The importance of over-the-counter-sales and product format in the environmental exposure assessment of active pharmaceutical ingredients

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Longitudinal evaluation of gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes

Aims: To evaluate the natural history of gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes. Methods: 12 patients with type 2 diabetes (7 female; age 65.6 ± 1.2 years; duration of known diabetes 22.9 ± 1.5 years) were invited to return for repeat measurements of gastric emptying using the same dual-labelled solid and liquid meal, a mean of 14.0±0.5 years after their initial study. Blood glucose levels, glycated haemoglobin, upper gastrointestinal symptoms and autonomic nerve function at baseline and follow up were also compared. Results: Gastric emptying of solids was more rapid at follow up than at baseline (period effect P0.999), and total upper gastrointestinal symptom score (P=0.1) did not differ. Conclusions: In patients with long-term type 2 diabetes, gastric emptying of solids and liquids does not usually become more delayed over time, and abnormally slow gastric emptying of solids may improve.Linda E. Watson, Liza K. Phillips, Tongzhi Wu, Michelle J. Bound, Karen L. Jones, Michael Horowitz, Christopher K. Rayne

Bitter taste signalling modulates bile acid-induced PYY, but not GLP-1 secretion in healthy humans

Poster session PS 27 Incremental studies on gut hormones - 439. Published online: 25 August 2020C. Xie, X. Wang, M.J. Bound, R.L. Young, K.L. Jones, M. Horowitz, C.K. Rayner, T. W

Acute effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exenatide, on blood pressure and heart rate responses to intraduodenal glucose infusion in type 2 diabetes

Aim: To evaluate the effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exenatide, on blood pressure and heart rate during an intraduodenal glucose infusion in type 2 diabetes. Methods: Nine subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomised to receive intravenous exenatide or saline control in a crossover design. Glucose (3 kcal min−1) was infused via an intraduodenal manometry catheter for 60 min. Blood pressure, heart rate, and the frequency and amplitude of duodenal pressure waves were measured at regular intervals. Gastrointestinal symptoms were monitored using 100 mm visual analogue scales. Results: During intraduodenal glucose infusion (0–60 min), diastolic (p(0–60) = 0.03) and mean arterial (p(0–60) = 0.03) blood pressures and heart rate (p(0–60) = 0.06; p(0–120) = 0.03)) were higher with exenatide compared to placebo. The increase in the area under the curve for diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure was related directly to the suppression of the duodenal motility index with exenatide compared to control (p = 0.007 and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: In type 2 diabetes, intravenous exenatide increases mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate during an intraduodenal glucose infusion, supporting the need for further research with exenatide for its potential use in postprandial hypotension.Sony S Thazhath, Chinmay S Marathe, Tongzhi Wu, Jessica Chang, Joan Khoo, Paul Kuo, Helen L Checklin, Michelle J Bound, Rachael S Rigda, Michael Horowitz, Karen L Jones, and Christopher K Rayne

Seasonal prevalence of major congenital malformations in the Fylde of Lancaster 1957-1981

The seasonal prevalence of major congenital malformations was studied in a prospective survey of 88,449 children born in the circumscribed Fylde of Lancashire to residents there over 25 years. Ascertainment was thought to be as complete as was practically possible because cases were recorded daily by one, and for 17 years the only, paediatrician and a very high rate of necropsies was maintained. The number of malformations were classified by month of maternal last menstrual period and seasonal variation was assessed by three statistical models. Neural tube defects showed a significant seasonal variation in month of last menstrual period but not in month of birth. From May 1956 to April 1968, when the prevalence of neural tube defects was high (5.5 per 1000 total births), conceptions were significantly more common in December to May. For anencephaly alone the figures were not significant, but spina bifida and cranium bifidum were more common in March to May. From May 1968 to April 1981, when the prevalence of neural tube defects fell below the national average, the significant variations disappeared. Seasonality for spina bifida and cranium bifidum was seen only in "singles" (cases with no other major lesion), but for anencephaly it was seen only in "multiples" (cases with other lesions). The three types of cardiac septal defect and persistent ductus each showed a higher prevalence of conceptions at some time during May to October. In contrast the commonest group of cyanotic cases showed no such pattern but with greater numbers in winter. There was evidence of a seasonal variation for bilateral renal agenesis and for vesicoureteric reflux as ascertained. Seasonal prevalence in an aetiological factor for certain malformations of the central nervous system, cardiac and urinary systems

Designing environmental policy: lessons from the regulation of mercury emissions

Regulation, Cost-benefit analysis, Environmental economics, D61, L50, L51, Q52,