11 research outputs found
Short Depuration of Oysters Intended for Human Consumption Is Effective at Reducing Exposure to Nanoplastics
Nanoplastics (NPs; <1 ÎŒm) have greater availability to marine organisms than microplastics (1â5000 ÎŒm). Understanding NP uptake and depuration in marine organisms intended for human consumption is imperative for food safety, but until now it has been limited due to analytical constraints. Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were exposed to polystyrene NPs doped with palladium (Pd), allowing the measurements of their uptake into tissues by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) combined with electron microscopy. Oysters were exposed for 6 days (d) to âSmoothâ or âRaspberryâ NPs, followed by 30 d of depuration with the aim of assessing the NP concentration in C. gigas following exposure, inferring the accumulation and elimination rates, and understanding the clearance of Pd NPs during the depuration period. After 6 d, the most significant accumulation was found in the digestive gland (106.6 and 135.3 ÎŒg gâ1 dw, for Smooth and Raspberry NPs, respectively) and showed the most evident depuration (elimination rate constant KSmooth = 2 dâ1 and KRaspberry = 0.2 dâ1). Almost complete depuration of the Raspberry NPs occurred after 30 d. While a post-harvesting depuration period of 24â48 h for oysters could potentially reduce the NP content by 75%, more research to validate these findings, including depuration studies of oysters from the field, is required to inform practices to reduce human exposure through consumption.ISSN:0013-936XISSN:1520-585
Short Depuration of Oysters Intended for Human Consumption Is Effective at Reducing Exposure to Nanoplastics
Nanoplastics (NPs; <1 ÎŒm) have greater availability to marine organisms
than microplastics (1â5000 ÎŒm). Understanding NP uptake
and depuration in marine organisms intended for human consumption
is imperative for food safety, but until now it has been limited due
to analytical constraints. Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were exposed to polystyrene NPs doped with palladium (Pd), allowing
the measurements of their uptake into tissues by inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) combined with electron microscopy.
Oysters were exposed for 6 days (d) to âSmoothâ or âRaspberryâ
NPs, followed by 30 d of depuration with the aim of assessing the
NP concentration in C. gigas following
exposure, inferring the accumulation and elimination rates, and understanding
the clearance of Pd NPs during the depuration period. After 6 d, the
most significant accumulation was found in the digestive gland (106.6
and 135.3 ÎŒg gâ1 dw, for Smooth and Raspberry
NPs, respectively) and showed the most evident depuration (elimination
rate constant KSmooth = 2 dâ1 and KRaspberry = 0.2 dâ1). Almost complete depuration of the Raspberry NPs occurred after
30 d. While a post-harvesting depuration period of 24â48 h
for oysters could potentially reduce the NP content by 75%, more research
to validate these findings, including depuration studies of oysters
from the field, is required to inform practices to reduce human exposure
through consumption
Should we consider a 'fourth 90' for tuberculosis?
The international community has committed to end the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2030. To facilitate the meeting of the global incidence and mortality indicators set by the World Health Organization's End TB Strategy, the Stop TB Partnership launched the three 90-(90)-90 diagnostic and treatment targets in 2014. In this paper, we argue that a âfourth 90ââEnsuring that 90% of all people successfully completing treatment for TB can have a good health-related quality of life'âshould be considered. Many individuals who successfully complete anti-TB treatment are burdened with lifelong comorbiditiesâhuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and diabetes mellitus, obstructive and restrictive lung disease, involving lung destruction, cavitation, fibrosis and bronchiectasis, that either pre-existed or developed as a result of TB (e.g., chronic pulmonary aspergillosis), permanent disabilities such as hearing loss resulting from second-line anti-TB drugs, and mental health disorders. These need to be identified during TB treatment and appropriate care and support provided after anti-TB treatment is successfully completed. A âfourth 90â has also been proposed for the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets similar in scope to what is being suggested here for TB. Adoption by both HIV and TB control programmes would highlight the current focus on integrated person- and family-centred services