Alguns aspetos psicológicos do grupo de crianças no jardim de infância

Baseado na análise qualitativa de processos observados em grupos de crianças, este artigo dá ênfase à importância dos pares dos grupos de crianças, não só para a formação das posteriores competências de relacionamento em grupo, mas também para a capacidade fundamental de sentir empatia e para o desenvolvimento cognitivo. O meio de expressão mais importante nos grupos de crianças é o desempenho de papéis (o faz de conta). Mesmo tratando-se de situações de fantasia, as crianças também aproveitam estas situações para representar a dinâmica familiar e os papéisdos sexos, usando o grupo para se determinarem como sujeitos sociais. No que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento cognitivo, aprendem a movimentar-se entre as esferas da brincadeira, nãobrincadeira e metacomunicação. É aqui demonstrado em que idades as crianças possuem a capacidade para trabalhar com grupos de outras crianças, durante um longo período de tempo, e como é que os educadores as podem ajudar a desenvolver esta capacidade.Abstract Based on qualitative analyses of processes in children’s groups this article emphazises the importance of peers and children’s groups not only for the formation of later group skills, but also for the fundamental ability to empathise and for further cognitive development. The most important medium in children’s groups is role (make belief-) playing. These are fantasy situations, but the children subtly also play out family dynamics and gender roles and use the group to establish themselves as social subjects. Regarding cognitive development children learn to move between the spheres of play, non-play and metacommunication. It is shown at what age children gain the ability to work over extended periods with groups of other children and how ECEworkers can support children in developing this ability.Résumé Basé sur l'analyse qualitative de processus dans des groupes d'enfants, cet articule met l'accent sur l'importance des pairs et des groupes d'enfants, non seulement pour la formation des capacités de relations postérieures en groupe, mais aussi pour la capacité de ressentir de l' empathie, comme encore pour le développement cognitif. Le moyen le plus important dans les groupes d'enfants est de jouer des rôles (faire semblant). Ce sont des situations de fantaisie, mais les enfants profitent de ces situations pour représenter la dynamique familiale ou les rôles des sexes. Les enfants utilisent le groupe pour se déterminer en tant qu'objets sociaux. En ce qui concerne le développement cognitif, les enfants apprennent à se mouvoir entre les sphères du jeu, du non-jeu et de la métacommunication. Il est démontré à quels âges les enfants possèdent la capacité de travailler avec d'autres groupes d'enfants durant une longue période de temps et comment les éducateurs peuvent aider les enfants à développer cette capacité

Unter Männern: Möglichkeiten und Perspektiven analytischer Männergruppen

Analytische Männergruppen liegen quer zu den Beziehungserfahrungen von Männern und zu den gängigen Mustern der Geschlechterzuordnung. Gerade deshalb bieten sie besondere Möglichkeiten, an den problematischen Seiten männlicher Identität und Beziehungsgestaltung zu arbeiten. Es werden Erfahrungen aus dieser Männergruppenarbeit dargestellt, wobei sowohl auf die spezifischen Widerstände und Schwierigkeiten von Männergruppen eingegangen wird, als auch auf die Perspektiven, die dieses therapeutische Setting eröffnet

Ramsey numbers for sets of small graphs

AbstractThe Ramsey number r=r(G1-G2-⋯-Gm,H1-H2-⋯-Hn) denotes the smallest r such that every 2-coloring of the edges of the complete graph Kr contains a subgraph Gi with all edges of one color, of a subgraph Hi with all edges of a second color. These Ramsey numbers are determined for all sets of graphs with at most four vertices, and in the diagonal case (m=n,Gi=Hi) for all pairs of graphs, one with at most four and the other with five vertices, so as for all sets of graphs with five vertices

Activation of Rac-1 and RhoA contributes to podocyte injury in chronic kidney disease

Rho-family GTPases like RhoA and Rac-1 are potent regulators of cellular signaling that control gene expression, migration and inflammation. Activation of Rho-GTPases has been linked to podocyte dysfunction, a feature of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). We investigated the effect of Rac-1 and Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition on progressive renal failure in mice and studied the underlying mechanisms in podocytes. SV129 mice were subjected to 5/6-nephrectomy which resulted in arterial hypertension and albuminuria. Subgroups of animals were treated with the Rac-1 inhibitor EHT1846, the ROCK inhibitor SAR407899 and the ACE inhibitor Ramipril. Only Ramipril reduced hypertension. In contrast, all inhibitors markedly attenuated albumin excretion as well as glomerular and tubulo-interstitial damage. The combination of SAR407899 and Ramipril was more effective in preventing albuminuria than Ramipril alone. To study the involved mechanisms, podocytes were cultured from SV129 mice and exposed to static stretch in the Flexcell device. This activated RhoA and Rac-1 and led via TGFβ to apoptosis and a switch of the cells into a more mesenchymal phenotype, as evident from loss of WT-1 and nephrin and induction of α-SMA and fibronectin expression. Rac-1 and ROCK inhibition as well as blockade of TGFβ dramatically attenuated all these responses. This suggests that Rac-1 and RhoA are mediators of podocyte dysfunction in CKD. Inhibition of Rho-GTPases may be a novel approach for the treatment of CKD

Estudo sobre as diferenças interativas e comunicativas dos educadores e dos pais com crianças em idade pré-escolar

A investigação sobre a qualidade das interações, a comunicação e a atividade entre crianças e adultos tem sido desenvolvida essencialmente com figuras femininas, continuando por esclarecer o papel dos homens como pares afetivos e promotores do desenvolvimento e bem-estar da criança. Procurámos estudar o comportamento de educadores e de pais, do género masculino, com crianças entre os 3 e os 5 anos, sem problemas de desenvolvimento. Neste estudo, 10 educadores (com uma menina e com um menino) e 17 pais (com o seu filho ou filha) foram observados independentemente, na mesma situação semi-experimental. Foi-lhes pedido que realizassem, em 20 minutos, um produto, à sua escolha, com materiais e ferramentas disponibilizadas. Pretendia-se descrever e comparar os dois grupos quanto: i) aos produtos realizados; e uso de materiais e ferramentas; ii) à empatia, atenção, reciprocidade, cooperação, elaboração/fantasia e desafio proposto; e iii) à qualidade da comunicação verbal. O estudo indica que existem estilos de atividade e cooperação distintos nos dois grupos estudados. Comparativamente aos pais, os educadores estimularam mais a exploração de novos problemas e conceitos. Nas díades pai-filho(a) foram elaborados produtos com mais componentes e utilizadas mais ferramentas. Adicionalmente, os pais fizeram mais perguntas de processo e elogios do que os educadores que, por seu lado, realizaram mais perguntas de conteudo sugestões e críticas. À luz da investigação anterior, refletimos sobre os papéis das figuras masculinas em educação de infância e na família; e o seu contributo para o desenvolvimento da criança.Abstract The previous research about the quality of interactions, communication and activity among children and adults has essentially been developed with female figures, continuing to clarify the role of men as affective figures and in promoting child development and welfare. The aim of this study is to compare male educators and fathers’ behavior with children between 3 and 5 years without developing problems. In this study, 10 male educators (with a girl and a boy) and 17 fathers (with the infant) have been observed independently in the same semi-experimental play situation. For this purpose, they were asked to manufacture a product of their choice with the materials and tools available, in 20 minutes. This study aims are to: i) describe and compare products made by fathers and male educators, as well as the choice of materials; ii) compare the interactive behavior of male and female educators regarding empathy, ability to challenge the child, dialogical interaction, communication contends and cooperativity with child; and iii) the quality of communication. Our findings indicate differences in the way male educators and fathers communicate and interact with children. Comparing with parents, children work with more autonomy, elaborated products with less elements (mostly subjects), and used less tools with educators. Furthermore, fathers made more process questions and positive comments while educators made more content questions, suggestions and negative remarks. Taking past studies, we reflect about the roles of male figures in childhood education and fathers’ contribution to the child development.Résumé La recherche sur la qualité des interactions, de la communication et de l'activité entre les enfants et les adultes a été développée surtout avec des figures féminines, n´étant pas encore clarifié le rôle des hommes comme pairs affectifs et promoteurs du développement et du bien-être des enfants. Ces constats nous ont incités à observer de plus près le comportement des éducateurs et des pères d'enfants âgés de 3 à 5 ans, sans problèmes de développement. Dans cette étude, nous avons observé indépendamment, dans la même situation semi-expérimentale, 10 éducateurs (avec une fille et un garçon) et 17 pères (avec leur fils ou leur fille). Ils ont été invités à fabriquer, en 20 minutes, un produit, à leur choix, avec les matériaux et les outils disponibles. Il était prévu de comparer les deux groupes en ce qui concerne: i) les artefacts produits; l’utilisation de matériaux et d'outils; ii) l’empathie, l’attention, la réciprocité, la coopération, l’élaboration / fantaisie et le défi vécu; et iii) la qualité de la communication verbale. Cette recherche met en évidence qu'il existe différents styles d'activité et de coopération dans les deux groupes étudiés: les éducateurs ont stimulé davantage l'exploration de nouveaux problèmes et concepts; les dyades des pères ont élaboré des produits avec plus de composants, en utilisant plus d'outils; les pères ont posé plus de questions procédurales et ont davantage félicité que les éducateurs qui, à leur tour, ont posé plus de questions sur le contenu, ont fait plus de suggestions et de critiques. En consonance avec des études préalables, nous réfléchissons sur le rôle des figures masculines dans l'éducation des enfants et dans la famille; et leur contribution au développement de l'enfant.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estudo sobre as diferenças interativas e comunicativas das educadoras e das mães com crianças em idade pré-escolar

Os educadores de infância, na ausência dos pais, asseguram cuidados e garantem o bem estar da criança assim como a sua educação e desenvolvimento. A criança estabelece com a maioria dos educadores uma relação afetiva privilegiada mas não de vinculação. O estudo das diferenças e semelhanças entre estes dois tipos de relação permite averiguar a diversidade de relações proporcionadas à criança e o contributo da formação profissional das educadoras no estabelecimento da relação com as crianças. Neste estudo, mães e educadoras são observadas independentemente, na mesma situação quasi-experimental com a criança, como parceiros numa atividade lúdica de construção, sendo analisada a qualidade interativa e comunicativa das díades. Para o efeito, foi pedido a 19 díades mãe-filho(a) e 22 díades educadora-criança que realizassem, em 20 minutos, um produto à sua escolha com os materiais e ferramentas disponibilizados. As crianças tinham entre 3 e 5 anos e não apresentavam problemas de desenvolvimento. Pretendia-se: 1) descrever e comparar os produtos realizados pelas díades mãe-criança e educadora-criança, bem descrever como as escolhas de materiais; 2) comparar a qualidade interativa das mães e das educadoras quanto à empatia, atenção, reciprocidade, cooperação, elaboração/fantasia e desafio proposto; e 3) a qualidade da comunicação quanto ao uso de sugestões, perguntas, ordens, elogios e críticas. Os dados indicam que as educadoras deram mais espaço para a atuação da criança, enquanto as mães procuraram cumprir o tempo da tarefa e aprimorar o produto com as crianças. As mães usaram o reforço verbal para organizar a atividade, impor limites/regras e motivar a criança, enquanto as educadoras recorreram à comunicação oral para transmitir conteúdos e dirigir a atividade.Abstract The educators, in the absence of parents, provide care and ensure the welfare of the child as well as their education and development. Educators are children significant emotional figures but parents are attachment figures. The study of behavioral differences and similarities between educators and mothers can contribute to our knowledge about these two types of relationships and to observe how the educators training can contribute for their interaction with the children. In this study, mothers and educators are observed independently in the same semi experimental situation with the child, as partners in a playful activity of construction, and the interactive and communicative quality of dyads is analyzed. For this purpose, 19 dyads mother-child and 22 teacher-child dyads were asked to make in 20 minutes a product of their choice with the materials and tools available. The children were between 3 and 5 years old without developing problems. The aims of this study was to: 1) describe and compare the products made by the mother and educator dyads’, as well as their choice of materials; 2) compare the quality of mothers and educators’ interaction as well as their empathy, attention, reciprocity, cooperation, development/fantasy and proposed challenge; and 3) the quality of communication as well as suggestions, questions, directions and positive or negative feedback. Our findings indicate that the educators allow and support the child's actions while mothers were more focused on compliance with the time and product improvement. Mothers used the verbal reinforcement to organize the activity, to set limits/rules and to motivate the child while the educators relied on verbal communication to introduce contents and organize the activity.Résumé La recherche sur la qualité des interactions, la communication et l’activité entre enfants et adultes, s’est développé en grande partie autour des figures féminines, restant à clarifier le rôle des hommes comme partenaires affectives et promoteurs du développement et bien-être de l’enfant. Nous avons voulu étudier le comportement des éducateurs et des pères avec des enfants âgés de 3 à 5 ans, sans problèmes de développement. En cette étude, 10 éducateurs (avec une fille et avec un garçon) et 17 pères (avec son fils ou sa fille) ont été observés indépendamment, dans la même situation semi-expérimentale. Nous leur avons demandé de réaliser en 20 minutes un produit, à sa guise, avec les matériels et les outils mis à leur disposition. Nous prétendions une description et comparaison entre les deux groupes relative : i) aux produits réalisés et les matériels et outils utilisés ; ii) à l’empathie, attention, réciprocité, coopération, élaboration/fantaisie et défi proposé ; et iii) à la qualité de la communication verbal. L’étude indique l’existence de styles d’activité et coopération distinctes dans les deux groupes étudiés. Comparativement aux pères, les éducateurs ont stimulé davantage l’exploration de nouveaux problèmes et concepts. Dans les dyades père-enfant les produits avaient été réalisés faisant recours à plus d’outils et ils avaient plus d’éléments. En plus, les pères ont émis plus des questions de processus et des éloges comparativement aux éducateurs qui, a leur tour, ont émis plus des questions de contenu, suggestions et critiques. À la lumière de la recherche antérieure, nous avons réfléchi sur les rôles des figures masculines dans l’éducation de la petite enfance et dans la famille, et son apport au développement de l’enfant.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estudo sobre as diferenças interativas e comunicativas de educadores e educadoras com crianças em idade em pré-escolar

A educação de infância tem sido assegurada maioritariamente por mulheres e associada ao género feminino. Recentemente, o número de homens na profissão aumentou na Europa. Contudo, o contributo do educador masculino tem sido pouco estudado. No intuito de contribuir para esse corpo de conhecimento, procurámos estudar as diferenças e semelhanças nos comportamentos interativos dos educadores e das educadoras com crianças de 3 anos sem problemas de desenvolvimento. Neste estudo, educadores e educadoras foram observados independentemente na mesma situação experimental como parceiros numa atividade lúdica de construção, sendo analisada a qualidade interativa e comunicativa dos Educadores. Para o efeito, foi pedido a 10 educadores e 11 educadoras que realizassem, em 20 minutos, um produto com as crianças com os materiais e ferramentas disponibilizadas à escolha de ambos. Pretendia-se: i) descrever e comparar os produtos realizados pelas díades masculinas e femininas, bem como as escolhas de materiais; ii) comparar a qualidade interativa dos educadores e das educadoras quanto à empatia, atenção, reciprocidade, cooperação, elaboração/fantasia e desafio proposto; e iii) a qualidade da comunicação. Os dados parecem indicar que existem algumas diferenças na forma de comunicar das educadoras e dos educadores mas poucas diferenças na qualidade interativa. A experiência profissional, a situação de emprego e o facto de serem ou não pais condicionou o comportamento dos Educadores.Abstract Early childhood education has been ensured mostly by women, and this profession is traditionally associated with the feminine gender. Recently, the number of men in this profession has increased in Europe. However, the role of the male educator is understudied. In order to contribute to this body of knowledge, we studied the differences and similarities of the interactive behavior of male and female educators with children with 3 years old without developmental problems. In this study, female and male educators were observed independently in the same experimental situation as partners with the child in a playful activity of construction. Later, we analyzed the interactive and communicative quality of Educators. For that purpose, 10 male educators and 11 female educators built a product of their choice, with the child, with the materials and tools available in about 20 minutes. This study aims were to: i) describe and compare products made by male and female dyads, as well as the choice of materials; ii) compare the interactive behavior of male and female educators regarding empathy, ability to challenge the child, dialogical interaction, communication contends and cooperativity with child; and iii) the quality of communication. Our findings indicate differences in the way male and female educators communicate but fewer differences in the interactive quality. The professional experience, employment status and parenthood seemed to affect their behavior.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estudo comparativo acerca do comportamento e comunicação materna e paterna em atividade conjunta com os seus filhos de idade pré-escolar

The previous research performed in children life contexts tend to describe fathers as non-directive playmates; while mothers tend to reinforce the communication during interactions and involve affectively the child. When mothers are playmates and fathers give basic care to their child the quality of the interaction of mother-infant and father-infant increases considerably. In this study, fathers and mothers were observed independently in the same semi-experimental play situation with their children. For this purpose, 19 dyads mother-infant and 17 dyads father-infant participated in this 20 minutes experience, to manufacture one product using the materials and tools available to one’s choice. Children were between 3 and 5 years old and had no developmental problems identified. We aimed to: (i) compare the interactive quality of parents related to empathy, reciprocity, cooperation, fantasy and challenge; (ii) the communication quality and (iii) describe and compare the products made by the dyads mother-infant and father-infant, as well as the chosen materials. Our findings indicate few differences between mothers and fathers behaviour. In terms of communication, mothers communicate more with process questions than parents. The major differences correspond to how parents react to boys and girls, giving girls more freedom to explore, more positive feedback, and being more responsive to their emotions. The boys lost more often interest during the activity than the girls. Children’s gender affected the results more than the parents’, which indicates that the parents interact and communicate distinctly with girls and boys. Additionally, parents’ educational level correlated with more attentive, patient, and cooperative behaviour with their children. Regarding the age of the parents: younger parents and with more children use more materials and tools.A investigação tende a descrever o pai como parceiro de jogo que favorece a liberdade de ação; enquanto a mãe, tende a reforçar a comunicação nas interações, envolvendo afetivamente a criança. Nos casos em que a mãe brinca e o pai presta cuidados básicos à criança, a qualidade da interação pai-filhos aumenta consideravelmente. Neste estudo, observamos pai e mãe independentemente na mesma situação experimental como parceiros da criança numa atividade lúdica de construção. Comparamos os seus comportamentos quando colocados no mesmo papel. Para o efeito, foi pedido a 19 díades mãe-filho(a) e 17 díades pai-filho(a) que realizassem, em 20 minutos, um produto à sua escolha com os materiais e ferramentas disponibilizados. As crianças tinham entre 3 e 5 anos, sem atrasos de desenvolvimento identificados. Pretendemos descrever e comparar os pais (mães e pais considerados em conjunto) quanto: (i) à empatia, atenção, reciprocidade, cooperação, elaboração/fantasia e desafio proposto; (ii) à qualidade da comunicação; e (iii) aos produtos realizados e escolhas de materiais. Os nossos resultados indicam poucas diferenças entre pais e mães. Em termos de comunicação, as mães realizam mais perguntas de processo do que os pais. As diferenças mais relevantes correspondem à forma como os pais e as mães reagem com os meninos e as meninas, dando maior liberdade de ação às meninas, mais feedback positivo e revelando-se mais sensíveis a responder às suas emoções. Os meninos perderam mais interesse durante a atividade e revelaram mais sinais de aborrecimento do que as meninas. O sexo das crianças afetou mais os resultados do que o dos pais, ou seja, os pais interagiram e comunicaram distintamente com meninas e meninos. Adicionalmente, a escolaridade dos pais correlacionou-se com comportamentos mais atentos, pacientes e cooperativos dos pais. Relativamente à idade dos progenitores, os pais mais novos e com mais filhos usaram mais materiais e ferramentas

A roadmap to improve the quality of atrial fibrillation management:proceedings from the fifth Atrial Fibrillation Network/European Heart Rhythm Association consensus conference

At least 30 million people worldwide carry a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF), and many more suffer from undiagnosed, subclinical, or 'silent' AF. Atrial fibrillation-related cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, including cardiovascular deaths, heart failure, stroke, and hospitalizations, remain unacceptably high, even when evidence-based therapies such as anticoagulation and rate control are used. Furthermore, it is still necessary to define how best to prevent AF, largely due to a lack of clinical measures that would allow identification of treatable causes of AF in any given patient. Hence, there are important unmet clinical and research needs in the evaluation and management of AF patients. The ensuing needs and opportunities for improving the quality of AF care were discussed during the fifth Atrial Fibrillation Network/European Heart Rhythm Association consensus conference in Nice, France, on 22 and 23 January 2015. Here, we report the outcome of this conference, with a focus on (i) learning from our 'neighbours' to improve AF care, (ii) patient-centred approaches to AF management, (iii) structured care of AF patients, (iv) improving the quality of AF treatment, and (v) personalization of AF management. This report ends with a list of priorities for research in AF patients

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701