Design of Ad Hoc Wireless Mesh Networks Formed by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with Advanced Mechanical Automation

Ad hoc wireless mesh networks formed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with wireless transceivers (access points (APs)) are increasingly being touted as being able to provide a flexible "on-the-fly" communications infrastructure that can collect and transmit sensor data from sensors in remote, wilderness, or disaster-hit areas. Recent advances in the mechanical automation of UAVs have resulted in separable APs and replaceable batteries that can be carried by UAVs and placed at arbitrary locations in the field. These advanced mechanized UAV mesh networks pose interesting questions in terms of the design of the network architecture and the optimal UAV scheduling algorithms. This paper studies a range of network architectures that depend on the mechanized automation (AP separation and battery replacement) capabilities of UAVs and proposes heuristic UAV scheduling algorithms for each network architecture, which are benchmarked against optimal designs.Comment: 12 page

Self-adjustable domain adaptation in personalized ECG monitoring integrated with IR-UWB radar

To enhance electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems in personalized detections, deep neural networks (DNNs) are applied to overcome individual differences by periodical retraining. As introduced previously [4], DNNs relieve individual differences by fusing ECG with impulse radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB) radar. However, such DNN-based ECG monitoring system tends to overfit into personal small datasets and is difficult to generalize to newly collected unlabeled data. This paper proposes a self-adjustable domain adaptation (SADA) strategy to prevent from overfitting and exploit unlabeled data. Firstly, this paper enlarges the database of ECG and radar data with actual records acquired from 28 testers and expanded by the data augmentation. Secondly, to utilize unlabeled data, SADA combines self organizing maps with the transfer learning in predicting labels. Thirdly, SADA integrates the one-class classification with domain adaptation algorithms to reduce overfitting. Based on our enlarged database and standard databases, a large dataset of 73200 records and a small one of 1849 records are built up to verify our proposal. Results show SADA\u27s effectiveness in predicting labels and increments in the sensitivity of DNNs by 14.4% compared with existing domain adaptation algorithms

Data-Importance-Aware Bandwidth-Allocation Scheme for Point-Cloud Transmission in Multiple LIDAR Sensors

This paper addresses bandwidth allocation to multiple light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensors for smart monitoring, which a limited communication capacity is available to transmit a large volume of point-cloud data from the sensors to an edge server in real time. To deal with the limited capacity of the communication channel, we propose a bandwidth-allocation scheme that assigns multiple point-cloud compression formats to each LIDAR sensor in accordance with the spatial importance of the point-cloud data transmitted by the sensor. Spatial importance is determined by estimating how objects, such as cars, trucks, bikes, and pedestrians, are likely to exist since regions where objects are more likely to exist are more useful for smart monitoring. A numerical study using a real point-cloud dataset obtained at an intersection indicates that the proposed scheme is superior to the benchmarks in terms of the distributions of data volumes among LIDAR sensors and quality of point-cloud data received by the edge server

Style Shifting in First-encounter Conversations between Japanese Speakers

This study examines style shift between formal and informal styles in first- encounter conversations between Japanese native speakers and demonstrates how the speakers shifted the speech style in the context. Many researchers have studied this type of style shift and demonstrated that style shifts occur within a single speech context where social factors, such as differences in age, status, and formalness remain constant (e.g., Cook, 2008; Geyer, 2008; Ikuta, 1983; Maynard, 1991; Okamoto, 1999). This study contributed support to these previous studies. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative analyses focusing on Japanese native speakers\u27 use of style shifting in first-encounter conversations were conducted. The data came from four dyadic first-encounter conversations between Japanese female speakers. The conversations were audio-recorded in a room where the researcher was not present. After recording the four conversations, the researcher conducted follow-up interviews in person or by phone in order to check the validity of my analysis collected for this study. Overall, all the speakers shifted between formal and informal styles at least ten times, indicating that they did not speak exclusively in one style or the other in the current data. The frequency of style shifts varied depending on the speakers, but in each conversation, the older partners of the pairs shifted their speech style more frequently than the younger partners of the pairs. Furthermore, this study found six factors that accounted for style shifts between the formal and informal. When (1) introducing a new topic and (2) closing a topic, speakers shifted from informal to formal style. This signaled the opening of a new topic directly to the addressee. On the other hand, they shifted from formal style to informal style when (1) expressing feelings, (2) using self-directed utterances, (3) asking questions for confirmation or inference, and (4) adjusting to the context (formality and/or deference). The follow-up interviews revealed that the factors referred to as (1) expression of feelings, (2) self-directed utterances, and (3) questions for confirmation or inference were used by some speakers unconsciously. The self- directed utterances of factor (2) were divided into three types: soliloquy-like remarks, asking oneself a question, and recalling something. Factor (4) adjusting to the context (formality and/or deference), formal style was used to show politeness toward the addressee, and informal style was used to show friendliness, casualness, or empathy. Friendliness, casualness, or empathy was conveyed by use of informal style when the speakers\u27 utterances brought laughter to the context and/or when the speakers showed empathy for the addressee

Analyse or Transmit: Utilising Correlation at the Edge with Deep Reinforcement Learning

Millions of sensors, cameras, meters, and other edge devices are deployed in networks to collect and analyse data. In many cases, such devices are powered only by Energy Harvesting(EH) and have limited energy available to analyse acquired data. When edge infrastructure is available, a device has a choice: to perform analysis locally or offload the task to other resource-rich devices such as cloudlet servers. However, such a choice carries a price in terms of consumed energy and accuracy. On the one hand, transmitting raw data can result in a higher energy cost in comparison to the required energy to process data locally. On the other hand, performing data analytics on servers can improve the task's accuracy. Additionally, due to the correlation between information sent by multiple devices, accuracy might not be affected if some edge devices decide to neither process nor send data and preserve energy instead. For such a scenario, we propose a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based solution capable of learning and adapting the policy to the time-varying energy arrival due to EH patterns. We leverage two datasets, one to model energy an EH device can collect and the other to model the correlation between cameras. Furthermore, we compare the proposed solution performance to three baseline policies. Our results show that we can increase accuracy by 15% in comparison to conventional approaches while preventing outages

Virtual network function placement and routing for multicast service chaining using merged paths

This paper proposes a virtual network function placement and routing model for multicast service chaining based on merging multiple service paths (MSC-M). The multicast service chaining (MSC) is used for providing a network-virtualization based multicast service. The MSC sets up a multicast path, which connects a source node and multiple destination nodes. Virtual network functions (VNFs) are placed on the path so that users on the destination nodes receive their desired services. The conventional MSC model configures multicast paths for services, each of which has the same source data and the same set of VNFs in a predefined order. In the MSC-M model, if paths of different services carry the same data on the same link, these paths are allowed to be merged into one path at that link, which improves the utilization of network resources. The MSC-M model determines the placement of VNFs and the route of paths so that the total cost associated with VNF placement and link usage is minimized. The MSC-M model is formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) Problem. We prove that the decision version of VNF placement and routing problem based on the MSC-M model is NP-complete. A heuristic algorithm is introduced for the case that the ILP problem is intractable. Numerical results show that the MSC-M model reduces the total cost required to accommodate service chaining requests compared to the conventional MSC model. We discuss directions for extending the MSC-M model to an optical domain

Virtual Network Function Placement for Service Chaining by Relaxing Visit Order and Non-Loop Constraints

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a paradigm that virtualizes traditional network functions and instantiates Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) as software instances separate from hardware appliances. Service Chaining (SC), seen as one of the major NFV use cases, provides customized services to users by concatenating VNFs. A VNF placement model for SC that relaxes the visit order constraints of requested VNFs has been considered. Relaxing the VNF visit order constraints reduces the number of VNFs which need to be placed in the network. However, since the model does not permit any loop within an SC path, the efficiency of utilization of computation resources deteriorates in some topologies. This paper proposes a VNF placement model for SC which minimizes the cost for placing VNFs and utilizing link capacity while allowing both relaxation of VNF visit order constraints and configuration of SC paths including loops. The proposed model determines routes of requested SC paths, which can have loops, by introducing a logical layered network generated from an original physical network. This model is formulated as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem. A heuristic algorithm is introduced for the case that the ILP problem is not tractable. Simulation results show that the proposed model provides SC paths with smaller cost compared to the conventional model