Procedimiento conciliatorio en Colombia

La conciliación es uno de los mecanismos alternativos de solución de conflictos más importantes y desarrollados en Colombia. Pese a que las normas legales que rigen la materia son las mismas, en la práctica parece que los conciliadores y centros de conciliación aplican el procedimiento de manera diferente. El presente texto tiene como objetivo poner a disposición de las personas interesadas en la conciliación una descripción de las etapas que integran el procedimiento conciliatorio. El análisis jurídico del procedimiento empieza con los requisitos de la solicitud de conciliación y termina con el seguimiento que se debe hacer al resultado del servicio ofrecido. Para el desarrollo de la presente obra, se integra la legislación, la jurisprudencia y los conceptos de línea institucional del Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia con ejemplos sencillos que permiten un mejor entendimiento de los conceptos que se quieren dar a conocer

Reconsideration of Second Harmonic Generation from neat Air/Water Interface: Broken of Kleinman Symmetry from Dipolar Contribution

It has been generally accepted that there are significant quadrupolar and bulk contributions to the second harmonic generation (SHG) reflected from the neat air/water interface, as well as common liquid interfaces. Because there has been no general methodology to determine the quadrupolar and bulk contributions to the SHG signal from a liquid interface, this conclusion was reached based on the following two experimental phenomena. Namely, the broken of the macroscopic Kleinman symmetry, and the significant temperature dependence of the SHG signal from the neat air/water interface. However, because sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) measurement of the neat air/water interface observed no apparent temperature dependence, the temperature dependence in the SHG measurement has been reexamined and proven to be an experimental artifact. Here we present a complete microscopic analysis of the susceptibility tensors of the air/water interface, and show that dipolar contribution alone can be used to address the issue of broken of the macroscopic Kleinman symmetry at the neat air/water interface. Using this analysis, the orientation of the water molecules at the interface can be obtained, and it is consistent with the measurement from SFG-VS. Therefore, the key rationales to conclude significantly quadrupolar and bulk contributions to the SHG signal of the neat air/water interface can no longer be considered as valid as before. This new understanding of the air/water interface can shed light on our understanding of the nonlinear optical responses from other molecular interfaces as well

Lysyl oxidase is a strong determinant of tumor cell colonization in bone

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a secreted copper-dependent amine oxidase whose primary function is to drive collagen crosslinking and extracellular matrix stiffness. LOX in colorectal cancer synergizes with hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) to promote tumor progression. Here we investigated whether LOX/HIF1 endows colorectal cancer cells with full competence for aggressive colonization in bone. We show that a high LOX expression in primary tumors from patients with colorectal cancer was associated with poor clinical outcome, irrespective of HIF-1. In addition, LOX was expressed by tumor cells in the bone marrow from colorectal cancer patients with bone metastases. In vivo experimental studies show that LOX overexpression in colorectal cancer cells or systemic delivery of the conditioned medium from LOX-overexpressing colorectal cancer cells promoted tumor cell dissemination in the bone marrow and enhanced osteolytic lesion formation, irrespective of HIF-1. Conversely, silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of LOX activity blocked dissemination of colorectal cancer cells in the bone marrow and tumor-driven osteolytic lesion formation. In vitro, tumor-secreted LOX supported the attachment and survival of colorectal cancer cells to and in the bone matrix, and inhibited osteoblast differentiation. LOX overexpression in colorectal cancer cells also induced a robust production of IL6. In turn, both LOX and IL6 were acting in concert to promote RANKL-dependent osteoclast differentiation, thereby creating an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Collectively, our findings show that LOX supports colorectal cancer cell dissemination in the bone marrow and they reveal a novel mechanism through which LOX-driven IL6 production by colorectal cancer cells impairs bone homeostasi

The influence of socio-economic and surveillance characteristics on breast cancer survival: a French population-based study

Survival data on female invasive breast cancer with 9-year follow-up from five French cancer registries were analysed by logistic regression for prognostic factors of cancer stage. The Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test were used to estimate and compare the overall survival probability at 5 and 7 years, and at the endpoint. The Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis. County of residence, age group, occupational status, mammographic surveillance, gynaecological prevention consultations and the diagnosis mammography, whether within a screening framework or not, were independent prognostic factors of survival. Moreover, for the same age group, and only for cancers T2 and/or N+ (whether 1, 2 or 3) and M0, the prognosis was significantly better when the diagnosis mammography was done within the framework of screening. Socio-economic and surveillance characteristics are independent prognostic factors of both breast cancer stage at diagnosis and of survival. Screening mammography is an independent prognostic factor of survival

The Number of Genomic Copies at the 16p11.2 Locus Modulates Language, Verbal Memory, and Inhibition.

Deletions and duplications of the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus are prevalent copy number variations (CNVs), highly associated with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Beyond language and global cognition, neuropsychological assessments of these two CNVs have not yet been reported. This study investigates the relationship between the number of genomic copies at the 16p11.2 locus and cognitive domains assessed in 62 deletion carriers, 44 duplication carriers, and 71 intrafamilial control subjects. IQ is decreased in deletion and duplication carriers, but we demonstrate contrasting cognitive profiles in these reciprocal CNVs. Deletion carriers present with severe impairments of phonology and of inhibition skills beyond what is expected for their IQ level. In contrast, for verbal memory and phonology, the data may suggest that duplication carriers outperform intrafamilial control subjects with the same IQ level. This finding is reminiscent of special isolated skills as well as contrasting language performance observed in autism spectrum disorder. Some domains, such as visuospatial and working memory, are unaffected by the 16p11.2 locus beyond the effect of decreased IQ. Neuroimaging analyses reveal that measures of inhibition covary with neuroanatomic structures previously identified as sensitive to 16p11.2 CNVs. The simultaneous study of reciprocal CNVs suggests that the 16p11.2 genomic locus modulates specific cognitive skills according to the number of genomic copies. Further research is warranted to replicate these findings and elucidate the molecular mechanisms modulating these cognitive performances

A study of some fundamental physicochemical variables on the morphology of mesoporous silica nanoparticles MCM-41 type

[EN] All variables affecting the morphology of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) should be carefully analyzed in order to truly tailored design their mesoporous structure according to their final use. Although complete control on MCM-41 synthesis has been already claimed, reproducibility and repeatability of results remain a big issue due to the lack of information reported in literature. Stirring rate, reaction volume, and system configuration (i.e., opened or closed reactor) are three variables that are usually omitted, making the comparison of product characteristics difficult. Specifically, the rate of solvent evaporation is seldom disclosed, and its influence has not been previously analyzed. These variables were systematically studied in this work, and they were proven to have a fundamental impact on final particle morphology. Hence, a high degree of circularity (C = 0.97) and monodispersed particle size distributions were only achieved when a stirring speed of 500 rpm and a reaction scale of 500 mL were used in a partially opened system, for a 2 h reaction at 80 degrees C. Well-shaped spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 95 nm, a pore size of 2.8 nm, and a total surface area of 954 m(2) g(-1) were obtained. Final characteristics made this product suitable to be used in biomedicine and nanopharmaceutics, especially for the design of drug delivery systems.This study was funded partially by Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación–COLCIENCIAS (recipient, Angela A. Beltrán-Osuna); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO, research number MAT2016-76039-C4-1-R (Recipient, José L. Gómez-Ribelles); and Universidad Nacional de Colombia, grant number DIB201010021438 (Recipient, Jairo E. Perilla).Beltrán-Osuna, A.; Gómez Ribelles, JL.; Perilla-Perilla, JE. (2017). A study of some fundamental physicochemical variables on the morphology of mesoporous silica nanoparticles MCM-41 type. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 19(12):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-4077-2S1141912Barrabino A (2011) Synthesis of mesoporous silica particles with control of both pore diameter and particle size. Master Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, SwedenBastos FS, Lima OA, Filho CR, Fernandes LD (2011) Mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 synthesis from fluoride media. Brazilian. J Chem Eng 28:649–658Beck JS, Vartuli JC, Roth WJ, Leonowicz ME, Kresge CT, Schmitt KD, Chu CTW, Olson DH, Sheppard EW, McCullen SB, Higgins JB, Schlenker JL (1992) A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates. J Am Chem Soc 114(27):10834–10843. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00053a020Beltrán-Osuna AA, Perilla JE (2016) Colloidal and spherical mesoporous silica particles: synthesis and new technologies for delivery applications. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 77(2):480–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3874-2Bernardos A, Mondragón L, Aznar E et al (2010) Enzyme-responsive intracellular controlled release using nanometric silica mesoporous supports capped with “saccharides”. ACS Nano 4(11):6353–6368. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101499dBharti C, Nagaich U, Pal AK, Gulati N (2015) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in target drug delivery system: a review. Int J Pharm Investig 5(3):124–133. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973X.160844Brevet D, Hocine O, Delalande A, Raehm L, Charnay C, Midoux P, Durand JO, Pichon C (2014) Improved gene transfer with histidine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 471(1-2):197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.020Cai Q, Luo Z, Pang W et al (2001) Dilute solution routes to various controllable morphologies of MCM-41 silica with a basic medium. Chem Mater 13(2):258–263. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm990661zChakraborty I, Mascharak PK (2016) Mesoporous silica materials and nanoparticles as carriers for controlled and site-specific delivery of gaseous signaling molecules. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 234:409–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.07.028Chen L, Zhang Z, Yao X, Chen X, Chen X (2015a) Intracellular pH-operated mechanized mesoporous silica nanoparticles as potential drug carries. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 201:169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.09.023Chen X, Yao X, Wang C, Chen L, Chen X (2015b) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped with fluorescence-conjugated cyclodextrin for pH-activated controlled drug delivery and imaging. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 217:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.06.012Chen Y, Chen H, Shi J (2013) In vivo bio-safety evaluations and diagnostic / therapeutic applications of chemically designed mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Adv Mater 25(23):3144–3176. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201205292Chen Y, Shi X, Han B, Qin H, Li Z, Lu Y, Wang J, Kong Y (2012) The complete control for the nanosize of spherical MCM-41. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 12(9):7239–7249. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.6459Cheng Y-J, Zeng X, Cheng D-B, Xu XD, Zhang XZ, Zhuo RX, He F (2016) Functional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for highly controllable drug release and synergistic therapy. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 145:217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.051Crommelin DJA, Florence AT (2013) Towards more effective advanced drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 454(1):496–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.020Edler KJ (1997) Synthesis and characterisation of the mesoporous molecular sieve, MCM-41. Doctoral dissertation, The Australian National University, AustraliaGuo Z, Liu X-M, Ma L, Li J, Zhang H, Gao YP, Yuan Y (2013) Effects of particle morphology, pore size and surface coating of mesoporous silica on naproxen dissolution rate enhancement. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 101:228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.026Han N, Wang Y, Bai J, Liu J, Wang Y, Gao Y, Jiang T, Kang W, Wang S (2016) Facile synthesis of the lipid bilayer coated mesoporous silica nanocomposites and their application in drug delivery. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 219:209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.08.006Hu X, Wang Y, Peng B (2014) Chitosan-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles as pH-responsive nanocarriers for controlled drug release. Chem - An Asian J 9(1):319–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201301105Huh S, Wiench JW, Yoo J et al (2003) Organic functionalization and morphology control of mesoporous silicas via a co-condensation synthesis method. Chem Mater 15(22):4247–4256. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0210041Ikari K, Suzuki K, Imai H (2006) Structural control of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in a binary surfactant system. Langmuir 22(2):802–806. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0525527Iliade P, Miletto I, Coluccia S, Berlier G (2012) Functionalization of mesoporous MCM-41 with aminopropyl groups by co-condensation and grafting: a physico-chemical characterization. Res Chem Intermed 38(3-5):785–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-011-0417-5IUPAC (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems. Pure Appl Chem 57:603–619IUPAC (2014) Compendium of chemical terminology-gold book, 2.3.3. International Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryKhezri K, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Sarsabili M, Sobani M, Mirshafiei-Langari SA (2014) Spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles/tailor-made polystyrene nanocomposites by in situ reverse atom transfer radical polymerization. Polym Sci Ser B 56(6):909–918. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1560090414660026Kresge CT, Leonowicz ME, Roth WJ, Vartuli JC, Beck JS (1992) Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism. Nature 359(6397):710–712. https://doi.org/10.1038/359710a0Lelong G, Bhattacharyya S, Kline S, Cacciaguerra T, Gonzalez MA, Saboungi ML (2008) Effect of surfactant concentration on the morphology and texture of MCM-41 materials. J Phys Chem C 112(29):10674–10680. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp800898nLv X, Zhang L, Xing F, Lin H (2016) Controlled synthesis of monodispersed mesoporous silica nanoparticles: particle size tuning and formation mechanism investigation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 225:238–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.12.024Mamaeva V, Sahlgren C, Lindén M (2013) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in medicine: recent advances. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65(5):689–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.018Manzano M, Aina V, Areán CO, Balas F, Cauda V, Colilla M, Delgado MR, Vallet-Regí M (2008) Studies on MCM-41 mesoporous silica for drug delivery: effect of particle morphology and amine functionalization. Chem Eng J 137(1):30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.07.078Merkus HG (2009) Particle size measurements: fundamentals, practice, quality. Springer Science +Businees Media B.V, The NetherlandsMorishige K, Fujii H, Uga M, Kinukawa D (1997) Capillary critical point of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, ethylene, and carbon dioxide in MCM-41. Langmuir 13(13):3494–3498. https://doi.org/10.1021/la970079ude Padua Oliveira DC, de Barros ALB, Belardi RM et al (2016) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a potential vaccine adjuvant against Schistosoma mansoni. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 35:234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2016.07.002Phillips E, Penate-Medina O, Zanzonico PB, Carvajal RD, Mohan P, Ye Y, Humm J, Gonen M, Kalaigian H, Schoder H, Strauss HW, Larson SM, Wiesner U, Bradbury MS (2014) Clinical translation of an ultrasmall inorganic optical-PET imaging nanoparticle probe. Sci Transl Med 6(260):260ra149. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3009524Qu F, Zhu G, Lin H, Zhang W, Sun J, Li S, Qiu S (2006) A controlled release of ibuprofen by systematically tailoring the morphology of mesoporous silica materials. J Solid State Chem 179(7):2027–2035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2006.04.002Rafi AA, Mahkam M, Davaran S, Hamishehkar H (2016) A smart pH-responsive nano-carrier as a drug delivery system: a hybrid system comprised of mesoporous nanosilica MCM-41 (as a nano-container) & a pH-sensitive polymer (as smart reversible gatekeepers): preparation, characterization and in vitro releas. Eur J Pharm Sci 93:64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.005Rouquerol J, Rouquerol F, Llewellyn P, et al (2014) Adsorption by powders and porous solids: principles, methodology and applications. Elsevier Ltd.Selvam P, Bhatia SK, Sonwane CG (2001) Recent advances in processing and characterization of periodic mesoporous MCM-41 silicate molecular sieves. Ind Eng Chem Res 40(15):3237–3261. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0010666Shi YT, Cheng HY, Geng Y, Nan HM, Chen W, Cai Q, Chen BH, Sun XD, Yao YW, Li HD (2010) The size-controllable synthesis of nanometer-sized mesoporous silica in extremely dilute surfactant solution. Mater Chem Phys 120(1):193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.10.045Shibata H, Chiba Y, Kineri T, Matsumoto M, Nishio K (2010) The effect of heat treatment on the interplanar spacing of the mesostructure during the synthesis of mesoporous MCM-41 silica. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 358(1-3):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.12.020Slowing II, Vivero-Escoto JL, Wu C-W, Lin VSY (2008) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as controlled release drug delivery and gene transfection carriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(11):1278–1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.012Sun R, Wang W, Wen Y, Zhang X (2015) Recent advance on mesoporous silica nanoparticles-based controlled release system: intelligent switches open up. Nano 5(4):2019–2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano5042019U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2015) Cancer Nanotechnology PlanUkmar T, Maver U, Planinšek O, Kaučič V, Gaberšček M, Godec A (2011) Understanding controlled drug release from mesoporous silicates: theory and experiment. J Control Release 155(3):409–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.038Vallet-Regi M, Arcos Navarrete D (2016) Nanoceramics in clinical use, 1st edn. The Royal Society of Chemistry, CambridgeVallet-Regi M, Rámila A, Del Real RP, Pérez-Pariente J (2001) A new property of MCM-41: drug delivery system. Chem Mater 13(2):308–311. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0011559Varga N, Benko M, Sebok D et al (2015) Mesoporous silica core-shell composite functionalized with polyelectrolytes for drug delivery. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 213:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.02.008Wang Y, Zhao Q, Han N, Bai L, Li J, Liu J, Che E, Hu L, Zhang Q, Jiang T, Wang S (2015) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in drug delivery and biomedical applications. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 11(2):313–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2014.09.014Wanyika H, Gatebe E, Kioni P et al (2011) Synthesis and characterization of ordered mesoporous silica nanoparticles with tunable physical properties by varying molar composition of reagents. African J Pharm Pharmacol 5(21):2402–2410. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.592Wu SH, Mou CY, Lin HP (2013) Synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 42(9):3862–3875. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs35405aXu X, Lü S, Gao C, Wang X, Bai X, Gao N, Liu M (2015a) Facile preparation of pH-sensitive and self-fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles modified with PAMAM dendrimers for label-free imaging and drug delivery. Chem Eng J 266:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.075Xu X, Lü S, Gao C, Wang X, Bai X, Duan H, Gao N, Feng C, Liu M (2015b) Polymeric micelle-coated mesop orous silica nanoparticle for enhanced fluorescent imaging and pH-responsive drug delivery. Chem Eng J 279:851–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.05.085Xu X, Lü S, Gao C, Feng C, Wu C, Bai X, Gao N, Wang Z, Liu M (2016) Self-fluorescent and stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles using a double-role curcumin gatekeeper for drug delivery. Chem Eng J 300:185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.087Yang Y, Yu C (2015) Advances in silica based nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Nanomedicine nanotechnology. Biol Med 12(2):317–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.018Zhang H, Tong C, Sha J, Liu B, Lü C (2015) Fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized graphene oxide: a facile FRET-based ratiometric probe for Hg2+. Sensors Actuators B Chem 206:181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.09.051Zhou C, Yan C, Zhao J, Wang H, Zhou Q, Luo W (2016) Rapid synthesis of morphology-controlled mesoporous silica nanoparticles from silica fume. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 62:307–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.01.03