Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge

0 7 4 0 -7 4 5 9 / 9 9 / $ 1 0 . 0 0 © 1 9 9 9 I E E E N o v e m b e r / D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 9 I E E E S o f t w a r e 3 5 he IEEE Computer Society and the Association for Computing Machinery are working on a joint project to develop a guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK). Articulating a body of knowledge is an essential step toward developing a profession because it represents a broad consensus regarding the contents of the discipline. Without such a consensus, there is no way to validate a licensing examination, set a curriculum to prepare individuals for the examination, or formulate criteria for accrediting the curriculum. The SWEBOK project (http://www.swebok.org) is now nearing the end of the second of its three phases. Here we summarize the results to date and provide an overview of the project and its status. The Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Repor ting on the SWEBOK project, the authors-who represent the project's editorial team-discuss the three-phase plan to characterize a body of knowledge, a vital step toward developing soft ware engineering as a profession.

Transposable elements are associated with the variable response to influenza infection

インフルエンザ重症度に関連する転移因子を特定: マルチオミクス解析で見えた「動く遺伝子」の新たな役割. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-05-11.A multiomics approach provides insights into flu severity. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-05-11.Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are frequent every year and result in a range of disease severity. Here, we wanted to explore the potential contribution of transposable elements (TEs) to the variable human immune response. Transcriptome profiling in monocyte-derived macrophages from 39 individuals following IAV infection revealed significant inter-individual variation in viral load post-infection. Using transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), we identified a set of TE families with either enhanced or reduced accessibility upon infection. Of the enhanced families, 15 showed high variability between individuals and had distinct epigenetic profiles. Motif analysis showed an association with known immune regulators (e.g., BATFs, FOSs/JUNs, IRFs, STATs, NFkBs, NFYs, and RELs) in stably enriched families and with other factors in variable families, including KRAB-ZNFs. We showed that TEs and host factors regulating TEs were predictive of viral load post-infection. Our findings shed light on the role TEs and KRAB-ZNFs may play in inter-individual variation in immunity

Comparing composition and structure in old-growth and harvested (selection and diameter-limit cuts) northern hardwood stands in Quebec

Single-tree selection cutting is sometimes believed to be similar to the natural gap disturbance regime of hardwood forests, but few studies have specifically compared the compositional and structural characteristics of old-growth hardwood stands, undergoing natural gap dynamics and hardwood stands previously subjected to partial cuts. This study characterized and compared the composition (saplings and trees) and structure (gaps, foliage distribution, tree diameter and density, snags and coarse woody debris) of old-growth stands (OG), 12-year-old selection cuts (SC), and 28-33-year-old diameter-limit cuts (DLC) in sugar maple (Acer saccharum)-dominated northern hardwood stands. Results showed marked structural differences between OG and harvested stands, with stronger differences between DLC and OG than between SC and OG. The synchronized formation of numerous canopy openings in harvested stands induced a massive post-harvest recruitment of advance regeneration in both SC and DLC that created a dense foliage layer in the understory. Large living trees (dbh > 39.1 cm) and defective trees were less numerous in SC than OG, which can have a detrimental impact on species dependent on these structural elements, and on the future availability and characteristics of coarse woody debris. Relatively few compositional differences were noticed among stand types, although a greater proportion of mid-tolerant species was found in the post-harvest recruitment cohorts of harvested stands compared to OG, and a lower proportion of beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) saplings was observed in DLC compared to OG and SC. We argue that even if selection cutting is closer to the natural disturbance regime of hardwood forests than diameter-limit cutting, and therefore representing progress toward the development and implementation of a natural-disturbance-based management, a recurring application of selection cutting might lead to a homogenization of forest structure and composition, a reduction of key structural features and a reduction in biological diversity at both the stand and landscape scales. Some management recommendations are proposed

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29

Erratum: Corrigendum: Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution

International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium. The Original Article was published on 09 December 2004. Nature432, 695–716 (2004). In Table 5 of this Article, the last four values listed in the ‘Copy number’ column were incorrect. These should be: LTR elements, 30,000; DNA transposons, 20,000; simple repeats, 140,000; and satellites, 4,000. These errors do not affect any of the conclusions in our paper. Additional information. The online version of the original article can be found at 10.1038/nature0315

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Les changements climatiques et leurs impacts

Au travers des siècles, l’humanité a constamment dû relever des défis à court et à long terme. Son but semble essentiellement toujours le même: Que celle-ci prenne constamment un plus grand contrôle sur sa destiné et son environnement. Pour les sociétés industrialisées, l’ère technologique que nous vivons présentement semble donner un contrôle inégalé par le passé. Le climat, par exemple, qui a plutôt été source de vie et source de défis au quotidien pour la majorité des sociétés semble maint..

Devenir compétitif et partenaire : de nouvelles valeurs culturelles à développer ?

La « société informationnelle » qui s’élabore actuellement a besoin pour son développement de l’apport soutenu des bibliothèques et des centres de documentation. Pour être efficaces, leurs actions doivent s’ajuster au nouvel environnement documentaire, tenir compte de la nécessité pour les organisations d’être compétitives et reconnaître l’importance pour tous les intervenants d’être partenaires. La présente réflexion décrit l’environnement dans lequel ces objectifs auront à se réaliser.Libraries and documentation centres provide the support essential to the development of the information society. To be efficient, their actions must be tailored to the new documentation environment, be alert to the unavoidable competitiveness of organisations, and recognise the importance of partnership among the players. The following article describes the environment in which these objectives must be achieved.La "sociedad informacional" que se elabora actualmente necesita para su desarrollo la ayuda constante de las bibliotecas y de los centros de documentación. Para ser eficaz, sus acciones deben ajustarse al nuevo medio ambiente documental, tener en cuenta la necesidad para las organizaciones de ser competitivas y reconocer la importancia para todos los interventores de ser asociados. Esta reflexión describe el medio ambiente en el cual estos objetivos tendrán que realizarse