NOVAS OPÇÕES DE SUBSTRATOS PARA O CULTIVO DE Cyrtopodium cardiochilum (ORCHIDACEAE)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos no cultivo da espécie Cyrtopodium cardiochilum (Orchidaceae). As mudas foram cultivadas em vasos de polietileno, em casa de vegetação com tela de sombreamento de polipropileno de 60% de luminosidade. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de brita de gnaisse (granulometria variando de 8 15 mm), argila expandida (15 22 mm de diâmetro), seixo rolado (8 15 mm), casca de coco em cubos (coxim) e vermiculita. Foram analisadas também as combinações de brita e argila expandida, brita e seixo, argila expandida e seixo, na proporção 1:1 (v/v); brita, argila expandida e seixo na proporção 1:1:1 (v/v/v); e brita, argila expandida, seixo e vermiculita na proporção 1:1:1:1 (v/v/v/v). Após seis meses de instalação do experimento foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura das plantas, diâmetro dos pseudobulbos, número de folhas, produção de massa de matéria seca total (MST), da parte aérea (MSPA) e do sistema radicular (MSR). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, composto por nove tratamentos e oito repetições. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para: altura de planta, número de folhas, diâmetro dos pseudobulbos e MSR. Para a MSPA e MST observou-se diferença entre os substratos, com destaque para o tratamento argila expandida + brita de gnaisse. Conclui-se que todos os substratos testados podem ser utilizados no cultivo de C. cardiochilum, destacando-se o substrato argila expandida + brita de gnaisse na proporção de 1:1 (v/v)

Background for crop and diseases management of Cyrtopodium cardiochilum (Orchidaceae)

Cyrtopodium cardiochilum é uma orquídea nativa que apresenta potencial para produção de extratos para uso cosmético e farmacêutico. Devido ao seu interesse comercial e a ausência de informações na literatura a respeito dos aspectos fitotécnicos e fitopatológicos relacionados à mesma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo gerar informações que contribuam para a domesticação dessa orquídea e seu manejo. Avaliaram-se alguns substratos e combinações: brita de gnaisse, argila expandida, seixo rolado, coco em cubos (coxim) e vermiculita para o cultivo de C. cardiochilum. Todos os substratos analisados mostraram-se adequados, destacandose a mistura de argila + brita na proporção de 1:1 (v/v). Buscou-se também um fertilizante multi-nutriente compativél em função da demanda nutricional de C. cardiochilum e testou-se o efeito de diferentes doses desse fertilizante sobre o crescimento de plantas de C. cardiochilum. E por meio da análise de curva de doseresposta inferiu-se que a dose que resultou na máxima produção foi a de 100 mg/vaso/semana. Avaliou-se diferentes combinações de carvão ativado, sacarose e sais do meio Suprimento (S) com a finalidade de se determinar a composição mais favorável para a produção de plântulas de C. cardiochilum in vitro. As concentrações de 3,0 g L-1 de carvão ativado, 33 g L-1 de sacarose e 3,2 g L-1 de sais do meio S respectivamente, proporcionaram as maiores produções de massa de matéria seca de plântulas. Também foi feito um levantamento preliminar da micobiota fitopatogênica associada a C. cardiochilum. Foram encontradas seis espécies fúngicas: Sphenospora kevorkianii, Colletotrichum fructicola, Fusarium solani, Bionectria ochroleuca, Botrytis cinera e Alternaria sp. As quatro primeiras espécies fúngicas foram considearadas as mais importantes tendo sido caracterizadas morfologicamente. Metódos moleculares foram utilizados para esclarecer a identidade de C. fructicola, F. solani e B. ochroleuca. Finalmente, avaliou-se a eficiência de fungicidas no controle de podridões causadas por F. solani e B. ochroleuca em condições in vitro e in vivo. No ensaio in vitro foram analisados 4 ingredientes ativos (tiram, tiofanato metílico, captan e metalaxyl- M + mancozeb). Tanto para F. solani quanto para B. ochroleuca, tiram e tiofanato metílico na concentração de 0,05 g 100 mL-1, 0,025 g 100 mL-1, respectivamente foram eficazes no controle do crescimento micelial. Para o controle químico in vivo realizou-se previamente um teste para escolher um ou mais gêneros de orquídea para servirem de substitutos para C. cardiochilum nos ensaios in vivo, uma vez que há pouca disponibilidade de plantas dessa espécie para uso em experimentos. Realizou-se também um experimento visando avaliar o efeito de inoculações com diferentes concentrações de inóculo, com o objetivo de se determinar qual aquela apropriada para inoculação dos fungos no experimento de controle químico in vivo. Dentre os nove gêneros de orquídeas testados como possíveis substitutos para C. cardiochilum, Cattleya e Laelia foram os gêneros escolhidos como modelos. Todas as concentrações de inóculo de F. solani e B. ochroleuca analisadas (103, 104, 105 e 106 esporos⁄mL) foram capazes de causar necroses nas raízes do híbrido de Cattleya utilizado (Laeliacattleya Tropical Sunset x Brassolaeliacattleya Chian T3Y Beauty). Avaliou-se os ingredientes ativos tiram e tiofanato metílico na concentração de 0,05 g 100 mL-1 e 0,025 g 100 mL-1 respectivamente, no controle de F. solani e B. ochroleuca in vivo (em plantas infectadas). Porém, os resultados deste experimento foram inconclusivos, uma vez que as plantas inoculadas não desenvolveram sintomas de doenças. Portanto, experimentos futuros serão realizados para tentar esclarecer a lacuna deixada por esta parte do trabalho.Cyrtopodium cardiochilum is a native Brazilian orchid that has known potential for the production of extracts of interest for the manufacture of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The commercial interest in this orchid species and the absence of published information on crop management and disease managements for this species led to the present study. This work served the purpose of generating the background information necessary for the domestication and management of this orchid. Selected substrates and their combinations were tested, for the cultivation of C. cardiochilum, namely: gneiss gravel, expanded clay pellets, shingles, coconut shells and. All substrates were equivalent for the orchid cultivation, although the mixture of expanded clay pellets and gneiss gravel at 1:1 (v/v) resulted in the highest values of biomass. A multi-nutrient formulation having a composition compatible with the nutrient requirements of C. cardiochilum was prepared and the effect of different doses of this fertilizer on the growth of C. cardiochilum was evaluated. The analysis of the dose-response curves allowed it to be inferred that the dose resulting in maximum biomass production was 100 mg/pot/week. Different compositions of culture media for in vitro seminiferous cultivation of C. cardiochilum various proportions of activated charcoal, sucrose and salts of the Supply medium (S) - were tested in order to determine the best composition for the production of C. cardiochilum plantlets. A composition of 3.0 g L-1 of activated charcoal, 33 g L-1 of sucrose and 3.2 g L-1 of salts of the S medium yielded the highest dry biomass of C. cardiochilum plantlets. A preliminary survey of the pathogenic mycobiota associated to C. cardiochilum was also conducted. Six fungal species were collected: Sphenospora kevorkianii, Colletotrichum fructicola, Fusarium solani, Bionectria ochroleuca, Botrytis cinera and Alternaria sp. The first four fungal species were regarded as the most important and had their morphology examined in detail. Molecular methods were used to further clarify the identity of C. fructicola, F. solani and B. ochroleuca. Finally, fungicides were evaluated for the control of plant rots caused by F. solani and B. ochroleuca in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro essay involved four active ingredients (thiram, thiofanate methyl, captan and metalaxyl- M + mancozeb). Both F. solani and B. ochroleuca had their mycelial growth in culture effectively inhibitted by thiram and thiofanate methyl at concentrations of 0.05 g 100 mL-1 and 0.025 g 100 mL-1, respectively. Prior to the in vivo test aimed at evaluating the chemical control of the plant rots a screening of selected orchid species was performed in search for a surrogate species to be used as a substitute for C. cardiochilum due to the difficulty of obtaining a sufficiently big and homogenous stand of plants for use in the experiments. Such species should be readily available in the potted orchid market and also susceptible to both B. ochroleuca and F. solani. A test was also performed aimed at determining the appropriate inoculum concentration to be used in the in vivo chemical control experiment. Among the nine orchid genera which were tested Cattleya and Laelia proved to be adequate surrogates. All inoculum concentrations which were tested for F. solani and B. ochroleuca (103, 104, 105 e 106 spores⁄mL) were capable of causing necrosis in the stand of surrogate plants - Cattleya hybrid (Laeliacattleya Tropical Sunset x Brassolaeliacattleya Chian T3Y Beauty). An in vivo test aimed at evaluating the efficacy of thiram and thiofanate methyl at concentrations of 0.05 g 100 mL-1 and 0.025 g 100 mL-1 respectively, in the control of rots caused by F. solani and B. ochroleuca was conducted. Nevertheless, the results of this experiment were not conclusive since none of the inoculated plants (including the positive controls without any fungicide treatment) developed disease symptoms. Another round of experiments aimed at evaluating in vivo control of the diseases will be conducted aimed at filling this blank of the work.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Primeiro relato da ocorrência de Ditylenchus gallaeformans em Miconia albicans no Cerrado Brasileiro, no Estado de Goiás

Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae), whose common name is canela-de-velha, is a native plant of the tropical region that is abundant in the Cerrado biome. A nematode species was found parasitizing M. albicans, causing severe deformation and gall-like structures on the infected leaves and inflorescences. Morphological, morphometric and molecular characterizations identified the nematode as Ditylenchus gallaeformans. This nematode has great potential as a biocontrol agent of plants in the family Melastomataceae, which are invasive weeds in ecosystems of the Pacific Islands. This is the first report of D. gallaeformans parasitizing M. albicans in the Cerrado of the state of Goiás.Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae), nome popular: canela-de-velha, é uma espécie vegetal nativa das regiões tropicais e abundante no bioma cerrado. Uma espécie de nematoide foi encontrada parasitando M. albicans causando severas deformações e galhas em folhas e inflorescências. Caracterizações morfológicas, morfométricas e moleculares foram realizadas e o nematoide foi identificado como sendo Ditylenchus gallaeformans. Esse nematoide tem grande potencial para o uso no controle biológico de espécies vegetais da família Melastomataceae que são invasoras em ecossistemas das ilhas do Pacífico. Este é o primeiro relato de D. gallaeformans parasitando M. albicans no cerrado goiano

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83–7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97–2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14–1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25–1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Association of Country Income Level With the Characteristics and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients Hospitalized With Acute Kidney Injury and COVID-19

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been identified as one of the most common and significant problems in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. However, studies examining the relationship between COVID-19 and AKI in low- and low-middle income countries (LLMIC) are lacking. Given that AKI is known to carry a higher mortality rate in these countries, it is important to understand differences in this population. Methods: This prospective, observational study examines the AKI incidence and characteristics of 32,210 patients with COVID-19 from 49 countries across all income levels who were admitted to an intensive care unit during their hospital stay. Results: Among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, AKI incidence was highest in patients in LLMIC, followed by patients in upper-middle income countries (UMIC) and high-income countries (HIC) (53%, 38%, and 30%, respectively), whereas dialysis rates were lowest among patients with AKI from LLMIC and highest among those from HIC (27% vs. 45%). Patients with AKI in LLMIC had the largest proportion of community-acquired AKI (CA-AKI) and highest rate of in-hospital death (79% vs. 54% in HIC and 66% in UMIC). The association between AKI, being from LLMIC and in-hospital death persisted even after adjusting for disease severity. Conclusions: AKI is a particularly devastating complication of COVID-19 among patients from poorer nations where the gaps in accessibility and quality of healthcare delivery have a major impact on patient outcomes

Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications of COVID-19 in adults hospitalized in high-income countries compared with those in adults hospitalized in low- and middle-income countries in an international registry

Background: COVID-19 has been associated with a broad range of thromboembolic, ischemic, and hemorrhagic complications (coagulopathy complications). Most studies have focused on patients with severe disease from high-income countries (HICs). Objectives: The main aims were to compare the frequency of coagulopathy complications in developing countries (low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) with those in HICs, delineate the frequency across a range of treatment levels, and determine associations with in-hospital mortality. Methods: Adult patients enrolled in an observational, multinational registry, the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections COVID-19 study, between January 1, 2020, and September 15, 2021, met inclusion criteria, including admission to a hospital for laboratory-confirmed, acute COVID-19 and data on complications and survival. The advanced-treatment cohort received care, such as admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or inotropes or vasopressors; the basic-treatment cohort did not receive any of these interventions. Results: The study population included 495,682 patients from 52 countries, with 63% from LMICs and 85% in the basic treatment cohort. The frequency of coagulopathy complications was higher in HICs (0.76%-3.4%) than in LMICs (0.09%-1.22%). Complications were more frequent in the advanced-treatment cohort than in the basic-treatment cohort. Coagulopathy complications were associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.52-1.64). The increased mortality associated with these complications was higher in LMICs (58.5%) than in HICs (35.4%). After controlling for coagulopathy complications, treatment intensity, and multiple other factors, the mortality was higher among patients in LMICs than among patients in HICs (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.39-1.51). Conclusion: In a large, international registry of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, coagulopathy complications were more frequent in HICs than in LMICs (developing countries). Increased mortality associated with coagulopathy complications was of a greater magnitude among patients in LMICs. Additional research is needed regarding timely diagnosis of and intervention for coagulation derangements associated with COVID-19, particularly for limited-resource settings