PRODEBAR ¿un plan estratégico urbano?

The present investigation aims to establish if the Program for Strategic Development of Barquisimeto (PRODEBAS) complies with the methodology for the formulation of the Strategic Urban (PEU). While it is true that strategic planning has traditionally associated with organizational environments is helpful to understand how it has spread to urban areas. In this regard, we must recognize that the need for urban centers to adapt to the changes allowed the emergence of strategic planning as an instrument of city planning. In this context, this research was methodologically conceived as a descriptive method with field design, supplemented with elements of documentary source. The information was obtained through the techniques of literature review and expert consultation, using guided interviews with individuals directly inherent in the formulation of the program. The analysis showed that PRODEBAS but can not be classified as a USP, it has the virtue of being inspired by the philosophy of strategic planning. We conclude that this program, although it is inspired by the urban planning processes can not be considered a strictly strategic plan. However, it can be said that the city of Barquisimeto has initiated a development path that puts it on par with modern global trends in this area are carried out in recent decades to be able to undertake implementation of a legitimate proposal that meets the needs of the city. La presente investigación tiene como propósito establecer si el Programa para el Desarrollo Estratégico de Barquisimeto (PRODEBAR) cumple con la metodología propia de la formulación de los Planes Estratégicos Urbanos (PEU). Si bien es cierto que tradicionalmente la planificación estratégica se asocia a entornos organizacionales resulta útil comprender cómo ésta se ha extendido hasta el ámbito urbano. Al respecto, es necesario reconocer que la necesidad de los centros urbanos de adaptarse a los cambios permitió que surgiera la planificación estratégica como instrumento de planeación de ciudades. En este marco, se realizó esta investigación concebida metodológicamente como una modalidad descriptiva con diseño de campo, complementada con elementos de origen documental. La información se obtuvo mediante las técnicas de revisión documental y consulta de expertos, utilizando entrevistas guiadas a individuos con inherencia directa en la formulación del Programa. El análisis efectuado evidenció que PRODEBAR si bien no puede ser catalogado como un PEU, tiene la virtud de estar inspirado en la filosofía de la planificación estratégica. Se concluye que este programa, si bien se inspira en los procesos de planificación estratégica urbana, no puede ser considerado un plan estratégico en sentido estricto. No obstante, se puede afirmar que la ciudad de Barquisimeto ha iniciado un camino de desarrollo que lo ubica a la par de las tendencias modernas mundiales que en esta área se llevan a cabo en las últimas décadas al haber logrado emprender la ejecución de una propuesta legítima que atiende a las necesidades de la ciudad

CUMPLIMIENTO DE FUNCIONES GERENCIALES DEL MICROEMPRESARIO. CASO DE ESTUDIO: EMPRESAS FINANCIADAS POR C\uc1RITAS DIOCESANA DE BARQUISIMETO

En gran medida la posibilidad de transformaci\uf3n real de la sociedad recae en las manos de los gerentes de las empresas, pues ellos son responsables del \ue9xito que se pueda tener al alcanzar los objetivos organizacionales y satisfacer las demandas sociales. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene como prop\uf3sito analizar el cumplimiento de las funciones gerenciales por parte de los microempresarios del Estado Lara, beneficiarios de cr\ue9ditos otorgados por Caritas Diocesana de Barquisimeto. Se realiz\uf3 un trabajo de campo con modalidad descriptiva, para la cual se aplicaron cuestionarios a los gerentesdue\uf1os de microempresas y personal de la organizaci\uf3n encargada del apoyo financiero. Entre los hallazgos m\ue1s importantes que arroja la investigaci\uf3n, est\ue1 el reconocimiento de que a pesar de la informalidad y debilidades presentes en el cumplimiento de las funciones gerenciales, los microempresarios han logrado llevar adelante el proceso gerencial de sus negocios, sin perder su esencia como unidades productivas de menor escala, logrando generar las condiciones necesarias para mantenerse en el sector en el que se desenvuelven. En este contexto, y en aras de fortalecer la gesti\uf3n, se reconoce como prioritaria la capacitaci\uf3n gerencial de los microempresarios. Palabras clave: Funciones gerenciales, gerentes, microempresarios, C\ue1ritas Diocesana de Barquisimeto ABSTRACT The possibility of real transformation of the society lies to a large extent on the hands of companies\u92 managers, since they are responsible for the successful achievement of organizational goals as well as satisfying social demand. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fulfillment of management functions by micro-entrepreneurs within Lara State which have benefited from loans provided by Caritas Diocesana de Barquisimeto. Fieldwork was conducted following a descriptive design, for which questionnaires were applied to owner/managers of micro enterprises as well as to the staff from the organization in charge of the financial support. The research showed that despite the informality and weaknesses found in the fulfillment of management functions, the micro-entrepreneurs have managed to carry forward the management process of their business, without losing its essence as units of small-scale production while achieving their purposes and benefits. In this context, and in order to strengthen management, it is recognized as a priority management training for micro-entrepreneurs. Keywords: Management functions, managers, entrepreneurs, Caritas Diocesana de Barquisimeto. RESUMO Em grande medida a possibilidade de transforma\ue7\ue3o real da sociedade recai nas m\ue3os dos gerentes das empresas, porque eles s\ue3o os respons\ue1veis pelo sucesso que se possa ter em alcan\ue7ar os objetivos organizacionais e satisfazer as demandas sociais. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o desempenho da gest\ue3o de microempres\ue1rios do estado de Lara, que se beneficiam de empr\ue9stimos concedidos pela Caritas de Barquisimeto. Foi um trabalho de campo descritivo para o qual foram aplicados question\ue1rios aos gerentes e donos de microempresas e pessoal da organiza\ue7\ue3o encarregado do apoio financeiro. Entre as descobertas mais importantes deste trabalho \ue9 que apesar da informalidade e fraquezas presentes na execu\ue7\ue3o das fun\ue7\uf5es administrativas, os microempres\ue1rios podem levar o processo administrativo dos neg\uf3cios para frente, sem que estes percam a sua ess\ueancia de unidades produtivas de menor escala, alcan\ue7ando gerar as condi\ue7\uf5es necess\ue1rias para se manter no setor no qual eles se desenvolvem. Neste contexto, e no intuito de refor\ue7ar a gest\ue3o se reconhece como priorit\ue1ria a capacita\ue7\ue3o gerencial dos microempres\ue1rios. Palavras chave: Fun\ue7\uf5es gerenciais, gerentes, microempres\ue1rios, C\ue1ritas Diocesanas de Barquisimeto.<br

Complete genome of a European hepatitis C virus subtype 1g isolate: phylogenetic and genetic analyses

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hepatitis C virus isolates have been classified into six main genotypes and a variable number of subtypes within each genotype, mainly based on phylogenetic analysis. Analyses of the genetic relationship among genotypes and subtypes are more reliable when complete genome sequences (or at least the full coding region) are used; however, so far 31 of 80 confirmed or proposed subtypes have at least one complete genome available. Of these, 20 correspond to confirmed subtypes of epidemic interest.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We present and analyse the first complete genome sequence of a HCV subtype 1g isolate. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses reveal that HCV-1g is the most divergent subtype among the HCV-1 confirmed subtypes. Potential genomic recombination events between genotypes or subtype 1 genomes were ruled out. We demonstrate phylogenetic congruence of previously deposited partial sequences of HCV-1g with respect to our sequence.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In light of this, we propose changing the current status of its subtype-specific designation from provisional to confirmed.</p

Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) during colonoscopy diagnosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>No recognized risk factors can be identified in 10-40% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients suggesting that the modes of transmission involved could be underestimated or unidentified. Invasive diagnostic procedures, such as endoscopy, have been considered as a potential HCV transmission route; although the actual extent of transmission in endoscopy procedures remains controversial. Most reported HCV outbreaks related to nosocomial acquisition have been attributed to unsafe injection practices and use of multi-dose vials. Only a few cases of likely patient-to-patient HCV transmission via a contaminated colonoscope have been reported to date. Nosocomial HCV infection may have important medical and legal implications and, therefore, possible transmission routes should be investigated. In this study, a case of nosocomial transmission of HCV from a common source to two patients who underwent colonoscopy in an endoscopy unit is reported.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A retrospective epidemiological search after detection of index cases revealed several potentially infective procedures: sample blood collection, use of a peripheral catheter, anesthesia and colonoscopy procedures. The epidemiological investigation showed breaches in colonoscope reprocessing and deficiencies in the recording of valuable tracing data. Direct sequences from the NS5B region were obtained to determine the extent of the outbreak and cloned sequences from the E1-E2 region were used to establish the relationships among intrapatient viral populations. Phylogenetic analyses of individual sequences from viral populations infecting the three patients involved in the outbreak confirmed the patient pointed out by the epidemiological search as the source of the outbreak. Furthermore, the sequential order in which the patients underwent colonoscopy correlates with viral genetic variability estimates.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Patient-to-patient transmission of HCV could be demonstrated although the precise route of transmission remained unclear. Viral genetic variability is proposed as a useful tool for tracing HCV transmission, especially in recent transmissions.</p

Auditoría de gestión de inventarios a Almacenes Artefacta en la ciudad de Quito, provincia de Pichincha, período 2017

El presente trabajo de investigación se enfoca en realizar una auditoría de gestión de inventarios a Almacenes Artefacta en la ciudad de Quito, provincia de Pichincha, período 2017; mediante la aplicación de las fases del proceso de auditoría, tendiente a la determinación del nivel de uso y aplicación de los recursos bajo parámetros de eficiencia, eficacia, economía y ética. Como parte de la metodología del trabajo se evaluaron los procesos de control interno, la administración y la gestión en el área de inventarios; paralelamente, se utilizaron datos acerca de los ítems que corresponden al inventario, sistema de control y al manejo de compras y ventas; también se utilizaron técnicas como: encuestas aplicadas al personal del área de inventarios, entrevistas realizadas a los principales funcionarios, la observación, y la revisión documental; a su vez se extrajo datos e información del objeto de estudio y del entorno real de la empresa. Entre los resultados más significativos se identificaron: devoluciones de inventario, inconsistencias en las constataciones físicas, insuficiente espacio físico, así como inadecuadas señales de almacenaje y poca visibilidad en señales de seguridad. Por lo que se han planteado recomendaciones como: adoptar acciones preventivas y correctivas a fin de disminuir el riesgo presente en los procesos y actividades de control de inventarios, así como exigir el cumplimiento de la normativa interna y externa a la que la empresa está sujeta.The following investigation's objective to perform an inventory management audit of Almacenes Artefacta in Quito city, Pichincha province, 2017; through the application of the phases of the audit process, aimed at determining the level of use and application of resources under parameters of efficiency, effectiveness, economy, and ethics. As part of the work methodology, the processes of internal control, administration, and management in the area of inventories were evaluated; At the same time, data was used about the items that correspond to the inventory, control system and the management of purchases and sales; Techniques were also used such as surveys applied to personnel in the inventory area, interviews with key officials, observation, and documentary review; At the same time, data and information were extracted from the object of study and from the real environment of the company. Among the most significant results were identified: inventory returns, inconsistencies in physical findings, insufficient physical space, as well as inadequate storage signals and poor visibility in safety signals. Therefore, recommendations have been made such as: adopting preventive and corrective actions in order to reduce the risk present in inventory control processes and activities, as well as to demand compliance with the internal and external regulations to which the company is subject

La planificación en la fertilización del cultivo de la piña. Un análisis de vulnerabilidad

The purpose of this research was to analyze the fertilization planning process of the pineapple crop (Ananás comosus) in the El Tequere sector of the Aguedo Felipe Alvarado parish in the Iribarren municipality of Lara State. Framed under a field design of a descriptive type and considering as a population object of study all the producers that are located in the sector, the information necessary for the development of the research was obtained by means of the application of a Likert scale questionnaire, highlighting data of interest with which it was possible to describe, diagnose and perform a vulnerability analysis of the fertilization planning process of the aforementioned area. The analysis revealed that this process is performed empirically by people who are not trained to carry out such an important function effectively; Likewise, it showed how 6 of the 10 success factors, considered to be determinant in terms of their influence on the evaluated process, are located in the quadrants I Defenseless and Vulnerable IV, as a result of the low response capacity of the producers to resist and recover. in situations where the shortage of fertilizers, loss of tradition in the production of this item in the area, absence of technical advisors and low prices of final products are the protagonists.La presente investigación tuvo como propósito analizar el proceso de planificación de la fertilización del cultivo de la piña (Ananás comosus) en el sector El Tequere de la parroquia Aguedo Felipe Alvarado del municipio Iribarren del Estado Lara. Enmarcado bajo un diseño de campo de tipo descriptivo y considerando como población objeto de estudio a la totalidad de los productores que se ubican en el sector, la información necesaria para el desarrollo de la investigación se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario a escala de Likert, destacando datos de interés con los que se pudo describir, diagnosticar y realizar un análisis de vulnerabilidad del proceso de planificación de la fertilización del rubro antes mencionado. El análisis reveló que este proceso se realiza de manera empírica por personas que no están capacitadas para llevar a cabo efectivamente tan importante función; así mismo evidenció cómo 6 de los 10 factores de éxito, considerados determinantes por cuanto a su influencia en el proceso evaluado, se ubican en los cuadrantes Indefenso (I) y Vulnerable (IV), como consecuencia de la baja capacidad de respuesta de los productores para resistir y recuperarse ante situaciones donde la escasez de fertilizantes, pérdida de la tradición en la producción de este rubro en la zona, ausencia de asesores técnicos y precios bajos de los productos finales sean los protagonistas

Effect of the Genotype and Growing Conditions on the Main Phenolic Compounds in Capsicum Peppers

Capsicum peppers is one of the most important vegetables, with a well known nutritional properties, including phenolics. Breeding peppers adapted to organic agriculture and rich in bioactive compounds is of paramount importance for this sector since the demand of organic and healthy food is increasing in many countries. This is a preliminary study on the effect of genotype, growing conditions and their interaction on the main phenolics of peppers. Fruits from four Capsicum annuum (BGV-10582, Bierzo, Bola and Piquillo) and one C. chinense (ECU-994) accessions, were cultivated under organic and conventional practices and main phenolic compounds quercetin and luteolin were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Differences were found among accessions for both compounds in the studied accessions, particularly ECU-994. Differences for each phenolic compound were also detected between growing systems. Moreover, considerable interaction between genotype and growing conditions was found, suggesting that there are ample opportunities for selecting peppers with high content in phenolics and specifically adapted to organic cultivation

Manejo médico de la exposición al virus de la hepatitis B

We performed a revision of the currente knowledge on the treatment for the probably exposure to the infection by the hepatitis B virus. We present a discriminated variety of exposures and the pertinent indication and dosification of specific inmunoglobulin and hepatitis B vaccine. This publication is supported on the Atlanta's CDC and World Health Organization recomendations.Se hace una revisión de los conocimientos actuales sobre el tratamiento en el caso de una probable exposición al virus de la hepatitis B. Se presenta la pormenorización de las diferentes clases de exposición así como la indicación y dosificación de la inmunoglobulina específica y de la vacuna anti-hepatitis B. Esta revisión tiene como fundamento las recomendaciones del CDC de Atlanta y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud

Evidence of Recombination in Intrapatient Populations of Hepatitis C Virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and a potential cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in the future. HCV is characterized by a high level of genetic heterogeneity. Although homologous recombination has been demonstrated in many members of the family Flaviviridae, to which HCV belongs, there are only a few studies reporting recombination on natural populations of HCV, suggesting that these events are rare in vivo. Furthermore, these few studies have focused on recombination between different HCV genotypes/subtypes but there are no reports on the extent of intra-genotype or intra-subtype recombination between viral strains infecting the same patient. Given the important implications of recombination for RNA virus evolution, our aim in this study has been to assess the existence and eventually the frequency of intragenic recombination on HCV. For this, we retrospectively have analyzed two regions of the HCV genome (NS5A and E1-E2) in samples from two different groups: (i) patients infected only with HCV (either treated with interferon plus ribavirin or treatment naïve), and (ii) HCV-HIV co-infected patients (with and without treatment against HIV). The complete data set comprised 17712 sequences from 136 serum samples derived from 111 patients. Recombination analyses were performed using 6 different methods implemented in the program RDP3. Recombination events were considered when detected by at least 3 of the 6 methods used and were identified in 10.7% of the amplified samples, distributed throughout all the groups described and the two genomic regions studied. The resulting recombination events were further verified by detailed phylogenetic analyses. The complete experimental procedure was applied to an artificial mixture of relatively closely viral populations and the ensuing analyses failed to reveal artifactual recombination. From these results we conclude that recombination should be considered as a potentially relevant mechanism generating genetic variation in HCV and with important implications for the treatment of this infection

Use of Molecular Markers to Assist the Development of Inbred Lines under Open Field Conditions: the Case of Criollo Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) from Mexico

[EN] Chile peppers are one of the most important crops in Mexico and a plethora of ecotypes can be found there. Most of them are ancient open-pollinated (OP) landraces selected by farmers for uniform phenotype but with an inherent level of genetic diversity, called criollos. In this work 15 pepper accessions, encompassing 2 criollo lines, their open-pollinated progenies, and 5 controls, were characterized with a set of 36 IPGRI descriptors and 23 SSR markers to assess the effect of open pollination in the inbreeding process. Heterozygosity levels were comprised between 12 and 47% in the progenies, which were similar or lower than those values from parent plants and similar or higher than control cultivars. Also, both progenies and parents showed similar levels of agronomic and morphological uniformity. Our results suggest that this OP program is efficient in terms of reaching enough agronomic uniformity in criollo Ancho peppers while preserving certain genetic diversity to confer adaptation to climate change.This work was partly financed by projects INIA RTA2013-00022-C02-02 and RTA2014-00041-C02-02, funded by Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias (Spain), FEDER funds. Also, Mexican authors thank CONACYT for financing the stay of Gustavo Chavez-Gonzalez in Spain, as well as the Programa Integral de Fortalecimiento Institucional (PIFI) de la UA de Aguascalientes (SEP-Mexico).Pereira-Días, L.; Chavez-Gonzalez, G.; Bracho Gil, M.; Fita, A.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Luna-Ruiz, J.; Perez-Cabrera, L.... (2017). Use of Molecular Markers to Assist the Development of Inbred Lines under Open Field Conditions: the Case of Criollo Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) from Mexico. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 45(2):365-368. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210940S36536845