17 research outputs found

    Tracking the Endosomal Escape: A Closer Look at Calcein and Related Reporters

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    Crossing the cellular membrane and delivering active pharmaceuticals or biologicals into the cytosol of cells is an essential step in the development of nanomedicines. One of the most important intracellular processes regarding the cellular uptake of biologicals is the endolysosomal pathway. Sophisticated nanocarriers are developed to overcome a major hurdle, the endosomal entrapment, and delivering their cargo to the required site of action. In parallel, in vitro assays are established analyzing the performance of these nanocarriers. Among them, the release of the membrane‐impermeable dye calcein has become a popular and straightforward method. It is accessible for most researchers worldwide, allows for rapid conclusions about the release potential, and enables the study of release mechanisms. This review is intended to provide an overview and guidance for scientists applying the calcein release assay. It comprises a survey of several applications in the study of endosomal escape, considerations of potential pitfalls, challenges, and limitations of the assay, and a brief summary of complementary methods. Based on this review, it is hoped to encourage further research groups to take advantage of the calcein release assay for their own purposes and help to create a database for more efficient cross‐correlations between nanocarriers

    Detection of Splenic Tissue Using Tc-99m-Labelled Denatured Red Blood Cells Scintigraphy-A Quantitative Single Center Analysis

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    Background: Red blood cells (RBC) scintigraphy can be used not only for detection of bleeding sites, but also of spleen tissue. However, there is no established quantitative readout. Therefore, we investigated uptake in suspected splenic lesions in direct quantitative correlation to sites of physiologic uptake in order to objectify the readout. Methods: 20 patients with Tc-99m-labelled RBC scintigraphy and SPECT/low-dose CT for assessment of suspected splenic tissue were included. Lesions were rated as vital splenic or non-splenic tissue, and uptake and physiologic uptake of bone marrow, pancreas, and spleen were then quantified using a volume-of-interest based approach. Hepatic uptake served as a reference. Results: The median uptake ratio was significantly higher in splenic (2.82 (range, 0.58-24.10), n = 47) compared to other lesions (0.49 (0.01-0.83), n = 7), p < 0.001, and 5 lesions were newly discovered. The median pancreatic uptake was 0.09 (range 0.03-0.67), bone marrow 0.17 (0.03-0.45), and orthotopic spleen 14.45 (3.04-29.82). Compared to orthotopic spleens, the pancreas showed lowest uptake (0.09 vs. 14.45, p = 0.004). Based on pancreatic uptake we defined a cutoff (0.75) to distinguish splenic from other tissues. Conclusion: As the uptake in extra-splenic regions is invariably low compared to splenules, it can be used as comparator for evaluating suspected splenic tissues

    Assessment of perfusion deficit with early phases of [18F]PI-2620 tau-PET versus [18F]flutemetamol-amyloid-PET recordings.

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    PURPOSE Characteristic features of amyloid-PET (A), tau-PET (T), and FDG-PET (N) can serve for the A/T/N classification of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies showed that the early, perfusion-weighted phases of amyloid- or tau-PET recordings serve to detect cerebrometabolic deficits equally to FDG-PET, therefore providing a surrogate of neuronal injury. As such, two channels of diagnostic information can be obtained in the setting of a single PET scan. However, there has hitherto been no comparison of early-phase amyloid- and tau-PET as surrogates for deficits in perfusion/metabolism. Therefore, we undertook to compare [18F]flutemetamol-amyloid-PET and [18F]PI-2620 tau-PET as "one-stop shop" dual purpose tracers for the detection of neurodegenerative disease. METHODS We obtained early-phase PET recordings with [18F]PI-2620 (0.5-2.5 min p.i.) and [18F]flutemetamol (0-10 min p.i.) in 64 patients with suspected neurodegenerative disease. We contrasted global mean normalized images (SUVr) in the patients with a normal cohort of 15 volunteers without evidence of increased pathology to ÎČ-amyloid- and tau-PET examinations. Regional group differences of tracer uptake (z-scores) of 246 Brainnetome volumes of interest were calculated for both tracers, and the correlations of the z-scores were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Lobar compartments, regions with significant neuronal injury (z-scores <  - 3), and patients with different neurodegenerative disease entities (e.g., Alzheimer's disease or 4R-tauopathies) served for subgroup analysis. Additionally, we used partial regression to correlate regional perfusion alterations with clinical scores in cognition tests. RESULTS The z-scores of perfusion-weighted images of both tracers showed high correlations across the brain, especially in the frontal and parietal lobes, which were the brain regions with pronounced perfusion deficit in the patient group (R = 0.83 ± 0.08; range, 0.61-0.95). Z-scores of individual patients correlated well by region (R = 0.57 ± 0.15; range, 0.16-0.90), notably when significant perfusion deficits were present (R = 0.66 ± 0.15; range, 0.28-0.90). CONCLUSION The early perfusion phases of [18F]PI-2620 tau- and [18F]flutemetamol-amyloid-PET are roughly equivalent indices of perfusion defect indicative of regional and lobar neuronal injury in patients with various neurodegenerative diseases. As such, either tracer may serve for two diagnostic channels by assessment of amyloid/tau status and neuronal activity

    Dosimetry and optimal scan time of 18FSiTATE-PET/CT in patients with neuroendocrine tumours

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    PURPOSE Radiolabelled somatostatin analogues targeting somatostatin receptors (SSR) are well established for combined positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) imaging of neuroendocrine tumours (NET). 18FSiTATE has recently been introduced showing high image quality, promising clinical performance and improved logistics compared to the clinical reference standard 68Ga-DOTA-TOC. Here we present the first dosimetry and optimal scan time analysis. METHODS Eight NET patients received a 18FSiTATE-PET/CT (250 ± 66~MBq) with repeated emission scans (10, 30, 60, 120, 180~min after injection). Biodistribution in normal organs and SSR-positive tumour uptake were assessed. Dosimetry estimates for risk organs were determined using a combined linear-monoexponential model, and by applying 18F S-values and reference target masses for the ICRP89 adult male or female (OLINDA 2.0). Tumour-to-background ratios were compared quantitatively and visually between different scan times. RESULTS After 1 h, normal organs showed similar tracer uptake with only negligible changes until 3 h post-injection. In contrast, tracer uptake by tumours increased progressively for almost all types of metastases, thus increasing tumour-to-background ratios over time. Dosimetry resulted in a total effective dose of 0.015 ± 0.004~mSv/MBq. Visual evaluation revealed no clinically relevant discrepancies between later scan times, but image quality was rated highest in 60 and 120~min images. CONCLUSION 18FSiTATE-PET/CT in NET shows overall high tumour-to-background ratios from 60 to 180~min after injection and an effective dose comparable to 68Ga-labelled alternatives. For clinical use of 18FSiTATE, the best compromise between image quality and tumour-to-background contrast is reached at 120~min, followed by 60~min after injection

    Millimeter-Wave Radio-over-Fiber Links based on Mode-Locked Laser Diodes

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    Radio communications in the range of 60 GHz enable multi-Gigabit/s network access in indoor environments. Due to the propagation characteristics of such signals only very short range radio transmission is feasible. In order to distribute these signals across large distances, analog transmission over optical fiber is considered. In this work, mode-locked laser diodes serve as optoelectronic oscillators for the generation of such signals. Their system-relevant properties are studied in detail

    Etude systÚme de diodes lasers à verrouillage de modes pour la radio-sur-fibre en bande millimétrique

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    Die vorliegende Dissertation steht im Zusammenhang mit der Suche nach wirtschaftlichtragfĂ€higen Lösungen zum Aufbau hochdatenratiger Heimnetzwerke(einige Gbps bis einige zehn Gbps), so genannter Personal area-Netzwerke imMillimeterwellenbereich um 60 GHz. Sollen diese Netze eine große Anzahl vonNutzern versorgen, wird eine Vielzahl von Zugangspunkten - also Antennenmodulen- benötigt, um den drahtlosen Netzanschluss zu ermöglichen. Um dieKosten eines Antennenmoduls soweit wie möglich zu senken, sollen die Netzequasi "abstrahlfertige" Signale an die Module liefern, d. h. auf TrĂ€gerfrequenzenim Millimeterwellenbereich. Glasfaserbasierte Verteilsysteme werden dankihrer geringen Leitungsverluste und ihrer hohen Bandbreite diesem Anspruchgerecht. Man spricht hier vom so genannten Radio-over-fiber-Ansatz, wobei dasanaloge Signal von einer optischen Welle zum Zugangspunkt transportiert wird.Die Herausforderung liegt hierbei in der Generierung und Modulation eines optischenSignals mit einem Nutzsignal imMillimeterwellenbereich - und das unterVerwendung möglichst kostengĂŒnstiger Komponenten. Die hier vorgeschlageneTechnik basiert auf der Nutzung von modengekoppelten Laserdioden, welcheallein bei Gleichstromversorgung Signale bei hohen Frequenzen erzeugen undsowohl direkt als auch extern moduliert werden können. Die Dioden, welche hierzur Verwendung kommen, basieren auf so genannten Quantenpunkten (englisch:quantum dot/quantum dash); es sind Strukturen, die selbst noch Gegenstand intensiverphysikalischer Forschung sind. Signale bei Frequenzen um 60 GHz könnenleicht von diesen Lasern erzeugt werden, wenn auch bisher nur bei begrenzterFrequenz- und PhasenstabilitĂ€t. Im Kontext von Radio-over-fiber-Systemenwurden diese Strukturen noch nicht untersucht.Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden mehrere Aspekte betrachtet. Eine ersteSystemstudie behandelt die grundlegendenEigenschaften eines Systems, welchesauf dieser Art von Lasern basiert (verfĂŒgbare Leistung, Rauschzahl, LinearitĂ€tusw.). Eine zweite Untersuchung ist der Erforschung von Ausbreitungseffektenwie etwa Dispersion gewidmet, welche die erreichbaren Entfernungen maßgeblichbeeinflusst. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis beider Studien ist die Relevanzeiner Begrenzung des Laserspektrums auf wenige Moden zur Optimierung vonGewinn, Hochfrequenz-Leistung und Rauschzahl. Eine dritte Studie untersuchtdie Frequenz-und die PhasenstabilitĂ€t, welche sich als kritisch fĂŒr die ÜbertragungsqualitĂ€terweisen. Die Untersuchung von mehreren Generationen von modengekoppeltenQuantenpunktlasern hat ergeben, dass das Problem des FrequenzundPhasenrauschens fortbesteht und nicht auf konventionellem Weg wie z.B.durch die Verwendung von klassischen Phasenregelkreisen gelöst werden kann.Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde eine Lösung fĂŒr dieses Problem gefunden, welcheerstens eine bessere Feineinstellung der Frequenz erlaubt (Genauigkeit von Hzbis kHz), als sie durch den Laserfertigungsprozess gegeben ist (Genauigkeit vonGHz), und zweitens eine Stabilisierung von Frequenz und Phase ermöglicht.This dissertation is related to the search for an economically sustainable solutionfor high data rate (several Gbps to several tens of Gbps) personal area networksoperating in the millimeter-wave region around 60 GHz. If such networks supplya large number of users, they need to encompass a multitude of antenna pointsin order to assure wireless access to the network. With the aim of reducing thecost of an antenna module, the networks should at best provide quasi "readyto-radiate" signals to the modules, i.e. at millimeter-wave carrier frequencies.Thanks to their low transmission loss and their high bandwidth, optical fiber distributionarchitectures represent a promising solution. The technique is referredto as the so-called "radio-over-fiber" approach whereby the analog radio signalwill be transported to the access point by an optical wave. The challenge herebyis the generation and modulation of an optical signal by a millimeter-wave radiosignal using preferably cost-efficient system components. The technique proposedherein is based on the use of mode-locked laser diodes which can generatesignals at very high frequencies under the condition of continuous current supply.Mode-locked laser diodes can be modulated both directly and externally. Thediodes employed in this work are based on so-called quantum dots (or quantumdashes); these are material structures which are themselves still subject to intensivephysical research. Signals at millimeter-wave frequencies (around 60 GHz)can easily be generated by such lasers. However, their frequency and phase stabilityis as yet limited. In the context of radio-over-fiber communication systems,these structures have not yet been studied in detail.In the course of this dissertation, several aspects are considered. A first systemstudy treats the basic properties of a system built from this type of laser source(available signal power, system noise figure, linearity etc.). A second study isdevoted to an investigation of propagation effects like dispersion, which considerablyinfluence the attainable transmission distances. An essential result of bothstudies is the importance of limiting the laser spectrum to a small number of lasermodes for an optimization of link gain, generated RF power, and system noisefigure. A third study deals with the limited frequency and phase stability whichturn out to be critical factors for transmission quality. The study of several generationsof quantum dot/dash lasers has revealed that the problems of frequencyand phase noise persist and cannot be solved using classical techniques involvinge.g. conventional phase-locked loops. In this dissertation, a solution is presentedwhich not only allows a more precise adjustment of the laser frequency (precisionin the order of Hz to kHz) than that given by the manufacturing process of thelaser (precision in the order of GHz), but also enables a stabilization of frequencyand phase.Ce travail de thĂšse s’inscrit dans la recherche des solutions Ă©conomiquementviables pour des rĂ©seaux personnels Ă  hauts dĂ©bits (plusieurs Gbps Ă  plusieursdizaines de Gbps) opĂ©rationnels en bande millimĂ©trique autour de 60 GHz. Aucas oĂč ces rĂ©seaux servent un nombre Ă©levĂ© d’utilisateurs, ils comprendront unemultitude d’antennes afin d’assurer l’accĂšs sans fil rapide. Afin de rĂ©duire aumaximum le coĂ»t d’un module d’antenne, les rĂ©seaux doivent fournir un signalanalogue Ă  des porteuses millimetriques. Une solution prometteuse pour les systĂšmesde distribution qui correspond Ă  ces besoins sont des structures Ă  fibreoptique, laquelle permet une transmission Ă  faibles pertes et Ă  haute bande passante.On parle de l’approche "radio-sur-fibre" (en anglais, radio-over-fiber). LaproblĂ©matique est de pouvoir gĂ©nĂ©rer et moduler un signal aux frĂ©quences millimĂ©triqueslors de la transmission optique - et ce avec des composant bas coĂ»ts.La technique utilisĂ©e dans le cadre de cette thĂšse est l’emploi des diodes laser Ă verrouillage de modes. Ces derniers vont pouvoir gĂ©nĂ©rer des hautes frĂ©quencestout en ne nĂ©cessitant qu’une alimentation continue, et ils peuvent ĂȘtre modulĂ©sde maniĂšre directe ou externe. Les lasers Ă  semi-conducteurs employĂ©s ici sontd’une gĂ©nĂ©ration encore Ă  l’état d’étude puisqu’il s’agit des lasers Ă  boites (ouĂźlots) quantiques. Ces lasers ont montrĂ©s de trĂšs bonnes capacitĂ©s Ă  gĂ©nĂ©rer dessignaux Ă©lectriques aux frĂ©quences autour de 60 GHz, bien qu’ayant encore, pourl’instant, Ă  une stabilitĂ© de frĂ©quence (ou de phase) limitĂ©e. Dans le cadre des systĂšmesde communication opto/micro-ondes, peu de travaux approfondis ont Ă©tĂ©menĂ©s sur ces structures.Au cours de cette thĂšse, plusieurs Ă©tudes ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es. La premiĂšre portesur les propriĂ©tĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©rales d’un systĂšme construit Ă  partir de ce type de laser(puissances disponibles, figure de bruit, linĂ©aritĂ© etc.). Une deuxiĂšme Ă©tude aĂ©tĂ© consacrĂ©e aux effets de la propagation des signaux dans les systĂšmes basĂ©ssur les lasers Ă  verrouillage de modes, notamment de la dispersion chromatiquelaquelle a un effet considĂ©rable sur les distances de transmission. Les deux Ă©tudesmettent en avant l’importance d’une limitation du nombre de modes gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s parla diode laser afin d’optimiser non seulement le gain du lien et la puissance RFrĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©e, mais aussi la figure de bruit du systĂšme. Lors d’une troisiĂšme Ă©tude, lastabilitĂ© en frĂ©quence/phase s’est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e critique, car le bruit de frĂ©quence/phaselimite la qualitĂ© de la transmission en introduisant un plancher d’erreur mĂȘmepour des rapports signal-a-bruit trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s. Des diffĂ©rentes gĂ©nĂ©rations de lasersĂ  boites (Ăźlots) quantiques et Ă  verrouillage de modes ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es. Le problĂšmedu bruit de frĂ©quence et de phase persiste et ne peut pas ĂȘtre rĂ©solu en utilisantles techniques classiques comme les boucles Ă  verrouillage de phase conventionnelles.Une solution pour ce problĂšme a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour les systĂšmes detransmission; elle permet simultanĂ©ment un ajustement de frĂ©quence supĂ©rieure(prĂ©cision de quelques Hz Ă  quelques kHz) Ă  celle donnĂ©e par le processus de fabricationdes diodes lasers (prĂ©cision de quelques GHz), ainsi qu’une stabilisationde frĂ©quence et de phase

    Millimeter-wave Radio-over-fiber Links based on Mode-Locked Laser Diodes

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    Ce travail de thĂšse s’inscrit dans la recherche des solutions Ă©conomiquementviables pour des rĂ©seaux personnels Ă  hauts dĂ©bits (plusieurs Gbps Ă  plusieursdizaines de Gbps) opĂ©rationnels en bande millimĂ©trique autour de 60 GHz. Aucas oĂč ces rĂ©seaux servent un nombre Ă©levĂ© d’utilisateurs, ils comprendront unemultitude d’antennes afin d’assurer l’accĂšs sans fil rapide. Afin de rĂ©duire aumaximum le coĂ»t d’un module d’antenne, les rĂ©seaux doivent fournir un signalanalogue Ă  des porteuses millimetriques. Une solution prometteuse pour les systĂšmesde distribution qui correspond Ă  ces besoins sont des structures Ă  fibreoptique, laquelle permet une transmission Ă  faibles pertes et Ă  haute bande passante.On parle de l’approche "radio-sur-fibre" (en anglais, radio-over-fiber). LaproblĂ©matique est de pouvoir gĂ©nĂ©rer et moduler un signal aux frĂ©quences millimĂ©triqueslors de la transmission optique - et ce avec des composant bas coĂ»ts.La technique utilisĂ©e dans le cadre de cette thĂšse est l’emploi des diodes laser Ă verrouillage de modes. Ces derniers vont pouvoir gĂ©nĂ©rer des hautes frĂ©quencestout en ne nĂ©cessitant qu’une alimentation continue, et ils peuvent ĂȘtre modulĂ©sde maniĂšre directe ou externe. Les lasers Ă  semi-conducteurs employĂ©s ici sontd’une gĂ©nĂ©ration encore Ă  l’état d’étude puisqu’il s’agit des lasers Ă  boites (ouĂźlots) quantiques. Ces lasers ont montrĂ©s de trĂšs bonnes capacitĂ©s Ă  gĂ©nĂ©rer dessignaux Ă©lectriques aux frĂ©quences autour de 60 GHz, bien qu’ayant encore, pourl’instant, Ă  une stabilitĂ© de frĂ©quence (ou de phase) limitĂ©e. Dans le cadre des systĂšmesde communication opto/micro-ondes, peu de travaux approfondis ont Ă©tĂ©menĂ©s sur ces structures.Au cours de cette thĂšse, plusieurs Ă©tudes ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es. La premiĂšre portesur les propriĂ©tĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©rales d’un systĂšme construit Ă  partir de ce type de laser(puissances disponibles, figure de bruit, linĂ©aritĂ© etc.). Une deuxiĂšme Ă©tude aĂ©tĂ© consacrĂ©e aux effets de la propagation des signaux dans les systĂšmes basĂ©ssur les lasers Ă  verrouillage de modes, notamment de la dispersion chromatiquelaquelle a un effet considĂ©rable sur les distances de transmission. Les deux Ă©tudesmettent en avant l’importance d’une limitation du nombre de modes gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s parla diode laser afin d’optimiser non seulement le gain du lien et la puissance RFrĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©e, mais aussi la figure de bruit du systĂšme. Lors d’une troisiĂšme Ă©tude, lastabilitĂ© en frĂ©quence/phase s’est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e critique, car le bruit de frĂ©quence/phaselimite la qualitĂ© de la transmission en introduisant un plancher d’erreur mĂȘmepour des rapports signal-a-bruit trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s. Des diffĂ©rentes gĂ©nĂ©rations de lasersĂ  boites (Ăźlots) quantiques et Ă  verrouillage de modes ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es. Le problĂšmedu bruit de frĂ©quence et de phase persiste et ne peut pas ĂȘtre rĂ©solu en utilisantles techniques classiques comme les boucles Ă  verrouillage de phase conventionnelles.Une solution pour ce problĂšme a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour les systĂšmes detransmission; elle permet simultanĂ©ment un ajustement de frĂ©quence supĂ©rieure(prĂ©cision de quelques Hz Ă  quelques kHz) Ă  celle donnĂ©e par le processus de fabricationdes diodes lasers (prĂ©cision de quelques GHz), ainsi qu’une stabilisationde frĂ©quence et de phase.This dissertation is related to the search for an economically sustainable solutionfor high data rate (several Gbps to several tens of Gbps) personal area networksoperating in the millimeter-wave region around 60 GHz. If such networks supplya large number of users, they need to encompass a multitude of antenna pointsin order to assure wireless access to the network. With the aim of reducing thecost of an antenna module, the networks should at best provide quasi "readyto-radiate" signals to the modules, i.e. at millimeter-wave carrier frequencies.Thanks to their low transmission loss and their high bandwidth, optical fiber distributionarchitectures represent a promising solution. The technique is referredto as the so-called "radio-over-fiber" approach whereby the analog radio signalwill be transported to the access point by an optical wave. The challenge herebyis the generation and modulation of an optical signal by a millimeter-wave radiosignal using preferably cost-efficient system components. The technique proposedherein is based on the use of mode-locked laser diodes which can generatesignals at very high frequencies under the condition of continuous current supply.Mode-locked laser diodes can be modulated both directly and externally. Thediodes employed in this work are based on so-called quantum dots (or quantumdashes); these are material structures which are themselves still subject to intensivephysical research. Signals at millimeter-wave frequencies (around 60 GHz)can easily be generated by such lasers. However, their frequency and phase stabilityis as yet limited. In the context of radio-over-fiber communication systems,these structures have not yet been studied in detail.In the course of this dissertation, several aspects are considered. A first systemstudy treats the basic properties of a system built from this type of laser source(available signal power, system noise figure, linearity etc.). A second study isdevoted to an investigation of propagation effects like dispersion, which considerablyinfluence the attainable transmission distances. An essential result of bothstudies is the importance of limiting the laser spectrum to a small number of lasermodes for an optimization of link gain, generated RF power, and system noisefigure. A third study deals with the limited frequency and phase stability whichturn out to be critical factors for transmission quality. The study of several generationsof quantum dot/dash lasers has revealed that the problems of frequencyand phase noise persist and cannot be solved using classical techniques involvinge.g. conventional phase-locked loops. In this dissertation, a solution is presentedwhich not only allows a more precise adjustment of the laser frequency (precisionin the order of Hz to kHz) than that given by the manufacturing process of thelaser (precision in the order of GHz), but also enables a stabilization of frequencyand phase.Die vorliegende Dissertation steht im Zusammenhang mit der Suche nach wirtschaftlichtragfĂ€higen Lösungen zum Aufbau hochdatenratiger Heimnetzwerke(einige Gbps bis einige zehn Gbps), so genannter Personal area-Netzwerke imMillimeterwellenbereich um 60 GHz. Sollen diese Netze eine große Anzahl vonNutzern versorgen, wird eine Vielzahl von Zugangspunkten - also Antennenmodulen- benötigt, um den drahtlosen Netzanschluss zu ermöglichen. Um dieKosten eines Antennenmoduls soweit wie möglich zu senken, sollen die Netzequasi "abstrahlfertige" Signale an die Module liefern, d. h. auf TrĂ€gerfrequenzenim Millimeterwellenbereich. Glasfaserbasierte Verteilsysteme werden dankihrer geringen Leitungsverluste und ihrer hohen Bandbreite diesem Anspruchgerecht. Man spricht hier vom so genannten Radio-over-fiber-Ansatz, wobei dasanaloge Signal von einer optischen Welle zum Zugangspunkt transportiert wird.Die Herausforderung liegt hierbei in der Generierung und Modulation eines optischenSignals mit einem Nutzsignal imMillimeterwellenbereich - und das unterVerwendung möglichst kostengĂŒnstiger Komponenten. Die hier vorgeschlageneTechnik basiert auf der Nutzung von modengekoppelten Laserdioden, welcheallein bei Gleichstromversorgung Signale bei hohen Frequenzen erzeugen undsowohl direkt als auch extern moduliert werden können. Die Dioden, welche hierzur Verwendung kommen, basieren auf so genannten Quantenpunkten (englisch:quantum dot/quantum dash); es sind Strukturen, die selbst noch Gegenstand intensiverphysikalischer Forschung sind. Signale bei Frequenzen um 60 GHz könnenleicht von diesen Lasern erzeugt werden, wenn auch bisher nur bei begrenzterFrequenz- und PhasenstabilitĂ€t. Im Kontext von Radio-over-fiber-Systemenwurden diese Strukturen noch nicht untersucht.Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden mehrere Aspekte betrachtet. Eine ersteSystemstudie behandelt die grundlegendenEigenschaften eines Systems, welchesauf dieser Art von Lasern basiert (verfĂŒgbare Leistung, Rauschzahl, LinearitĂ€tusw.). Eine zweite Untersuchung ist der Erforschung von Ausbreitungseffektenwie etwa Dispersion gewidmet, welche die erreichbaren Entfernungen maßgeblichbeeinflusst. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis beider Studien ist die Relevanzeiner Begrenzung des Laserspektrums auf wenige Moden zur Optimierung vonGewinn, Hochfrequenz-Leistung und Rauschzahl. Eine dritte Studie untersuchtdie Frequenz-und die PhasenstabilitĂ€t, welche sich als kritisch fĂŒr die ÜbertragungsqualitĂ€terweisen. Die Untersuchung von mehreren Generationen von modengekoppeltenQuantenpunktlasern hat ergeben, dass das Problem des FrequenzundPhasenrauschens fortbesteht und nicht auf konventionellem Weg wie z.B.durch die Verwendung von klassischen Phasenregelkreisen gelöst werden kann.Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde eine Lösung fĂŒr dieses Problem gefunden, welcheerstens eine bessere Feineinstellung der Frequenz erlaubt (Genauigkeit von Hzbis kHz), als sie durch den Laserfertigungsprozess gegeben ist (Genauigkeit vonGHz), und zweitens eine Stabilisierung von Frequenz und Phase ermöglicht

    PLL-Stabilized Optical Communications in Millimeter-Wave RoF Systems

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    International audienc

    Sideband stabilization in the presence of LO phase noise: analysis and system demonstrator

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    International audienceWe present a technique allowing the stabilization and tuning of a modulation sideband in the presence of high carrier frequency jitter and increased carrier phase noise. This technique is of particular interest in communication systems where oscillators providing the carrier signal cannot be stabilized by a conventional phase-locked loop, such as systems relying on low-cost optical LO generation techniques. The results obtained in simulation are validated by measurements carried out on a modular system demonstrator. Index Terms-frequency jitter, phase noise, phase-locked loop, radio-over-fiber systems, mode-locked lasers
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