), assumption-based research (Chapter 3), and statistical modeling (Chapter 4). The collective results my research should serve as an example of how to incorporate diverse stakeholder value systems, assumption-based research, and evaluations of alternative management actions into species recovery and reintroduction decisions. This approach promotes transparency and consensus in decision making. Recognizing these benefits, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has adopted a similar approach to manage species and their habitats into the future (i.e., Strategic Habitat Conservation). The impediments to species recovery are numerous. Some of the biggest impediments to recovery planning are conflicting values and interests among stakeholders. I believe that these types of conflicts and related issues are best addressed by integrating the diverse values and interests of stakeholders with the best scientific information available, and doing so in a clear and transparent manner that will broaden acceptance for enduring recovery planning. Science, in and of itself, cannot dictate which management decisions ought to be made; it purely offers a biological and physical basis for estimating the outcomes of decisions. An understanding of humanities is needed to provide context for the myriad of societal obligations. Three moral philosophies; consequentialism, deontology, and virtue theory, suggest that structured decision making is a justified method that can guide natural resource decisions in the future, and will honor legal and moral obligations to recover ESA listed species and their habitats. The ability to recover and delist species in the future depends on an increased understanding of natural ecosystems through scientific discovery and the ability to incorporate stakeholder values into the recovery planning process in a manner that is objective, systematic, and transparent. Animals reared in barren captive environments exhibit different development and behaviors than wild counterparts. Hence, the captive phenotypes may influence the success of reintroduction and recovery programs for threatened and endangered species. I collected wild bull trout embryos from the Metolius River Basin, Oregon and reared them in differing environments to better understand how captivity affects the bull trout phenotype to aide in the development of informed recovery strategies for the species. I compared the development of the brain and eye lens, and boldness and prey acquisition behaviors of bull trout reared in conventional barren and more structurally complex captive environments with that of wild fish. I found that wild bull trout exhibited a greater level of boldness and prey acquisition ability, followed by captive reared bull trout from complex habitats, and finally fish reared in conventional captive environments. In addition, the eye lens of conventionally reared bull trout was larger than complex reared captive fish or that of wild fish. Unexpectedly, I detected wild fish had a smaller relative cerebellum than either captive reared treatment. My results add to the existing literature that suggests rearing fish in more complex captive environments can create a more wild-like phenotype than conventional rearing practices. Rearing fish in captivity is an important tool that can be used to accomplish a suite of management objectives including providing fish for research and reintroduction programs, or in worst case scenarios maintaining refuge populations. An understanding of the effects of captivity on the development and behavior of bull trout is important if life in captivity is the only option to ensure existence of some populations, and can inform rearing and reintroduction programs through prediction of the performance of released individuals. Stakeholders can be divided on what is the optimal reintroduction strategy to use (i.e., translocation, captive rearing, or artificial production) or how many individuals to collect for a program. These decisions are further complicated by a limited understanding of how captivity affects an animal’s phenotype and how well animals will survive upon release. Structured decision making allows natural resource decisions to be made in spite of uncertainty by linking reintroduction goals with alternative management actions through predictive models of ecological processes. Predictive models represent competing hypothesis that describe the belief of the structure and function of the ecological system and can be updated as new information is generated by monitoring and research (i.e., adaptive management). I developed a structured decision model to evaluate the tradeoffs between six bull trout reintroduction alternatives with the goal of maximizing the number of adults in the recipient population, up to 300 individuals, without reducing the donor population to an unacceptable state. The six alternative decisions that were evaluated are to 1) do-nothing, 2) translocate 1000 juveniles, 3) translocate 60 adults, 4) translocate 1000 juveniles and 40 adults, 5) captive rear 20,000 wild embryos, or 6) artificial production of 60 wild adults. The model was parameterized with published demographic parameters where available and consists of three stage-based Leslie matrix models that represent the donor, captive, and recipient populations. A state dependent policy was created that identifies the optimal decision over a combination of possible donor and recipient adult abundance states. One-way sensitivity analysis suggests that the value of the decision outcome was most influenced by survival parameters that resulted in increased adult abundance in the recipient population, and increased juvenile survival in the donor and recipient populations. The decision outcome was also sensitive to small and large adult fecundity rates and sex ratio. The outcome was least sensitive to survival parameters associated with the captive population, a survival reduction of naive reintroduced individuals, and juvenile carrying capacity of the reintroduced population. Two-way sensitivity analysis with all combinations of model parameters identified interactions that influence the decision outcome and identity. For example, a comparison of the juvenile density dependent parameters for the donor population indicated that when above a maximum egg survival of 0.14, the juvenile carrying capacity had a greater influence on the expected outcome of the decision. When juvenile carrying capacity in the donor population was less than ~5500 individuals, the optimal strategy was to do nothing, which most likely avoided an unacceptable reduction in the donor population. Whereas, translocating adults was the optimal decision when both density dependent parameters (i.e., juvenile carrying capacity, maximum egg survival) were in the upper end of their range and resulted in a decision outcome of greater than 60 adults in the recipient population. The optimal decision was to captive rear embryos when there was minimal effect of captive rearing and translocation on the survival of released fish. Whereas, translocating adults was the optimal decision when the probability of survival was less than 0.75 for captive reared fish as compared to translocated fish. As the survival penalty for captive reared fish neared 1.00, which indicated little to no effects of captivity on a fish’s survival after release, artificial production became the optimal decision regardless of the effects of a translocation on post-release survival. This model and sensitivity analyses can serve as the foundation for formal adaptive management and improved effectiveness, efficiency, and transparency of bull trout reintroduction decisions. Ongoing bull trout reintroductions and research will continue to lessen uncertainty and new information can be incorporated into decision models to guide future reintroduction decisions and maximize the benefit from limited resources available for bull trout recovery

A Mendelian polymorphism underlying quantitative variations of goat αs1-casein

Using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis, 3 new alleles, designated αs1-CnB-,αs1-CnF and αs1-Cno, were identified at the goat αs1-Cn locus, in addition to alleles αs1-CnA, αs1-CnB and αs1-CnC previously reported by BOULANGER al. (1984). Alleles αs1-CnA, αs1-CnB and αs1-CnC are associated with a high content of αs1-casein (approximate mean contribution of each allele being 3.6 g/I) compared to αs1-CnF with a low content (0.6 g/I) and αs1-CnB- with an intermediate content (1.6 g/1) ; αs1-Cno appears to be a true null allele. In a sample of 213 Alpine females from 49 flocks in West Central France, the frequencies of the 6 alleles were : αs1-CnA = 0.14 ; αs1-CnB = 0.05 ; αs1-CnC = 0.01 ; αs1-CnB- = 0.34 ; αs1-CnF = 0.41 ; and αs1-Cno = 0.05. In a sample of 159 Saanen females from 52 flocks of the same region, the frequencies were : αs1-CnA = 0.07 ; αs1-CnB = 0.06 ; αs1-CnC = 0 ; αs1-CnB- = 0.41 ; αs1-CnF = 0.43 ; αs1-Cno = 0.03. Additional data confirm that loci αs1-Cn and αs2-Cn are closely linked. Preliminary investigations indicated a significant superiority in casein content of milks from goats possessing the allele αs1-CnA, as compared to that of milks from goats of genotypes αs1-CnF / αs1-CnF and αs1-CnB- /αs1-CnF and, in a large herd (N = 251), a strong correlation was observed between the αs1-casein content and the rennet-casein content of milk (r = 0.68 ; b = 0.64).A l’aide d’électrophorèses en gel de polyacrylamide SDS et d’immuno-électrophorèses « rocket », 3 allèles, appelés αs1-CnB-, αs1-CnF et αs1-Cno ont été identifiées au locus αs1-Cn de la chèvre, en plus des allèles αs1-CnA, αs1-CnB et αs1-CnC déjà détectés par BOULANGER et al. (1984). Les allèles αs1-CnA, αs1-CnB et αs1-CnC sont associés à un taux élevé de caséine αs1 (contribution approximative de chaque allèle : 3,6 g/I), l’allèle αs1-CnF a un taux faible (0,6 g/I) et l’allèle αs1-CnB a un taux intermédiaire (1,6 g/1). Dans un échantillon de 213 femelles Alpine provenant de 49 troupeaux du centre-ouest de la France, les fréquences des 6 allèles actuellement identifiés étaient les suivantes : αs1-CnA = 0,14 ; αs1-CnB = 0,05 ; αs1-CnC = 0,01; αs1-CnB- = 0,34 ; αs1-CnF = 0,41 et αs1-Cno = 0,05. Dans un échantillon de 159 femelles Saanen provenant de 52 troupeaux de la même région, les fréquences étaient : αs1-CnA = 0,07 ; αs1-CnB = 0,06 ; αs1-CnC = 0; αs1-CnB- = 0,41 ; αs1-CnF = 0,43 ; αs1-Cno = 0,03. Des données supplémentaires confirment que les loci αs1-Cn et αs2-Cn sont étroitement liés. Des investigations préliminaires révèlent que le taux de caséine des laits des chèvres possédant l’allèle αs1-CnA est significativement supérieur à celui des laits des chèvres de génotype αs1-CnF / αs1-CnF ou αs1-CnB- /αs1-CnF; parailleurs, dans un grand troupeau (N = 251), une forte corrélation a été observée entre le taux de caséine αs1 et le taux de matières azotées coagulables (r = 0,68 ; b = 0,64)

Habitat selection of hatchery and wild juvenile salmonids in Eagle Creek Basin, Oregon

To best manage Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery and minimize any negative impacts that the current hatchery program may be having on Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids in the Eagle Creek Basin, I determined if wild fish are being displaced from preferred habitats by hatchery salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. This thesis had two goals. The first goal was to determine the possible effect of hatchery smolts on resident salmonids. I determined the density and distribution of wild juvenile steelhead O. mykiss and coho salmon O. kisutch in Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek, Oregon. My first objective was to compare summer rearing densities and distributions of wild salmonids in Eagle Creek, which receives a release of hatchery fish, and North Fork Eagle Creek, which does not receive a release of hatchery fish. Next, I determined if residual hatchery winter steelhead were present in Eagle Creek and/or North Fork Eagle Creek and if so whether or not they have an impact on mesohabitat selection, distribution, and density of wild fish in Eagle Creek basin. By conducting a comprehensive snorkel survey I identified significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) of juvenile coho salmon rearing in North Fork Eagle Creek as compared to upper and lower Eagle Creek. Age 0 winter steelhead occurred in significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) in upper Eagle Creek compared to lower Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek. Residual hatchery steelhead were located only in Eagle Creek and found rearing in the same 15 mesohabitat units that contained the estimated majority of wild fish populations. Residual hatchery steelhead comprised 0.9% of the winter steelhead population (1.1% of age 0 winter steelhead and 9.3% of age 1 winter steelhead), and 2.2% of the coho salmon population estimated to be rearing in Eagle Creek. From these data it is unclear if residual hatchery steelhead are affecting densities, distributions, and mesohabitat selection of wild salmonids in the basin. However, while I was unable to detect any direct impacts of residual hatchery fish on the wild population, these results do suggest a significant potential for ecological interaction between hatchery and wild populations. I began this study with the intention of constructing a statistical model that would explain microhabitat preference of wild salmonids given the presence or absence of residual hatchery winter steelhead. To produce an unbiased model, ideally fish would behave as if there were no observer present (i.e., undisturbed). This is not always the case. Therefore, I addressed a second goal using underwater video to test the prediction that the presence of an in-water observer can elicit a change in fish movement. I analyzed underwater video recordings to document changes in four metrics that can be used to infer a change in fish behavior, which can ultimately result in collection of erroneous microhabitat use data. My four behavior metrics were upstream movement, downstream movement, total movement, and relative abundance of fish in the field-of-view. I detected significant differences in 9 of 10 replicates (ANOVA, P < 0.05) in at least one of the four behavior metrics. These results suggest that when attempting to document small-scale microhabitat preference by juvenile salmonids, an in-water observer may alter fish behavior thereby producing erroneous results. I suggest that researchers use caution in making inferences to entire populations when using results of models in which data were collected from only "undisturbed" fish by direct observation