Entwicklungszusammenarbeit vor dem Hintergrund der sich verändernden Sicherheitspolitik in Japan

Das Ziel dieser Magisterarbeit ist es, die Bedeutung von Sicherheit für die öffentliche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit Japans, ODA zu untersuchen und wie sich diese Bedeutung über den Zeitraum von 1991 bis 2009 verändert hat. Zu diese, Zweck habe ich die Annual Reports on ODA, beziehungsweise Whitepapers, die das japanische Außenministerium jährlich veröffentlicht analysiert. Meiner Meinung nach, ist Japan ein interessantes Fallbeispiel, denn Japan hat sich, seit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges, aufgrund der in seiner Verfassung festgelegten Restriktionen, eher auf wirtschaftliche als auf sicherheitspolitische Themen konzentriert. In letzter Zeit macht sich aber eine Veränderung der japanischen Außenpolitik in Richtung Sicherheitspolitik bemerkbar. Ich wollte den Kontext, in dem von Sicherheit gesprochen wird, untersuchen und welche Vorschläge gemacht werden, wie Sicherheit mit Mitteln der EZA zu erreichen sei. Die Ergebnisse sind in neun Kapitel gegliedert, jedes behandelt eine Themenstellung der EZA, die Überschneidungen zu Sicherheit aufzeigt und zeigt auch auf, wie sich die Bedeutung von Sicherheit über die Jahre verändert hat. Sicherheit hat verschiedene Bedeutungen und ist gleichzeitig eine Voraussetzung und ein Ziel von Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Sicherheit ist für viele Themenstellungen der EZA von Bedeutung. Beispielsweise im Rahmen von friedensherstellenden Maßnahmen, aber auch für wirtschaftliche Sicherheit, Notfallhilfe, diplomatische Beziehungen, globale Probleme wie Umweltverschmutzung oder ansteckende Krankheiten, Armut, menschliche Sicherheit, Good Governance und Nationbuilding, und so weiter. Für Japan ist es wegen seiner Verfassung schwierig sich an friedensherstellenden Einsätzen zu beteiligen. Es kann aber mit Mitteln der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit seinen Beitrag zur internationalen Gemeinschaft leisten und sich auf internationalem Parkett präsentieren. Über die Jahre veränderten sich die Auffassungen von Sicherheit und somit auch die Ziele, welche die EZA in diese Richtung verfolgte. Zu Beginn der von mir untersuchten Periode spielte militärische Sicherheit die größte Rolle, später änderte es sich in menschliche Sicherheit und schließlich treten Sicherheitsprobleme wie Terrorismus und Piraterie vermehrt in den Vordergrund.The main purpose of this master thesis is to analyze the role security plays for the official development assistance, ODA, of Japan and and to determine in what way the meaning of security has changed over a time period of nearly 20 years, i.e. 1991 to 2009. To resolve these demands I have examined the Annual Reports on ODA and the ODA Whitepapers respectively both published by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. I think Japan is an interesting case, because it’s military is restricted by the constitution and it has been focusing on economic issues rather than security issues since the end of World War II. However, in recent years the Japanese foreign policy seems to change towards a more active participation concerning security. I wanted to find out about the contexts in which security is spoken of, what security means in each context, and how security could be achieved within the means of ODA. This led to a subdivision by topic into nine chapters; each chapter also covers how the topic has changed over time. Each chapter covers a topic of Japanese Development Cooperation to which security plays a crucial role. Security can have different meanings and is both a precondition and an aim of developmental cooperation. There are different issues where security plays a crucial role in: First of all it is seen in peace keeping operations, but also economical security, emergency aid, diplomatic relations, global issues like the environment or infectious diseases, poverty, human security, good governance and nation building. I came to the conclusion that Japan has difficulties in participating in peace keeping operations, due to its constitution. Therefore it can use means of official development assistance to contribute to global peace and stability. Over the years the perceptions of security and hence the aims of ODA changed. First it focused on military security, then on human security and recently it focused on the prevention of terrorism, international crime and piracy

Towards quantitative Low Energy Ion Scattering on CaSiO3_3 from Comparison to Multiple-Scattering-Resolved Dynamical Binary Collision Approximation Simulations

We perform Low Energy Ion Scattering with 1\,keV He ions on CaSiO$_3$ using a commercial electrostatic detector system and determine the charge fraction of scattered ions from comparison with Binary Collision Approximation simulations. The simulations take dynamical surface changes due to surface cleaning Ar sputtering into account and scattered He particles are separated into single, dual, and multiple scattering trajectories. We find that the charge fraction of single and dual scattered He is about 10 times higher than the one for multiple collisions. Our results show that quantitative concentration profiles can be inferred from this method, if the charge fraction components are determined first

Sex differences in the Simon task help to interpret sex differences in selective attention.

In the last decade, a number of studies have reported sex differences in selective attention, but a unified explanation for these effects is still missing. This study aims to better understand these differences and put them in an evolutionary psychological context. 418 adult participants performed a computer-based Simon task, in which they responded to the direction of a left or right pointing arrow appearing left or right from a fixation point. Women were more strongly influenced by task-irrelevant spatial information than men (i.e., the Simon effect was larger in women, Cohen's d = 0.39). Further, the analysis of sex differences in behavioral adjustment to errors revealed that women slow down more than men following mistakes (d = 0.53). Based on the combined results of previous studies and the current data, it is proposed that sex differences in selective attention are caused by underlying sex differences in core abilities, such as spatial or verbal cognition

Transformation Schallmoos : neue Räume für die Stadt

Der Stadtteil Schallmoos und das von mir bearbeitete Planungsgebiet im Speziellen bieten die Möglichkeit, Salzburg abseits der Festspiele ein Profil zu geben. Als größter quasi-brachliegender Stadtteil mit ausgezeichneter zentraler Lage bietet Schallmoos die einzigartige Chance, Wohnen, Arbeiten, Kultur, Forschung und Entwicklung innerhalb der Stadt zu vereinen und gleichzeitig dadurch ein junges, zweites Stadtteilzentrum entstehen zu lassen. Junge Paare, Familien aber auch Singles werden von der Flucht in den Speckgürtel abgehalten und bereichern so die Stadt mit ihrer Lebensenergie.12

Erstspracherwerb der Nominalflexion von Finnisch-, Estnisch- und Deutschsprachigen Kindern

Seit Beginn des letzten Jahrhunderts wird der Erstspracherwerb von Kindern wissenschaftlich untersucht, um dabei Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in verschiedenen Sprachen aufzuzeigen. Unterschiedliche Sprachtypologien stellen eine geeignete Möglichkeit dar Vergleiche hinsichtlich des Spracherwerbs anzustellen. Anhand der beiden agglutinierenden, finno-ugrischen Sprachen Finnisch und Estnisch, sowie dem flektierenden, indo-germanischen Deutschen wird in der vorliegenden Masterarbeit der Nominalspracherwerb von Kindern mittels vorhandener Längsschnittdaten untersucht und analysiert. Hierbei wird ersichtlich, dass der Alterszeitpunkt ab welchem Kinder in der Lage sind Nominalflexion korrekt zu gebrauchen von verschiedenen Faktoren abhängt. Eine wichtige Rolle im Erstspracherwerb spielt die Eindeutigkeit der Suffixe. Das finnische Kasussystem ist zwar viel komplexer als jenes des Deutschen, trotzdem scheint es für Kinder einfacher zu sein. Während die finnische Sprache nahezu keine Synkretismen zeigt und das Estnische nur wenige, weist die deutsche Sprache zahlreiche Synkretismen auf. Dieser Unterschied spiegelt sich auch im Erstspracherwerb wieder. Im Vergleich zu deutschsprachigen Kindern sind sowohl estnischsprachige als auch finnischsprachige Kinder früher in der Lage Kasus und Numerus korrekt zu verwenden, wobei die finnischen Kinder dies am frühesten beherrschen. Weitere Faktoren die den Erstspracherwerb beeinflussen sind phonologische Struktur des Suffixes, sprachlicher Input oder auch Umgangssprache.The first language acquisition of children has been scientifically investigated since the beginning of the last century in order to identify commonalities and differences between different languages. Languages with differing linguistic typologies offer an appropriate tool for comparison with respect to the acquisition of language. Referring to the two agglutinating Finno-Ugric languages Finnish and Estonian, as well as the inflecting, Indo-Germanic language German, the present master thesis investigates children’s acquisition of nominal inflection by considering available longitudinal data. This respective data indicates that the age from which on children are able to apply nominal inflection correctly depends on several factors. One crucial factor in first language acquisition is the unambiguousness of the suffixes. Although the Finnish case system is more complex in comparison to its German counterpart, it seems to be easier to discriminate for children. Whereas the Finnish language features almost no syncretisms, and the Estonian language only a few, the German language manifests numerous syncretisms. This difference is also reflected in first language acquisition. Compared to German speaking children both the Estonian and the Finnish speaking children are able to use case and number correctly, with the Finnish children being correct even earlier than the Estonian. Further determinants of first language acquisition are phonological structure of the suffix, linguistic input, and colloquial language

Bicolored Order Types

In their seminal work on Multidimensional Sorting, Goodman and Pollack introduced the so-called order type, which for each ordered triple of a point set in the plane gives its orientation, clockwise or counterclockwise. This information is sufficient to solve many problems from discrete geometry where properties of point sets do not depend on the exact coordinates of the points but only on their relative positions. Goodman and Pollack showed that an efficient way to store an order type in a matrix λ of quadratic size (w.r.t. the number of points) is to count for every oriented line spanned by two points of the set how many of the remaining points lie to the left of this line. We generalize the concept of order types to bicolored point sets (every point has one of two colors). The bicolored order type contains the orientation of each bicolored triple of points, while no information is stored for monochromatic triples. Similar to the uncolored case, we store the number of blue points that are to the left of an oriented line spanned by two red points or by one red and one blue point in λB. Analogously the number of red points is stored in λR. As a main result, we show that the equivalence of the information contained in the orientation of all bicolored point triples and the two matrices λB and λR also holds in the colored case. This is remarkable, as in general the bicolored order type does not even contain sufficient information to determine all extreme points (points on the boundary of the convex hull of the point set).We then show that the information of a bicolored order type is sufficient to determine whether the two color classes can be linearly separated and how one color class can be sorted around a point of the other color class. Moreover, knowing the bicolored order type of a point set suffices to find bicolored plane perfect matchings or to compute the number of crossings of the complete bipartite graph drawn on a bicolored point set in quadratic time

Two Equivalent Representations of Bicolored Order Types

In their seminal work on Multidimensional Sorting, Goodman and Pollack introduced the so-called order type, which for each ordered triple of a point set in the plane gives its orientation, clockwise or counterclockwise. This information is sufficient to solve many problems from discrete geometry where properties of point sets do not depend on the exact coordinates of the points but only on their relative positions. Goodman and Pollack showed that an efficient way to store an order type in a matrix λ of quadratic size (w.r.t. the number of points) is to count for every oriented line spanned by two points of the set how many of the remaining points lie to the left of this line. We generalize the concept of order types to bicolored point sets (every point has one of two colors). The bicolored order type contains the orientation of each bicolored triple of points, while no information is stored for monochromatic triples. Similar to the uncolored case, we store the number of blue points that are to the left of an oriented line spanned by two red points or by one red and one blue point in λB. Analogously the number of red points is stored in λR. We show that the equivalence of the information contained in the orientation of all bicolored point triples and the two matrices λB and λR also holds in the colored case. This is remarkable, as in general the bicolored order type does not even contain sufficient information to determine all extreme points (points on the boundary of the convex hull of the point set)

Bicolored Order Types

In their seminal work on Multidimensional Sorting, Goodman and Pollack introduced the so-called order type, which for each ordered triple of a point set in the plane gives its orientation, clockwise or counterclockwise. This information is sufficient to solve many problems from discrete geometry where properties of point sets do not depend on the exact coordinates of the points but only on their relative positions. Goodman and Pollack showed that an efficient way to store an order type in a matrix λ of quadratic size (w.r.t. the number of points) is to count for every oriented line spanned by two points of the set how many of the remaining points lie to the left of this line. We generalize the concept of order types to bicolored point sets (every point has one of two colors). The bicolored order type contains the orientation of each bicolored triple of points, while no information is stored for monochromatic triples. Similar to the uncolored case, we store the number of blue points that are to the left of an oriented line spanned by two red points or by one red and one blue point in λB. Analogously the number of red points is stored in λR. As a main result, we show that the equivalence of the information contained in the orientation of all bicolored point triples and the two matrices λB and λR also holds in the colored case. This is remarkable, as in general the bicolored order type does not even contain sufficient information to determine all extreme points (points on the boundary of the convex hull of the point set).We then show that the information of a bicolored order type is sufficient to determine whether the two color classes can be linearly separated and how one color class can be sorted around a point of the other color class. Moreover, knowing the bicolored order type of a point set suffices to find bicolored plane perfect matchings or to compute the number of crossings of the complete bipartite graph drawn on a bicolored point set in quadratic time

Two Equivalent Representations of Bicolored Order Types

In their seminal work on Multidimensional Sorting, Goodman and Pollack introduced the so-called order type, which for each ordered triple of a point set in the plane gives its orientation, clockwise or counterclockwise. This information is sufficient to solve many problems from discrete geometry where properties of point sets do not depend on the exact coordinates of the points but only on their relative positions. Goodman and Pollack showed that an efficient way to store an order type in a matrix λ of quadratic size (w.r.t. the number of points) is to count for every oriented line spanned by two points of the set how many of the remaining points lie to the left of this line. We generalize the concept of order types to bicolored point sets (every point has one of two colors). The bicolored order type contains the orientation of each bicolored triple of points, while no information is stored for monochromatic triples. Similar to the uncolored case, we store the number of blue points that are to the left of an oriented line spanned by two red points or by one red and one blue point in λB. Analogously the number of red points is stored in λR. We show that the equivalence of the information contained in the orientation of all bicolored point triples and the two matrices λB and λR also holds in the colored case. This is remarkable, as in general the bicolored order type does not even contain sufficient information to determine all extreme points (points on the boundary of the convex hull of the point set)

Brain Research / Progesterone-associated increase in ERP amplitude correlates with an improvement in performance in a spatial attention paradigm

Ovarian sex hormones modulate neuronal circuits not directly involved in reproductive functions. In the present study, we investigated whether endogenous fluctuations of estradiol and progesterone during the menstrual cycle are associated with early cortical processing stages in a cued spatial attention paradigm. EEG was monitored while young women responded to acoustically cued visual stimuli. Women with large mean amplitude of the event-related potential (ERP) (80120 ms following visual stimuli) responded faster to visual stimuli. In luteal women, mean amplitude of the ERP as well as alpha amplitude, an indicator of attentional modulation, correlated positively with progesterone. Further, cerebral asymmetry in ERP amplitude in the alpha frequency band following target presentation was restricted to luteal women. Critically, early follicular women responded slower to right hemifield compared to left hemifield targets. In late follicular or luteal women, we did not detect a right hemifield disadvantage. Progesterone correlated negatively with RTs in luteal women. Therefore, whereas our behavioral data indicate a functional cerebral asymmetry in early follicular women, EEG recording reveal a physiological cerebral hemisphere asymmetry in the alpha frequency band in luteal women. We assume that a progesterone-associated enhancement in synchronization of synaptic activity in the alpha frequency band in luteal women improves early categorization of visual targets in a cued spatial attention paradigm.FWF-W1233(VLID)223153