Médias et médiation culturelle à l’épreuve de l’universalité de la méditerranée: La représentation de l’altérité - Rétrospective dans la presse écrite algérienne

La notion de médiation, aussi polysémique soit-elle, semble aujourd’hui porteuse d’espoir à un monde caractérisé par les conflits et par les mutations majeures qu’induisent les usages des technologies de l’information et communication. Cela est d’autant plus vrai dans le contexte méditerranéen qui connait voilà plus de deux ans de grands bouleversements dont l’aspect spectaculaire s’est plus exprimé dans son versant sud. Alors que dans la médiation culturelle, il ya d’abord la culture qui somme toute est évocatrice des particularités qui ne peuvent se dissoudre dans un humanisme articulé, rêvé et fantasmé par tant d’humanistes ! Ensuite, il ya les médias dont la transmission des cultures leur incombe de facto. Toutefois, nous constatons, et sans ambages, que la place de la culture dans les médias algériens constitue l’une des questions sur laquelle achoppent beaucoup de rédactions. Certains journalistes s’engagent dans des luttes à l’intérieur de leur rédaction afin d’arracher une place au fait culturel sans y parvenir dans beaucoup de cas. D’ailleurs, cette problématique a été relativement discernée par les chercheurs des sciences de l’information et de la communication dans d’autres contextes socioculturels. D’un autre côté, la dimension universelle, voire humanitaire, de la culture semble peu considérée par les responsables des médias. Le regard porté par les rédactions sur la culture étrangère semble se réduire au spectacle, qui n’est que l’effet fantasmagorique de la culture, transformée en produit marchand par les spécialistes de la «com». Comment alors rendre visible la culture de l’autre et l’introduire dans un contexte étranger, sans risquer les questions de domination culturelle? Comment lutter contre l’exclusion et introduire à la diversité culturelle qui caractérise le bassin méditerranéen? Quelle est la nature de la place occupée par la culture étrangère dans les pages culturelles de la presse écrite algériennes? Cet espace socio temporel est indéniablement celui de croisement de cultures et le rôle des médias dans la construction de passerelles culturelles n’est plus à démontrer. Il s’agit dès lors de questionner l’altérité à l’aune d’un espace qui rassemble autant qu’il sépare. Notre objectif consiste dans un premier temps à délimiter l’espace culturel dans la presse écrite pour cerner les représentations dont il est l’immanence. Ensuite, nous définirons les mécanismes qui concourent à l’introduction de la culture méditerranéenne dans toute sa diversité dans ces pages dédiées à la culture. Pour ce faire, l’analyse de contenu des pages culturelles et la connaissance des postures des journalistes culturels, à travers les entretiens, constituent la matrice de la compréhension de la problématique soulevée. Nous analyserons en outre deux titres de la presse écrite que sont ELwatan et Elkhabar, pour la période des premiers six mois de l’année 2013. Le choix des deux derniers titres s’explique par la disposition du premier d’un supplément culturel hebdomadaire, alors que le second quotidien sert d’élément de comparaison à cause de la tradition acquise par l’équipe de la rubrique culturelle qui trouve à sa tête un journaliste écrivain, traducteur. Notre analyse portera précisément sur la titraille laquelle va nous renseigner sur le type d’information et le contenu culturel transmis dans l’espace de la presse écrite algérienne. Car «La titraille (qui peut être considérée comme un genre en soi dans le mesure où elle fait l’objet de régularités textuelles sous le contrôle d’une instance d’énonciation) se trouve franchement dans la zone de ‘l’évènement rapportée’ même si parfois elle intègre de façon plus au moins explicite des éléments de commentaire » (Charaudeau, 2011: 198). Nous remarquerons en outre la prédominance de l’évènement rapporté, qui est expliqué par le recours presque systématique de la rédaction d’Elwatan aux dépêches des agences internationales. Notre réflexion se limitera donc au volet production de contenu informationnelle culturel, sans qu’elle ne traite la question de la réception de ce contenu, qui fera l’objet d’un autre travail afin de compléter l’étude. Pour ce faire, notre analyse qui se veut socio-sémiotique prendra en considération les conditions de production du discours médiatique à propos des productions culturelles étrangères. On cherchera à savoir quel est la nature de l’information culturelle étrangère publiée? Quel est le genre de contenu culturel le plus favorisé? Comment sont traitées les questions soulevées?A noção de mediação, tão polissêmica, parece hoje portadora de esperança a um mundo caracterizado por conflitos e por grandes mudanças que são provocadas pelo uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Isto é especialmente verdade no contexto mediterrâneo que conhece há mais de dois anos grandes alterações, das quais o aspecto espetacular é expresso sobretudo em sua vertente sul. Enquanto na mediação cultural, em primeiro lugar há uma cultura que evoca as particularidades que não podem se dissolver em um humanismo articulado, sonhado e fantasiado por tantos humanistas! Após, há os meios de comunicação, que são incumbidos da transmissão das culturas. Entretanto, nós constatamos claramente que o lugar da cultura na mídia argerina constitui uma das questões sobre a qual muitos textos tropeçam. Alguns jornalistas se engajam em lutas no interior de suas redações, a fim de arrebatar um lugar no fato cultural, muitas vezes sem o conseguir. Além disso, este problema foi relativamente identificado por pesquisadores em ciência da informação e comunicação em outros contextos socioculturais. Por outro lado, a dimensão universal, mesmo humanitária, da cultura, parece ser pouco considerada pelos responsáveis pela mídia. A visão dos editores da cultura estrangeira parece se reduzir ao espetáculo, que é o efeito assustador da cultura, transformada em produto comercial pelos especialistas do “com”. Como então tornar visível a cultura do outro e a introduzir em um contexto estrangeiro, sem o risco de problemas de dominação cultural? Como lutar contra a exclusão e levar à diversidade cultural que caracteriza a bacia mediterrânea? Qual o lugar ocupado pela cultura estrangeira nas páginas culturais da imprensa escrita argelina? Esse espaço sociotemporal é, definitivamente, o de cruzamento de culturas e o papel da mídia na construção de passarelas culturais está bem claro. Trata-se, portanto, de questionar a alteridade em termos de um espaço que ao mesmo tempo une e separa. Nosso objetivo consiste, primeiramente, em delimitar o espaço cultural nos jornais para identificar as representações que lhe são imanentes. A seguir, definiremos os mecanismos que concorrem para a introdução da cultura mediterrânea em toda sua diversidade em todas as páginas dedicadas à cultura. Para isso, a análise de conteúdo das páginas culturais e o conhecimento das posturas dos jornalistas culturais, através de entrevistas, constituem a matriz da compreensão do problema levantado. Analisaremos dois jornais, o ELwatan et o Elkhabar, durante os primeiros seis meses do ao 2013. A escolha desses dois periódicos explica-se pela disposição do primeiro de um suplemento cultural semanal, enquanto que o segundo diário serve de elemento de comparação, devido à tradição adquirida pela sua equipe da rubrica cultural, que é encabeçada por um jornalista escritor e tradutor. Nossa análise incidirá especificamente sobre o título e os títulos secundários, o que irá informar-nos sobre o tipo de informação e conteúdo cultural transmitido no espaço da imprensa argelina. Isso porque “O jogo gráfico2 (que pode ser considerado um gênero em si mesmo na medida em que é objeto de regularidades textuais sob o controle de uma instância de enunciação) encontra-se normalmente na zona de ‘evento relatado’, mesmo se, às vezes, integre de forma mais ou menos explícita elementos de comentário” (Charaudeau, 2011, p. 198). Ressaltaremos também a predominância do evento relatado, que é explicado pelo recurso quase sistemático de escrever do Elwatan para despachos das agências internacionais. Nossa reflexão, portanto, se limitará à produção de conteúdo informacinal cultural, sem tratar da questão da recepção desse conteúdo, que será objeto de outro trabalho, a fim de completar o estudo. Para isso, nossa análise, que se diz sociosemiótica, levará em consideração as condições de produção do discurso midiático sobre as produções culturais estrangeiras. Procuraremos saber: Qual é a natureza da informação cultural estrangeira publicada? Qual é o gênero de conteúdo cultural mais favorecido? Como são tratadas as questões levantadas

L’image de la guerre de libération algérienne dans les medias de deux rives de la méditerranéen

Dans sa première acception, la guerre renvoie à l’échec de la communication dans le sens du partage et de la négociation. Toutefois, communiquer sur une guerre passée s’avère chose difficile pour les médiateurs des faits; c’est le cas de la presse. Il ressort de notre analyse de deux hors-séries (algérien et français) que la question de la mémoire ne peut être reçue et conçue de la même façon dans les deux sociétés. En Algérie, il semble que la question de la guerre est articulée au regard de son utilisation par le pouvoir politique en place. En France, elle est au coeur de la mémoire.In its first signification, the war returns to the failure of communication in the sense of sharing and negotiation. however, communicating a past war is a difficult thing for those mediators’ facts, as is the case of the press. From our analysis of two special editions (Algerian and French) the issue of the memory can’t be designed and received in the same way in the two countries. In Algeria, it seems that the issue of war is articulated in terms of its use by political power. In France, it is in the heart of memory.Em sua primeira acepção, a guerra leva à falha da comunicação, no sentido de partilha e de negociação. Todavia, comunicar sobre uma guerra passada se torna algo difícil para os mediadores dos fatos; é o caso da imprensa. O que resulta de nossa análise de duas edições especiais (argelina e francesa) é que a questão da memória não pode ser projetada e percebida da mesma forma nas duas sociedades. na Argélia, parece que a questão da memória é concebida em termos de sua utilização pelo poder político dominante. na França, ela está no âmago da memória

MICROBIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ABANDONED MINING AREA OF SIDI KAMBER NORTH-EAST OF ALGERI

The ecological importance of soil bacteria is not limited to their number or biomass, although these parameters contribute greatly. Indeed, their main asset lies in their great genetic and functional diversity. In this study carried out in the abandoned mine, located in Sidi Kamber (Oum Toub, Skikda, North-Est of Algeria) our objectives was to determine: a) contamination levels of this area by heavy metals b) heavy metal impact on bacterial communities and diversity c) possible risk on the ecological integrity of this area

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN THE PROCESS OF RESISTANCE OF HEAVY METALS IN THE ABANDONED MINING AREA OF SIDI KAMBER, SKIKDA, ALGERIA

Mining activities produce large quantities of wastes which are highly contaminated with heavy metals. This can cause adverse effects on natural ecosystems, particularly on living organisms. The study reported here concerned the biomonitoring of pollution in the Sidi Kamber mining area, through the determination of various physiological mechanisms (bioaccumulation and translocation) and biochemical markers (chlorophyll (a) and (b), proline, total sugars and total proteins) active in resistance to heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) contamination, using three plant species Cistus monspeliensis, Rumex bucephalophorus and Verbascum sinuatum as bioindicators

Optimized Spatial CSMA for VANETs: A Comparative Study using a Simple Stochastic Model and Simulation Results

International audienceThe high densities of network nodes has made spatial reuse an essential characteristic of modern wireless networks. In this paper, we evaluate the maximum throughput of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) when spatial reuse is taken into account. We begin our study by extending a simple stochastic model in order to fit a VANET pattern and to obtain the spatial density of throughput in terms of the main network parameters. This model uses a Matern selection process with a random pattern of nodes distributed as a Poisson Point Process (PPP). Each node of the process receives a random mark and the nodes that have the smallest mark in their neighborhood are elected for transmission. We study both 1D and 2D network cases with an SIR (Signal over Interference Ratio) model. In order to verify the correctness of the model, extensive simulations are carried out using two simulation platforms: the network simulator, ns-3, and a simulator which is dedicated to CSMA systems. Fairly good matching between the results of the model and those obtained from simulators are observed, confirming the reliability of the theoretical model. Although the results did not perfectly match due to the number of assumptions made for the model, the results obtained nonetheless show the potential for a significant improvement in the overall throughput for VANETs and similar distributed networks

Optimisation of spatial CSMA using a simple stochastic geometry model for 1D and 2D networks

International audienceIn modern wireless networks especially in Machine-to-Machine (M2M) systems and in the Internet of Things (IoT) there is a high densities of users and spatial reuse has become an absolute necessity for telecommunication entities. This paper studies the maximum throughput of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) in scenarios with spatial reuse. Instead of running extensive simulation with complex tools which would be somewhat time consuming, we evaluate the spatial throughput of a CSMA network using a simple model which produces closed formulas and give nearly instantaneous values. This simple model allows us to optimize the network easily and study the influence of the main network parameters. The nodes will be deployed as a Poisson Point Process (PPP) of a one or two dimensional space. To model the effect of (CSMA), we give random marks to our nodes and to elect transmitting nodes in the PPP we choose those with the smallest marks in their neighborhood. To describe the signal propagation, we use a signal with power-law decay and we add a random Rayleigh fading. To decide whether or not a transmission is successful, we adopt the Signal-over-Interference Ratio (SIR) model in which a packet is correctly received if its transmission power divided by the interference power is above a capture threshold. We assume that each node in our PPP has a random receiver at a typical distance from the transmitter i.e. the average distance between a node and its closest neighbor. We also assume that all the network nodes always have a pending packet. With all these assumptions, we analytically study the density of throughput of successful transmissions and we show that it can be optimized with regard to the carrier-sense threshold

Comparison of Spatial Aloha and CSMA using Simple Stochastic Geometry Models for 1D and 2D Networks

International audience—Spatial throughput (i.e. throughput with spatial reuse) is important with new types of networks such as vehicular, sensor and military networks. The aim of this study is to compute the spatial throughput of Aloha and CSMA using tools for stochastic geometry. Our network nodes will be modeled as elements of a Poisson Point Process (PPP) of a one-or two-dimensional space. Spatial Aloha can be modeled easily, the transmitting nodes are just selected with a given transmission probability. In spatial CSMA the nodes with the smallest back-off counter in their neighborhood will be selected to transmit and thus we can use random marks to perform the selection. We use the two models we have built to compare the spatial density of successful transmissions of CSMA and Aloha. To carry out a fair comparison, we will optimize both schemes by adjusting their parameters. For spatial Aloha, we can adapt the transmission probability, whereas for spatial CSMA we have to find the suitable carrier sense threshold. The results obtained show that CSMA, when optimized, outperforms Aloha for nearly all the parameters of the network model values and we evaluate the gain of CSMA over Aloha. We also find interesting results concerning the effect of the model parameters on the performance of both Aloha and CSMA. The closed formulas we have obtained provide immediate evaluation of performance, whereas simulations may take minutes to give their results. Even if Aloha and CSMA are old protocols, this comparison of spatial performance is new and provides interesting and useful results

Mechanical synchronization of MEMS electrostatically driven coupled beam filters

Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) bandpass filters based on arrays of electrostatically driven coupled beams have been demonstrated at MHz frequencies. High performance follows from the high Q-factor of mechanical resonators, and electrostatic transduction allows tuning, matching and actuation. For high-order filters, there is a conflict between the transduction mechanism and the coupling arrangement needed for dynamic synchronization: it is not possible to achieve synchronization and tuning simultaneously using a single voltage. Here we propose a general solution, based on the addition of mass-loaded beams at the ends of the array. These beams deflect for direct current (DC) voltages, and therefore allow electrostatic tuning, but do not respond to in-band alternating current (AC) voltages and hence do not interfere with synchronization. Spurious modes generated by these beams may be damped, leaving a good approximation to the desired response. The approach is introduced using a lumped element model and verified using stiffness matrix and finite element models for in-plane arrays with parallel plate drives and shown to be tolerant of the exact mass value. The principle may allow compensation of fabrication-induced variations in complex filters