Effects of High-k Dielectrics with Metal Gate for Electrical Characteristics of SOI TRI-GATE FinFET Transistor

The implementation of high-k gate dielectrics is one of several strategies developed to allow further miniaturization of microelectronic components. From the simulation result; it was shown that HfO2 is the best dielectric material with metal gate TiN, which giving better subthreshold swing (SS), drain-induced barrier lowing (DIBL), leakage current Ioff and Ion/Ioff ratio

Manoeuvring drone (Tello Talent) using eye gaze and or fingers gestures

The project aims to combine hands and eyes to control a Tello Talent drone based on computer vision, machine learning and an eye tracking device for gaze detection and interaction. The main purpose of this project is gaming, experimental and educational for next coming generation, in addition it is very useful for the peoples who cannot use their hands, they can maneuver the drone by their eyes movement, and hopefully this will bring them some fun. The idea of this project is inspired by the progress and development in the innovative technologies such as machine learning, computer vision and object detection that offer a large field of applications which can be used in diverse domains, there are many researcher are improving, instructing and innovating the new intelligent manner for controlling the drones by combining computer vision, machine learning, artificial intelligent, etc. This project can help anyone even the people who they don¿t have any prior knowledge of programming or Computer Vision or theory of eye tracking system, they learn the basic knowledge of drone concept, object detection, programing, and integrating different hardware and software involved, then playing. As a final objective, they can able to build simple application that can control the drones by using movements of hands, eyes or both, during the practice they should take in consideration the operating condition and safety required by the manufacturers of drones and eye tracking device. The concept of Tello Talent drone is based on a series of features, functions and scripts which are already been developed, embedded in autopilot memories and are accessible by users via an SDK protocol. The SDK is used as an easy guide to developing simple and complex applications; it allows the user to develop several flying mission programs. There are different experiments were studied for checking which scenario is better in detecting the hands movement and exploring the keys points in real-time with low computing power computer. As a result, I find that the Google artificial intelligent research group offers an open source platform dedicated for developing this application; the platform is called MediaPipe based on customizable machine learning solution for live streaming video. In this project the MediaPipe and the eye tracking module are the fundamental tools for developing and realizing the application

Deposition of Thin Films Materials used in Modern Photovoltaic Cells

The energy and the angular distribution of atoms are considered two parameters most influential in optimizing the sputtering and subsequently on the deposit, resulting in films having the desired properties (homogeneity in thickness, composition identical to that of the evaporated material). Moreover, a great influence on the shape and quality of thin films is obtained. In this work, a simulation with the Monte Carlo (MC) software SRIM (Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) is used to calculate the sputtering yield for different energies, and angular distributions of atoms of photovoltaic devices materials (CdS and CIGS) bombarded by different gas particles (Ar, Xe, and Ne). Our results showed that when arriving at a certain energy value Emax, the sputtering yield will be in maximum Y1max. Applying this Emax and variation in the angular distribution, we will obtain θmax corresponding to the maximum sputtering yield Y2max. These two values (Emax, θmax) give the maximum of atoms sputtered, and as a result, the films will be uniform. The obtained results are in very high agreement with other works, which validates our calculations

Modeling and Simulation of Biaxial Strained P-MOSFETs: Application to a Single and Dual Channel Heterostructure

The objectives of this work are focused on the application of strained silicon on MOSFET transistor. To do this, impact and benefits obtained with the use of strained silicon technology on p-channel MOSFETs are presented. This research attempt to create conventional and two-strained silicon MOSFETs fabricated from the use of TCAD, which is a simulation tool from Silvaco. In our research, two-dimensional simulation of conventional MOSFET, biaxial strained PMOSFET and dual channel strained P-MOSFET has been achieved to extract their characteristics. ATHENA and ATLAS have been used to simulate the process and validate the electronic characteristics. Our results allow showing improvements obtained by comparing the three structures and their characteristics. The maximum of carrier mobility improvement is achieved with percentage of 35.29 % and 70.59 % respectively, by result an improvement in drive current with percentage of 36.54 % and 236.71 %, and reduction of leakage current with percentage of 59.45 % and 82.75 %, the threshold voltage is also enhaced with percentage of: 60 % and 61.4%. Our simulation results highlight the importance of incorporating strain technology in MOSFET transistors

Uplift Behaviour of Circular Plate Anchors in Cohesionless Soils

The work presented in this thesis describes an investigation into the behaviour of circular plate anchors embedded in dry cohesionless soils and subjected to vertical static uplift loading. A review of previous theoretical and experimental work provides a good insight into, and justification for, this study. A small-scale laboratory test model was constructed for experimentation purposes. A large circular steel tank was used to contain sand which was uniformly deposited using a raining device except for the dense well graded sand). A total of one hundred and thirty tests were completed in five different sands at densities varying from loose to very dense and using depth/diameter ratio (D/B) ranging from 2 to 12. A further 20 tests have been performed in a two layered system. A stereo photogrammetry technique was used to establish the different zone of displaced sand mass for shallow and deep anchors and a computer program was developed to facilitate computation of the results. From the analysis of the results, it appears that the sand grain shape and grading have a profound influence on the behaviour of circular plate anchors embedded in sand. However, it was found that grain size did not have any effect on the pull out behaviour. Other influencing factors, such as the depth of embedment and relative density have also been examined. The stereo photogrammetry results showed that the extent and the shape of the zone of disturbed sand is also a function of the aformentioned parameters. Tests in the two layered system indicated that the ultimate uplift load and the mode of failure were dependent on the thickness of the upper layer and the strength of the different layers. A theoretical analysis based on Fadl's (1981) work, was formulated in order to predict the maximum uplift load in a two layered system. Design charts for homogeneous soil have also been put forward. The validity of the design procedure was examined by comparing it with both model and field test results reported by previous investigators. A reasonable correlation has been achieved. Finally, a number of areas of related research considered suitable for further study have been outlined for the benefit of future investigators

Sputtering of semiconductors, conductors, and dielectrics for the realization of electronics components thin-films

With the application of Monte Carlo simulation codes represented by SRIM (Stopping and Range of Ion in Matter) and SIMTRA (Simulation of the Metal Transport) software, the effect of diver’s parameters on the surface structure of thin films are studied in 3D form with the magnetron sputtering process. Inside a vacuum chamber, 105 particles of various gas which are Argon (Ar), Xenon (Xe), and Neon (Ne) are injected, the target contained materials used for the manufacturing of electronic components like semiconductors: Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge), conductors: Copper (Cu) and dielectric: silicon dioxide (SiO2) materials respectively. The results obtained in this work show that the energies of the particles, the incidence angles, and the gas nature are some of the principles and important parameters which affect the sputtering yield and hence the number of ejected atoms from the target, increasing the energy or incidence angles will increase the total number of ejected atoms, using Xenon gas gives best results comparing to Argon and Neon and also the sputtering yield of the copper conductor is superior to semiconductors and dielectric materials each to each

3D Simulation of Fin Geometry Influence on Corner Effect in Multifin Dual and Tri-Gate SOI-Finfets

In this work the corner effect sensitivity to fin geometry variation in multifin dual and tri-gate SOI-FinFETs is studied through a commercial, three-dimensional numerical simulator ATLAS from Silvaco International. These devices are compatible with conventional silicon integrated circuit processing, but offer superior performance as the device is scaled into the nanometer range. This study aims wider to use multiple fins between the source and drain regions. The results indicate that for both multifin double and triple gate FinFETs, the corner effect does not lead to an additional leakage current and therefore does not deteriorate the SOI-FinFET performance

Untersuchung der Funktionen von Synaptotagmin-1 und Synaptotagmin-7 in der synaptischen Transmission

The underlying mechanisms that govern neuronal communication through synaptic transmission have been the object of study for decades. Neurotransmission requires of a presynaptic bouton where specialized secretory organelles, synaptic vesicles (SVs), reside. In the SV secretory pathway, neurotransmitter-filled vesicles are actively localized at specialized zones of the presynaptic plasma membrane and subsequently primed in a fusion ready state. These ready-to-fuse SVs form the readily releasable pool, and their spatial organization is carried out by a set of docking/priming factors that spatially couple calcium-channels and SVs. The fusion step of the SVs with the plasma membrane is tightly controlled by an exocytotic fusion machinery composed by SNARE proteins and a calcium sensor. The neuronal calcium-sensing protein Synaptotagmin-1 (SYT1) is responsible for the temporal precision of fast synchronous fusion in response to local calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium-channels. Upon Ca2+-binding SYT1 reduce the energy barrier between SVs and the plasma membrane, coupling calcium-influx with SV fusion. Experiments performed with genetically modified neurons suggested that SYT1 might play two additional roles, regulating spontaneous neurotransmitter release, clamping the SNARE complex in the absence of an action potential, and priming SVs. In this study, we perform electrophysiological recordings on primary mouse hippocampal glutamatergic neurons to explore how the absence of SYT1 affects neurotransmitter release and how this mechanism evolves during the development of synapses. Furthermore, by the systematic genetic manipulation using lentiviral vectors and immunocytochemistry quantification of SYT1 protein expression levels, we dissect its triple synaptic function, gaining insights into their mechanisms. Recently, another isoform of the synaptotagmin family, Synaptotagmin-7 (SYT7), has been suggested to be involved in neurotransmitter release. Due to the overlapping yet partially independent functions of SYT1 and SYT7, the direct contribution of SYT7 to neurotransmission in the absent of SYT1 is unclear. We report that SYT1 and SYT7 have both redundant and antagonistic roles in different aspects of the SV exocytotic pathway. Finally, this study not only deepens in our understanding on how those two presynaptic proteins operate but also provides with insights into how presynaptic malfunction could be the underlying cause of the cellular pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen, die die neuronale Kommunikation durch synaptische Übertragung steuern, werden seit Jahrzehnten in zahlreichen Studien untersucht. Die Neurotransmission erfolgt im präsynaptischen Bouton, in dem sich spezialisierte sekretorische Organellen, die synaptischen Vesikel (SVs), befinden. Diese Vesikel, welche mit Neurotransmittern gefüllt sind, werden an spezialisierten Zonen der präsynaptischen Plasmamembran lokalisiert und anschließend in einen fusionsbereiten Zustand gebracht. Diese fusionsbereiten SVs bilden den leicht freisetzbaren Pool, und ihre räumliche Organisation erfolgt durch eine Reihe von Docking/Priming-Faktoren, wodurch Kalziumkanäle und SVs räumlich gekoppelt werden. Der Fusionsschritt der SVs mit der Plasmamembran wird durch eine exozytotische Fusionsmaschinerie, bestehend aus SNARE-Proteinen und einem Kalziumsensor, genauestens kontrolliert. Das neuronale Kalzium-Sensorprotein Synaptotagmin-1 (SYT1) ist für die zeitliche Präzision der schnellen synchronen Fusion als Reaktion auf den lokalen Kalziumeinstrom durch spannungsabhängige Kalziumkanäle verantwortlich. Nach der Kalziumbindung verringert SYT1 die Energiebarriere zwischen SVs und der Plasmamembran und koppelt den Kalziumeinstrom mit der SV-Fusion. Experimente mit genetisch veränderten Neuronen deuten darauf hin, dass SYT1 zwei weitere Rollen haben könnte: es reguliert die spontane Freisetzung von Neurotransmittern, sorgt für die Klemmung des SNARE-Komplexes in Abwesenheit eines Aktionspotenzials und kontrolliert das "Priming" der SVs. In dieser Studie führen wir elektrophysiologische Ableitungen an primären glutamatergen Neuronen des Hippocampus der Maus durch, um zu erforschen, wie sich das Fehlen von SYT1 auf die Freisetzung von Neurotransmittern auswirkt und wie sich dieser Mechanismus während der Entwicklung von Synapsen entwickelt. Durch die systematische genetische Manipulation mit lentiviralen Vektoren und die immunzytochemische Quantifizierung der SYT1-Proteinexpression untersuchen wir die synaptische Funktion von SYT1 und erhalten so Einblicke in ihre Mechanismen. Kürzlich wurde eine weitere Isoform der Synaptotagmin-Familie, Synaptotagmin-7 (SYT7), mit der Freisetzung von Neurotransmittern in Verbindung gebracht. Aufgrund der sich überschneidenden, aber teilweise unabhängigen Funktionen von SYT1 und SYT7 ist der direkte Beitrag von SYT7 zur Neurotransmission in Abwesenheit von SYT1 unklar. Wir berichten, dass SYT1 und SYT7 sowohl redundante als auch antagonistische Funktionen in verschiedenen Aspekten des exozytotischen Weges der SV haben. Schließlich vertieft unsere Studie nicht nur unser Verständnis der Funktionsweise dieser beiden präsynaptischen Proteine, sondern liefert auch Erkenntnisse darüber, wie eine präsynaptische Fehlfunktion die zugrundeliegende Ursache für die zelluläre Pathophysiologie von neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen sein könnte

Green Growth in Algeria: Balancing Industry and Environment for Sustainable Economic Development

تبحث هذه الدراسة في التنمية الاقتصادية المستدامة للصناعة الجزائرية من 1990 إلى 2021، مع التركيز على التحول نحو النمو الأخضر. باستخدام قاعدة بيانات لثلاثة فروع صناعية (النفط والغاز، الحديد والصلب والتعدين، مواد البناء) ووظيفة إنتاج شبه لوغاريتمية، تقوم الدراسة بتقييم التغيرات الإنتاجية في العمال في قطاع الصناعة والآثار المترتبة على النمو الأخضر باستخدام نموذج KELM. تكشف النتائج عن انخفاض في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون وزيادة في كفاءة الطاقة والإنتاجية. وتعكس هذه التغييرات تحرك الصناعة نحو النمو الاقتصادي المستدام، مع التركيز على الطاقة المتجددة والصناعات منخفضة الكربون. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أنه في حين حققت الجزائر تقدما نحو تحقيق التوازن بين النمو الصناعي والاستدامة البيئية، فإن مواصلة التطوير في القطاعات الخضراء الجديدة أمر بالغ الأهمية لتحقيق نموذج اقتصادي أكثر استدامة.This study investigates the sustainable economic development of Algeria's industry from 1990 to 2021, focusing on the transition towards green growth. Employing a database for three industrial branches (hydrocarbon; iron, steel and mining; building materials) and a semi-logarithmic production function, the study evaluates the productivity changes in industrial workers and the implications for green growth using the KELM model. The findings reveal a decrease in CO2 emissions and a significant rise in energy efficiency and productivity. These changes reflect the industry's movement towards sustainable economic growth, emphasizing renewable energy and low-carbon industries. The study concludes that while Algeria has made progress towards balancing industrial growth and environmental sustainability, further development in new green sectors is crucial for achieving a more sustainable economic model