Immunohistochemical approach to the pathogenesis of clinical cases of Bovine Herpesvirus type 5 infections

Meningoencephalitis by Herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) in cattle has some features that are similar to those of herpetic encephalitis in humans and other animal species. Human Herpesvirus 3 (commonly known as Varicella-zoster virus 1), herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and equid Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) induce an intense inflammatory, vascular and cellular response. In spite of the many reports describing the histological lesions associated with natural and experimental infections, the immunopathological mechanisms for the development of neurological disorder have not been established. A total of twenty calf brains were selected from the Veterinary School, University of São Paulo State, Araçatuba, Brazil, after confirmation of BoHV-5 infection by virus isolation as well as by a molecular approach. The first part of the study characterized the microscopic lesions associated with the brain areas in the central nervous system (CNS) that tested positive in a viral US9 gene hybridization assay. The frontal cortex (Fc), parietal cortex (Pc), thalamus (T) and mesencephalon (M) were studied. Secondly, distinct pathogenesis mechanisms that take place in acute cases were investigated by an immunohistochemistry assay. This study found the frontal cortex to be the main region where intense oxidative stress phenomena (AOP-1) and synaptic protein expression (SNAP-25) were closely related to inflammatory cuffs, satellitosis and gliosis, which represent the most frequently observed neurological lesions. Moreover, MMP-9 expression was shown to be localized in the leptomeninges, in the parenchyma and around mononuclear infiltrates (p < 0.0001). These data open a new perspective in understanding the role of the AOP-1, MMP-9 and SNAP-25 proteins in mediating BoHV-5 pathogenesis and the strategies of host-virus interaction in order to invade de CNS

Descriptive molecular epidemiology study of Giardia duodenalis in children of Parana State, Brazil

Background and aims: We investigated the children of Parana State, Brazil the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and the associated factors involved in the transmission of intestinal parasites, and we genotyped the Giardia duodenalis isolates obtained. Methods: Fecal samples were analyzed by established microscopic methods. G. duodenalis positive samples were subjected to genotypic characterization by PCR amplification of sequences of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) and by enzymatic digestion with the restriction enzyme NlaIV for classification of genotypes. Results: Of the 877 samples tested, 41% were positive for some intestinal parasitosis, the most common being the presence of protozoa (87.8%). Lack of basic sanitation and poor health education were associated for the intestinal parasite cases found, and the only associated factor for giardiasis was low family income. The G. duodenalis assemblages of gdh amplified samples were 68.6% B and 31.4% AII. Conclusion: These data demonstrate the importance of epidemiological studies for the development of effective strategies with the aim of decreasing the incidence of intestinal parasites in children. Moreover, these results contribute to our knowledge of G. duodenalis assemblages circulating in the world and also offer support for future work on the molecular and clinical aspects of giardiasis

Immunity and vaccine development efforts against Trypanosoma cruzi

Artículo de revisión especializadoTrypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent for Chagas disease (CD). There is a critical lack of methods for prevention of infection or treatment of acute infection and chronic disease. Studies in experimental models have suggested that the protective immunity against T. cruzi infection requires the elicitation of Th1 cytokines, lytic antibodies and the concerted activities of macrophages, T helper cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this review, we summarize the research efforts in vaccine development to date and the challenges faced in achieving an efficient prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine against human CD.UTM

Imunimarcação de subpopulações de linfócitos CD3+, CD4+ e CD8 associada à expressão de metaloproteinases -2 e -9 em cerebelos de cães infectados naturalmente com vírus da cinomose canina

No presente estudo foram avaliados 30 cerebelos de cães naturalmente infectados pelo vírus da cinomose canina, confirmados por meio da reação RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) com segmentação do gene do nucleocapsídeo viral, e por análise microscópica das lesões teciduais após a coloração Hematoxilina-Eosina e coloração de Shorr. A distribuição das subpopulações de linfócitos T foi evidenciada pela técnica de imunoistoquímica, empregando-se anticorpos monoclonais CD3+, CD8+ e CD4+. Da mesma forma, a detecção da expressão das metaloproteinases (MMP) -2 e -9 também foi conduzida pela técnica de imunoistoquímica e os resultados foram associados aos encontrados na imunofenotipagem. Foi possível evidenciar marcação mais expressiva de MMP-2 (86,67% de intensidade moderada a intensa) e uma alta proporção de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+. Nesse sentido, pode-se concluir que o vírus da cinomose canina se dispersa no sistema nervoso central, alterando a integridade estrutural da barreira hematoencefálica, provavelmente pela ação da MMP-2; e os infiltrados inflamatórios perivasculares presentes são constituídos predominantemente por subpopulações de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+The present study evaluated 30 cerebella of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus, confirmed by RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) to target the viral nucleocapsid gene, and by microscopic examination of tissue lesions after hematoxylin-eosin and Shorr staining. The distribution of subpopulations of T lymphocytes was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against CD3 +, CD8 + and CD4 +. Similarly, detection of the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2 and -9 was also conducted by immunohistochemistry and the results were related to those found in immunophenotyping. The results revealing more expressive marking of MMP-2 (86.67% moderate to severe) and a high proportion of CD4 + and CD8 +. In conclusion, it can be infer that canine distemper virus is spread in the central nervous system, altering the structural integrity of the blood-brain barrier, probably by the action of MMP-2. Moreover, perivascular inflammatory infiltrates consisted predominantly of T lymphocyte subpopulations CD4 + and CD8 +Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Variability in the results of inr (international normalized ratio): a comparison of six commercial thromboplastin brands

Introduction: The efficacy and safety in treatment with oral anticoagulants are dependent on the monitoring of the effect of anticoagulants by the prothrombin time (PT). The system INR (International Normalized Ratio) was developed to minimize the variability in the PT, mainly because of the thromboplastin reagent used. Objective: Compare the results of INR employing six thromboplastins and plasmas of patients using oral anticoagulants. Materials and Methods: For this study, 96 patients using oral anticoagulants and that had TP collected for monitoring anticoagulants were selected randomly. INR values were determined using six commercially available thromboplastin brands. Results and Discussion: Of the 96 patients, 29 were with the INR between 2 and 3 when used reagents Dade-Behring®, Human do Brasil® and Diagnostica Stago®. Regardless of the range of INR, the results obtained with the reagent Labtest® were statistically different from the Dade-Behring®, from Diagnostica Stago®, Trinity Biotech and Bios Diagnostica®. With INR between 2 and 3 only differences were observed between the results of brands and Bios Diagnostica® Labtest®. With INR above 3, the results of Labtest® were different from the Dade-Behring®, from Diagnostica Stago®, Trinity Biotech® and Bios Diagnostica®. Conclusion: Despite the establishment of INR, there are still significant differences in INR results depending on the thromboplastin brand used, which can interfere with the therapeutic approach in relation to oral anticoagulants

Variability in heparin sensitivity of appt reagents in heparinized plasma in vitro and patients receiving heparin

Introduction: At the end of the 1980s and at the beginning of the 1990s, several studies showed lack of standardization and variability in APPT results due to the different sensibilities to heparin in reagents used for its determination. Objective: To evaluate the sensibility to heparin in the different reagents used to determine APPT in samples of heparinized plasma in vitro and in patients using non-fractioned heparin (NFH). Material and Methods: This study was performed with a pool of heparinized plasma with concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 unit heparin/mL, 29 patients using NFH and 8 reagent kits for TTPA determination. Results and Discussion: Using heparinized plasma in vitro, there was a statistically significant difference with Actin® reagent in relation to Labtest®, Human® and Clot® reagents. The best correlation coefficient, a result of the APTT versus UFH concentration was observed with reagent from Stago® (R = 0.9919). When we used the plasma from patients using UFH, the results of Actin ® and Actin FSL® were statistically different from the Clot®

Immunohistochemical detection of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), anti-oxidant like 1 protein (AOP-1) and synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP-25) in the cerebella of dogs naturally infected with spontaneous canine distemper

In most viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS), the integrity of brain extracelluar matrix (ECM), oxidative stress and dysfunction in neuronal transmission may contribute to the observed pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these factors in demyelinating canine distemper virus (CDV) infections. Regardless of ECM integrity, the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was visualized in microglial-like cells, whereas the expression of anti-oxidant like-1 (AOP-1) and synaptosomal associated protein (SNAP-25) was frequently detected in Purkinje cells (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.989; p &lt; 0.05), regardless of whether the lesions were classified as acute or chronic. Increased numbers of immunolabeled microglia-like cells and reactive gliosis were observed in advanced cases of demyelinating CDV, suggesting that the expression of AOP-1 and SNAP-25 is correlated with the ultimate death of affected cells. Our findings bring a new perspective to understanding the role of the AOP-1, MMP-9 and SNAP-25 proteins in mediating chronic leukoencephalitis caused by CDV. &lt;i&gt;(Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 2011; Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 41&amp;#8211;48

Visual detection of turkey coronavirus RNA in tissues and feces by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) with hydroxynaphthol blue dye

A sensitive reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RI-LAMP) assay was developed for the rapid visual detection of turkey coronavirus (TCoV) infection The reaction is performed in one step in a single tube at 65 degrees C for 45 min with hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) dye added prior to amplification The detection limit of the RI-LAMP assay was approximately 10(2) EID50/50 mu l TCoV genome and no cross-reaction with other avian viruses was observed The assay was evaluated further in tissue suspensions prepared from the ileum and ileum-caecal junctions of infected turkey embryos 100% of these samples were positive in the RI-LAMP assay All individual feces samples collected in the field were considered positive by both conventional RT-PCR and RI-LAMP In conclusion RI-LAMP with HNB dye was shown to be a sensitive simple assay for the rapid diagnosis of TCoV infection either directly from feces or in association with virus isolation methods (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reservedFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq