92 research outputs found
SynthÚse et développement d'analogues peptidiques photo-activables sélectifs au récepteur V1 ou V2 de la vasopressine et le développement d'anticorps sélectifs anti-V1 et anti-V2
Les rĂ©cepteurs de la vasopressine (VP) ont jusqu'Ă tout rĂ©cemment rĂ©sistĂ© aux efforts multiples d'isolements et de clonages. Un obstacle premier Ă©tait l'absence de marqueurs sĂ©lectifs qui permettent un marquage efficace au prĂ©alable Ă l'isolation de la protĂ©ine rĂ©ceptrice. Nous avons menĂ© une Ă©tude de structure-activitĂ© d'analogues peptidiques de la vasopressine pour identifier des molĂ©cules qui sont Ă la fois dotĂ©es: d'un rĂ©sidus photo-activable Ă hauts rendements, d'un rĂ©sidu pour l'incorporation de lâ125I, d'une haute affinitĂ© et d'une plus grande sĂ©lectivitĂ© entre V1 et V2. Parmi ces peptides, nous avons identifiĂ© deux analogues prometteurs. Le premier, [B, B dimethyl-B-mercaptopropionyl1, p-benzoylphenylalany2, VaL4, His8, D-tyr9] VP qui a un excellent pKd de 9.6 sur V1 (foie de rat) et un pKd de 6.1 sur V2 (rein de rat). La sĂ©lectivitĂ© pour le V1 est donc plus qu'un facteur 3000. Le photomarqueur est en position 2 et le site d'iodation est en position 9. Le deuxiĂšme peptide, le [B, B- cyclopenta-mĂ©thylene-B-mercaptopropionyl1, D-p-benzoylphenylalanyl2, nitrophĂ©nyl3, Ile4, desGly9] VP dĂ©montre un pKd sur V2 de 8.7 et sur V1 de 6.65, donc une sĂ©lectivitĂ© de 100 fois pour le V2. Le site de radio-marquage est situĂ© en position 3 et se fait par la mĂ©thode de Gatterman-Sandmeyer. Le premier analogue a permis d'identifier par photomarquage une protĂ©ine de masse molĂ©culaire de 53 kDa et de 43 kDa, aprĂšs dĂ©glycosylation, la masse identifiĂ©e correspond au 44.2 kDa dĂ©duit de la sĂ©quence du rĂ©cepteur V1. Nos Ă©tudes effectuĂ©es avec des photo-marqueurs sĂ©lectifs pour les rĂ©cepteurs de type V1 et V2 de la vasopressine ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©largies grĂące Ă l'utilisation d'anticorps Ă haute spĂ©cificitĂ© pour les rĂ©cepteurs dĂ©jĂ clĂŽnĂ©s. Ces anticorps polyclĂŽnaux ont Ă©tĂ© produits par immunisation avec des nonapeptides correspondant Ă des fragments spĂ©cifiques de V1 ou de V2. Les fragments correspondant Ă des boucles extracellulaires du V1 et du V2 ont Ă©tĂ© synthĂ©tisĂ©s: V1 (194 Ă 203) : V-N- N-G-T-K-T-Q-D-NH2, V1 (324 Ă 332) : N-F-I-W-T-D-S-E-N-NH2 et V2 (183 Ă 191): V-G-N-G-S-G-V-F-D-NH2, V2 (297 Ă 305): P-E-A-P-L-E-R-P-P-NH2. Une immunisation ont Ă©tĂ© faite avec un mixotope reprĂ©sentant une sĂ©quence commune au V1, au V2 et au rĂ©cepteur de l'oxytocine: V1 (208 Ă 218) \ V2 (193 Ă 205) \ OTR (193 Ă 205) : F-I-Q-P-W-G-(T\P\L)-R-A-Y-NH2. Celle-ci constitue un tĂ©moin non-discriminatif qui pourrait permettre Ă©ventuellement de dĂ©celer d'autres rĂ©cepteurs de VP qui ne sont pas encore clonĂ©s. Les antigĂšnes d'immunisation ont Ă©tĂ© produits en ajoutant un 3H-Lys additionnel en N-terminal. Les affinitĂ©s se situaient entre 10 et 10 000 pM pour l'antigĂšne de dĂ©tection couplĂ© Ă l'ovalbumine et une absence de rĂ©action croisĂ©e indique une haute spĂ©cificitĂ©. Le buvardage de prĂ©parations membranaires hĂ©patiques et rĂ©nales de rat confirme que les anticorps reconnaissent sĂ©lectivement leurs rĂ©cepteurs respectifs. Des Ă©tudes d'immunofluorescence et de buvardage sur des cellules rĂ©nales humaines permettent de constater que les anticorps se lient sur les rĂ©cepteurs humains sous leurs formes natives ou dĂ©naturĂ©es
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AQP2 is Necessary for Vasopressin- and Forskolin-Mediated Filamentous Actin Depolymerization in Renal Epithelial Cells
Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is required for vasopressin (VP)âinduced aquaporin 2 (AQP2) trafficking. Here, we asked whether VP and forskolin (FK)âmediated Fâactin depolymerization depends on AQP2 expression. Using various MDCK and LLCâPK1 cell lines with different AQP2 expression levels, we performed Fâactin quantification and immunofluorescence staining after VP/FK treatment. In MDCK cells, in which AQP2 is delivered apically, VP/FK mediated Fâactin depolymerization was significantly correlated with AQP2 expression levels. A decrease of apical membrane associated Fâactin was observed upon VP/FK treatment in AQP2 transfected, but not in untransfected cells. There was no change in basolateral actin staining under these conditions. In LLCâPK1 cells, which deliver AQP2 basolaterally, a significant VP/FK mediated decrease in Fâactin was also detected only in AQP2 transfected cells. This depolymerization response to VP/FK was significantly reduced by siRNA knockdown of AQP2. By immunofluorescence, an inverse relationship between plasma membrane AQP2 and membraneâassociated Fâactin was observed after VP/FK treatment again only in AQP2 transfected cells. This is the first report showing that VP/FK mediated Fâactin depolymerization is dependent on AQP2 protein expression in renal epithelial cells, and that this is not dependent on the polarity of AQP2 membrane insertion
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Identification of ROCK1 kinase as a critical regulator of Beclin1 mediated autophagy during metabolic stress
The Ser/Thr Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) is known to play major roles in a wide range of cellular activities, including those involved in tumor metastasis and apoptosis. Here we identify an indispensable function of ROCK1 in metabolic stress-induced autophagy. Applying a proteomics approach, we characterize Beclin1, a proximal component of the PI(3)kinase class III lipid-kinase complex that induces autophagy, as an interacting partner of ROCK1. Upon nutrient deprivation, activated ROCK1 promotes autophagy by binding and phosphorylating Beclin1 at Thr119. This results in the specific dissociation of the Beclin1-Bcl-2 complex, without affecting the Beclin1-UVRAG interaction. Conversely, inhibition of ROCK1 activity increases Beclin1-Bcl-2 association, thus reducing nutritional stress-mediated autophagy. Genetic knockout of ROCK1 function in mice also leads to impaired autophagy as evidenced by reduced autophagosome formation. These results show that ROCK1 acts as a prominent upstream regulator of Beclin1-mediated autophagy and maintains a homeostatic balance between apoptosis and autophagy
Genomic Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models Established from Fine Needle Aspirate Biopsies of a Primary Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and from Patient-Matched Metastatic Sites
N-of-1 trials target actionable mutations, yet such approaches do not test genomically-informed therapies in patient tumor models prior to patient treatment. To address this, we developed patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models from fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies (FNA-PDX) obtained from primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at the time of diagnosis. Here, we characterize PDX models established from one primary and two metastatic sites of one patient. We identified an activating KRAS G12R mutation among other mutations in these models. In explant cells derived from these PDX tumor models with a KRAS G12R mutation, treatment with inhibitors of CDKs (including CDK9) reduced phosphorylation of a marker of CDK9 activity (phospho-RNAPII CTD Ser2/5) and reduced viability/growth of explant cells derived from PDAC PDX models. Similarly, a CDK inhibitor reduced phospho-RNAPII CTD Ser2/5, increased apoptosis, and inhibited tumor growth in FNA-PDX and patient-matched metastatic-PDX models. In summary, PDX models can be constructed from FNA biopsies of PDAC which in turn can enable genomic characterization and identification of potential therapies
Structural and Functional Insights into the Pilotin-Secretin Complex of the Type II Secretion System
Gram-negative bacteria secrete virulence factors and assemble fibre structures on their cell surface using specialized secretion systems. Three of these, T2SS, T3SS and T4PS, are characterized by large outer membrane channels formed by proteins called secretins. Usually, a cognate lipoprotein pilot is essential for the assembly of the secretin in the outer membrane. The structures of the pilotins of the T3SS and T4PS have been described. However in the T2SS, the molecular mechanism of this process is poorly understood and its structural basis is unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of the pilotin of the T2SS that comprises an arrangement of four α-helices profoundly different from previously solved pilotins from the T3SS and T4P and known four α-helix bundles. The architecture can be described as the insertion of one α-helical hairpin into a second open α-helical hairpin with bent final helix. NMR, CD and fluorescence spectroscopy show that the pilotin binds tightly to 18 residues close to the C-terminus of the secretin. These residues, unstructured before binding to the pilotin, become helical on binding. Data collected from crystals of the complex suggests how the secretin peptide binds to the pilotin and further experiments confirm the importance of these C-terminal residues in vivo
Caractérisation du site de liaison atypique de l'angiotensine II dans le foie de poulet
Le dĂ©veloppement d'analogues non peptidiques de l'angiotensine II (AngII) a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence, dans diffĂ©rents tissus, de nouveaux sites de liaison de l'AngII dit [i.e. dits] atypiques. Ces sites de liaison montrent une bonne affinitĂ© envers l'AngII mais ne reconnaissent pas les ligands sĂ©lectifs des rĂ©cepteurs AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] et AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2] (L-158809 et PD123319). Dans cette Ă©tude, nous avons observĂ© la prĂ©sence d'un site de liaison de l'AngII atypique dans le foie de poulet (ATp). Ce site de liaison est saturable, rĂ©versible et relativement abondant (Bmax: 0.88 pmol/mg de protĂ©ine). Son affinitĂ© pour l'AngII est Ă©levĂ©e (pK[indice infĂ©rieur D] ~ 8.13) mais il ne monte aucune affinitĂ© pour le L-158809 ou le PD123319. La liaison de l'AngII n'est pas affectĂ©e par le GTP[indice infĂ©rieur gamma]]S, un agent qui dĂ©couple les rĂ©cepteurs associĂ©s aux protĂ©ines G. De plus, l'ordre d'affinitĂ© des diffĂ©rents analogues de l'AngII sur le site ATp (AngII>AngI>AngIII>AngIV>Ang(1-7)>Ang(1-6)) est diffĂ©rent de celui observĂ© sur le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] (AngII>AngIII>AngI>Ang(1-7)>Ang(1-6)[presque Ă©gal]AngIV) et le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2] (AngIII[presque Ă©gal]AngII>AngI>Ang(1-7)[presque Ă©gal]Ang(1-6)[presque Ă©gal]AngIV).Le site ATp est diffĂ©rent du rĂ©cepteur de l'AngII clonĂ© Ă partir des surrĂ©nales de poulet ([indice infĂ©rieur c]AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1]) et de dinde ([indice infĂ©rieur t]AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1]). Contrairement Ă ces rĂ©cepteurs homologues Ă l'AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1], le site ATp photomarquĂ© Ă l'aide du [p-benzoylPhĂ©nylalanine[indice supĂ©rieur 8]]AngII apparait ĂȘtre une protĂ©ine non-glycosylĂ©e. Sa masse molĂ©culaire apparente (75 [plus ou moins] 2.8 kDa) est le double de celle du rĂ©cepteur [indice infĂ©rieur c]AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] dĂ©glycosylĂ©. Les Ă©tudes de structure activitĂ© des positions 1 et 8 de l'AngII ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es sur les prĂ©parations membranaires de foie de poulet (site ATp), de cortex surrĂ©nalien de boeuf (rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1]) et de myomĂštre humain (rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2]).Le mĂȘme ordre d'affinitĂ© des diffĂ©rents analogues de l'AngII modifiĂ©s en position 8 ([Phe[indice supĂ©rieur 8]]AngII>[Leu[indice supĂ©rieur 8]]AngII>[Lys(NO[indice infĂ©rieur 2]-Z)[indice supĂ©rieur 8]]AngII>[Bpa[indice supĂ©rieur 8]]AngII>>[desPhe[indice supĂ©rieur 8]]AngII) a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© chez toutes les prĂ©parations membranaires, dĂ©montrant une structure activitĂ© de la position 8 de l'AngII similaire entre le site ATp, le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] et le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2]. L'Ă©tude de l'alkylation de l'amine primaire N-terminale de la [Gly[indice supĂ©rieur 1]]AngII, nous a montrĂ© une diffĂ©rence de structure activitĂ© de la position 1 de l'AngII entre le site ATp (Gly>>>Sar), le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] (Gly[presque Ă©gal]Sar>Me[indice infĂ©rieur 2]Gly>MeĂźndice infĂ©rieur 3]Gly) et le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2] (Me[indice infĂ©rieur 3]Gly>>Me[indice infĂ©rieur 2]Gly>Sar>Gly). De façon inattendue, plusieurs analogues comme le [Me[indice infĂ©rieur 3]Gly[indice supĂ©rieur 1]]AngII montrent une meilleure affinitĂ© pour le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2] que l'AngII lui-mĂȘme. De plus la partie N-terminal de l'AngII semble jouer un rĂŽle important dans la sĂ©lectivitĂ© de la liaison. Cette observation nous a menĂ© [i.e. menĂ©s] Ă nous interroger sur l'influence de la portion N-terminal de l'AngII sur la liaison au rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2]. Pour Ă©claircir ce point, nous avons produit des librairies peptidiques par l'addition d'acide aminĂ© en N-terminale de l'AngIV (H-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe-OH) pour produire des analogues de l'AngIII et subsĂ©quemment de l'AngII. Nos rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que le [Arg[indice supĂ©rieur 1]]AngIII ou l'AngIII est le meilleur inhibiteur de la liaison de l'AngII sur le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2]. L'addition d'acides aminĂ©s diffĂ©rents en N-terminal de l'AngIII ne semble pas influencer significativement son potentiel inhibiteur. Cette observation jette un doute sur la nature du ligand naturel du rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2]. MalgrĂ© l'abondance du site ATp et sa large distribution dans les tissus associĂ©s aux fonctions vasculaires telles que les surrĂ©nales, le coeur et les artĂšres, aucun rĂŽle sur l'homĂ©ostasie de la pression sanguine n'a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© pour le site ATp dans nos Ă©tudes in vivo en utilisant un modĂšle animal de pression sanguine.Le rĂŽle physiologique et la nature biochimique du site ATp reste donc Ă Ă©lucider
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Impaired AQP2 trafficking in Fxyd1 knockout mice: A role for FXYD1 in regulated vesicular transport
The final adjustment of urine volume occurs in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD), chiefly mediated by the water channel aquaporin 2 (AQP2). With vasopressin stimulation, AQP2 accumulation in the apical plasma membrane of principal cells allows water reabsorption from the lumen. We report that FXYD1 (phospholemman), better known as a regulator of Na,K-ATPase, has a role in AQP2 trafficking. Daytime urine of Fxyd1 knockout mice was more dilute than WT despite similar serum vasopressin, but both genotypes could concentrate urine during water deprivation. FXYD1 was found in IMCD. In WT mice, phosphorylated FXYD1 was detected intracellularly, and vasopressin induced its dephosphorylation. We tested the hypothesis that the dilute urine in knockouts was caused by alteration of AQP2 trafficking. In WT mice at baseline, FXYD1 and AQP2 were not strongly co-localized, but elevation of vasopressin produced translocation of both FXYD1 and AQP2 to the apical plasma membrane. In kidney slices, baseline AQP2 distribution was more scattered in the Fxyd1 knockout than in WT. Apical recruitment of AQP2 occurred in vasopressin-treated Fxyd1 knockout slices, but upon vasopressin washout, there was more rapid reversal of apical AQP2 localization and more heterogeneous cytoplasmic distribution of AQP2. Notably, in sucrose gradients, AQP2 was present in a detergent-resistant membrane domain that had lower sedimentation density in the knockout than in WT, and vasopressin treatment normalized its density. We propose that FXYD1 plays a role in regulating AQP2 retention in apical membrane, and that this involves transfers between raft-like membrane domains in endosomes and plasma membranes
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