Consumo de bebidas com adição de açúcar e composição corporal de jovens das coortes RPS

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) may be related to body composition. Few studies have found the relationship between SSB consumption and muscle mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD). Thus, the objectives of this thesis are to verify the association between SSB and BMD consumption in young people from the RPS birth cohorts and to analyze the association between SSB and IMM consumption in adolescents from São Luís, Maranhão. The design of the studies includes cross-sectional analyzes. In the DMO manuscript, young people aged 18 to 23 years old belonging to three Brazilian birth cohorts from the cities of Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís were evaluated. In the IMM manuscript, adolescents 18 and 19 years old belonging to a cohort of birth of São Luís. The frequency, quantity and daily energy contribution of SSB (soft drinks, industrialized juices and chocolate) categorized in tertiles were the exhibitions of interest. The outcome variables were the bone mineral density (BMD) of the body and lumbar spine (in g/cm2 ) in the first manuscript and the muscle mass index (IMM) (in kg/m2 ) in the second manuscript. Unadjusted and adjusted models for confounding variables were analyzed by linear regression. Standardized coefficient (standardized β) was used to evaluate the effect size. In the first manuscript, the highest tertile of the frequency of consumption of SSB (2.1 to 16.7 times/day) was associated with a reduction in BMD of the lumbar spine (β = -0.009; 95% CI: -0.017; -0.001; β standardized = -0.030). The association remained after adjusting for confounding variables (β = -0.008; 95% CI: -0.016; -0.001; standardized β = -0.030). In the second manuscript it was found that the highest tertile of frequency of daily consumption of SSB (1.1 to 10.1 times / day) was associated with a reduction in IMM for males (β = -0.31; 95% CI: -0.60; -0.01; standardized β = -0.070) and female (β = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.45; -0.02; standardized β = -0.068). These associations did not remain after adjustment for the sugars contained in SSB in males (β = -0.16; 95% CI: -0.52; 0.20; standardized β = -0.060) and females (β = 0, 01; 95% CI: -0.24; 0.24; standardized β = -0.051). The highest tertile of SSB energy contribution (representing 3.0 to 28.4% in relation to total calories) was associated with a reduction in IMM in male adolescents (β = -0.34; 95% CI: -0.64; -0.04; standardized β = -0.080). This association was not maintained after adjustment for sugars contained in SSB (β = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.51; 0.12; standardized β = -0.076). In some young people, the consumption of SSB was a risk factor for the decrease in BMI and BMD in the lumbar spine. These results are important because the population evaluated was young and it was not expected to reduce muscle and bone mass at this stage of life.As bebidas com adição de açúcar (BAA) podem estar relacionadas à composição corporal. Poucos estudos verificaram as relações do consumo de BAA com o índice de massa muscular (IMM) e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO). Dessa forma, os objetivos dessa tese são verificar associação entre consumo de BAA e DMO em jovens das coortes de nascimento RPS e analisar associação entre consumo de BAA e IMM em adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão. O delineamento dos estudos comtempla análises transversais. No manuscrito sobre DMO foram avaliados jovens de 18 a 23 anos de idade pertencentes a três coortes brasileiras de nascimento das cidades de Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís. No manuscrito sobre IMM foram avaliados adolescentes de 18 e 19 anos de idade pertencentes a coorte de nascimento de São Luís. A frequência, quantidade e contribuição energética diárias das BAA (refrigerantes, sucos industrializados e achocolatados) categorizadas em tercis foram as exposições de interesse. As variáveis desfechos foram a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) de corpo e coluna lombar (em g/cm2 ) no primeiro manuscrito e o índice de massa muscular (IMM) (em kg/m2 ) no segundo manuscrito. Modelos não ajustado e ajustados para variáveis confundidoras foram analisados por regressão linear. Utilizou-se coeficiente padronizado (β padronizado) para avaliar o tamanho do efeito. No primeiro manuscrito o maior tercil da frequência de consumo de BAA (2,1 a 16,7 vezes/dia) foi associado à redução da DMO de coluna lombar (β = -0,009; IC 95%: -0,017; -0,001; β padronizado = -0.030). A associação manteve-se após ajuste para variáveis confundidoras (β = -0,008; IC 95%: -0.016; -0.001; β padronizado = -0.030). No segundo manuscrito verificou-se que o maior tercil de frequência de consumo diária de BAA (1,1 a 10,1 vezes/dia) foi associado à redução do IMM para os sexos masculino (β = -0,31; IC95%: -0,60; -0,01; β padronizado = -0,070) e feminino (β = -0,24; IC95%: -0,45; -0,02; β padronizado = -0,068). Essas associações não se mantiveram após o ajuste para os açúcares contidos nas BAA no sexo masculino (β = -0,16; IC95%: -0,52; 0,20; β padronizado = -0,060) e feminino (β = 0,01; IC95%: -0,24; 0,24; β padronizado = -0,051). O maior tercil de contribuição energética de BAA (representando 3,0 a 28,4% em relação às calorias totais) foi associado à redução do IMM nos adolescentes do sexo masculino (β = -0,34; IC95%: -0,64; - 0,04; β padronizado = -0,080). Essa associação não se manteve após ajuste para açúcares contidos nas BAA (β = -0,19; IC95%: -0,51; 0,12; β padronizado = -0,076). Em alguns jovens, o consumo de BAA foi fator de risco para a diminuição do IMM e da DMO de coluna lombar. Esses resultados são importantes pois a população avaliada era jovem e não se esperava ocorrer redução da massa muscular e óssea nessa fase da vida

Population-based seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and the herd immunity threshold in Maranhão

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: A population-based household survey was performed, from July 27, 2020 to August 8, 2020. The estimates considered clustering, stratification and non-response. Qualitative detection of IgM and IgG antibodies was performed in a fully-automated Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Cobas® e601 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics). RESULTS: In total, 3,156 individuals were interviewed. Seroprevalence of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 40.4% (95%CI 35.6-45.3). Population adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was higher at the beginning of the pandemic than in the last month. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly lower among mask wearers and among those who maintained social and physical distancing in the last month compared to their counterparts. Among the infected, 26.0% were asymptomatic. The infection fatality rate (IFR) was 0.14%, higher for men and older adults. The IFR based on excess deaths was 0.28%. The ratio of estimated infections to reported cases was 22.2. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 estimated in this population-based survey is one of the highest reported. The local herd immunity threshold may have been reached or might be reached soon.OBJECTIVE: To estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: A population-based household survey was performed, from July 27, 2020 to August 8, 2020. The estimates considered clustering, stratification and non-response. Qualitative detection of IgM and IgG antibodies was performed in a fully-automated Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Cobas® e601 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics). RESULTS: In total, 3,156 individuals were interviewed. Seroprevalence of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 40.4% (95%CI 35.6-45.3). Population adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was higher at the beginning of the pandemic than in the last month. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly lower among mask wearers and among those who maintained social and physical distancing in the last month compared to their counterparts. Among the infected, 26.0% were asymptomatic. The infection fatality rate (IFR) was 0.14%, higher for men and older adults. The IFR based on excess deaths was 0.28%. The ratio of estimated infections to reported cases was 22.2. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 estimated in this population-based survey is one of the highest reported. The local herd immunity threshold may have been reached or might be reached soon

Association between socioeconomic factors and fruit and vegetable consumption in Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years: ELSI-Brazil data

OBJECTIVE: Daily fruit and vegetable consumption is a critical factor in health, especially aging. This study aimed to evaluate the association between socioeconomic factors and daily fruit and vegetable consumption in men and women aged &ge; 50 years. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used 2015-2016 data from the Brazilian longitudinal study of aging (ELSI-Brazil), which included 8665 individuals aged &ge; 50 years. Daily fruit and vegetable consumption was the dependent variable, and income, education, sex, age, and race were the independent variables. Associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and the independent variables were determined using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Individuals who had completed higher education (OR 2.40; 95% CI 2.07-2.78), whose income was &gt; 3 times the minimum wage (OR 2.42; 95% CI 2.18-2.68), and those aged &gt; 80 years (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.27-1.63) were more likely to consume fruits and vegetables. However, men (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.58-0.67), Blacks (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.65-0.84), and people of mixed race (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.63-0.73), were less likely to consume fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: The results show inequality in fruit and vegetable consumption among people aged &ge; 50 years, which was lower among men, people of Black or mixed race, people with low income and education, and those with younger age. Interventions are needed to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, and thus healthy aging, among these groups.</p

The Frequency of Daily Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Reduced Muscle Mass Index in Adolescents

The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased in recent years and has become a cause of concern because these beverages pose a risk to human health. Thus, we evaluated the association between SSBs consumption and muscle mass index (MMI) in adolescents. This cross-sectional study evaluated 2393 adolescents (18/19-years-old). Consumption of SSBs was analyzed based on the frequency of daily consumption and energy contribution categorized into tertiles. MMI was examined using the ratio of muscle mass (kilograms) to height (meters squared). The highest tertile of the frequency of daily SSB intake was associated with a reduced MMI in men (&beta; = &minus;0.31; 95%CI: &minus;0.60, &minus;0.01) and women (&beta; = &minus;0.24; 95%CI: &minus;0.45, &minus;0.02). However, these associations were not observed after adjusting for sugar contained in SSBs in men (&beta; = &minus;0.26; 95%CI: &minus;0.69, 0.17) and for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein intake in women (&beta; = &minus;0.19; 95%CI: &minus;0.42, 0.04). The highest energy contribution tertile of SSBs was associated with a reduced MMI in male adolescents (&beta; = &minus;0.34; 95%CI: &minus;0.64, &minus;0.04). This association was not observed after adjusting for intake of sugar in SSBs (&beta; = &minus;0.38; 95%CI: &minus;0.75, 0.01). The frequency of daily consumption of SSBs was considered a risk factor for decreased MMI in both sexes, and the energy contribution of these drinks was a risk factor for MMI reduced only in male adolescents

Are Fat Mass and Lean Mass Associated with Grip Strength in Adolescents?

Background: The interaction between lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass index (FMI) with grip strength (GS) has not been explored in the same analysis model in adolescents. This study thus aims to analyze the association between FMI and LBM with GS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the 2016 follow-up of the 1997/98 Birth Cohort of S&atilde;o Lu&iacute;s. Grip strength was assessed by the Jamar Plus + dynamometer. The LBM and FMI indexes were assessed [ratio of the mass (lean or fat-kg) to height (m2)]. The confounding variables identified for the relationship between FMI and LBM with GS in the same analysis model, by directed acyclic graph (DAG), were sex, age, race, work, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, and consumption of ultra-processed foods and culinary preparations, used in the adjusted analysis. Results: A total of 2339 adolescents (52.5% girls) were analyzed. The boys have a higher GS than the girls. In the adjusted analysis, with each increase of 1 kg/m2 in the FMI, GS was reduced by 0.72 kgf for boys and 0.35 kgf for girls. At each increase of 1 kg/m2 in the LBM, GS increased by 2.18 kgf for boys and 1.26 kgf for girls. Conclusions: FMI was associated with lower GS regardless of the LBM. LBM was associated with higher GS regardless of the FMI

High Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Low Bone Mineral Density in Young People: The Brazilian Birth Cohort Consortium

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption may be associated with a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the consumption of SSB and BMD among young people. We performed a cross-sectional study that evaluated 6620 young people (18–23 years of age) from three Brazilian birth cohorts (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas, and São Luís). We analyzed the daily frequency and the amount and energy contribution of the SSB, which were obtained through a food frequency questionnaire. Total body and lumbar spine BMD (g/cm2), measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, were the outcomes. Unadjusted linear regression models, adjusted for sex, socioeconomic class, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index were used. The highest tertile of SSB consumption frequency (2.1–16.7 times/day) was associated with a lower lumbar spine BMD (β = −0.009; 95% CI: −0.017; −0.001; standardized β = −0.03). This association persisted after adjustment for confounders (β = −0.008; 95% CI: −0.016; −0.001; standardized β = −0.03). No association was observed between SSB consumption frequency and total body BMD or between the amount and energy contribution of SSB and total body or lumbar spine BMD. A high frequency of SSB consumption was associated with a low lumbar spine BMD

Sex-Dependent Effects of the Intake of NOVA Classified Ultra-Processed Foods on Syndrome Metabolic Components in Brazilian Adults

Longitudinal studies evaluating the relationship between UPF consumption and the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components are still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of UPF consumption on the incidence of MetS and its components in adults. A prospective study was conducted with 896 participants from the 1978/79 Ribeirão Preto cohort, São Paulo, Brazil. UPF consumption was evaluated in %kcal and %g at ages 23–25 years. Incidence of MetS and its components were estimated at ages 37–39 years, according to the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Poisson regression was used to assess associations, and interactions with sex were investigated. UPF consumption had no association with MetS (%kcal Adjusted PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99–1.01; %g Adjusted PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99–1.01). However, women with higher UPF consumption, in %kcal and %g, had a higher risk of abdominal obesity (%kcal: p = 0.030; %g: p = 0.003); and women with higher UPF consumption, in %g, had a higher risk of low HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.041). For the other components of MetS, no significant associations were observed in either sex. These findings suggest evidence of no association between UPF consumption and MetS; however, consumption of UPF was associated with increased WC and low HDL-c, but only in women