Endemicity of Zoonotic Diseases in Pigs and Humans in Lowland and Upland Lao PDR: Identification of Socio-cultural Risk Factors

In Lao People's Democratic Republic pigs are kept in close contact with families. Human risk of infection with pig zoonoses arises from direct contact and consumption of unsafe pig products. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Luang Prabang (north) and Savannakhet (central-south) Provinces. A total of 59 villages, 895 humans and 647 pigs were sampled and serologically tested for zoonotic pathogens including: hepatitis E virus (HEV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Trichinella spiralis; In addition, human sera were tested for Taenia spp. and cysticercosis. Seroprevalence of zoonotic pathogens in humans was high for HEV (Luang Prabang: 48.6%, Savannakhet: 77.7%) and T. spiralis (Luang Prabang: 59.0%, Savannakhet: 40.5%), and lower for JEV (around 5%), Taenia spp. (around 3%) and cysticercosis (Luang Prabang: 6.1, Savannakhet 1.5%). Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering of principal components was performed on descriptive data of human hygiene practices, contact with pigs and consumption of pork products. Three clusters were identified: Cluster 1 had low pig contact and good hygiene practices, but had higher risk of T. spiralis. Most people in cluster 2 were involved in pig slaughter (83.7%), handled raw meat or offal (99.4%) and consumed raw pigs' blood (76.4%). Compared to cluster 1, cluster 2 had increased odds of testing seropositive for HEV and JEV. Cluster 3 had the lowest sanitation access and had the highest risk of HEV, cysticercosis and Taenia spp. Farmers which kept their pigs tethered (as opposed to penned) and disposed of manure in water sources had 0.85 (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.91) and 2.39 (95% CI: 1.07 to 5.34) times the odds of having pigs test seropositive for HEV, respectively. The results have been used to identify entry-points for intervention and management strategies to reduce disease exposure in humans and pigs, informing control activities in a cysticercosis hyper-endemic village

Occlusion and rhythm of eruption

Occlusion through successive phases of dental eruption was the concern of many authors. So that the progressive installation of occlusion is made harmonious way, it is necessary that the dental eruption sequences proceed correctly. The authors have studied rhythm appearance of permanent teeth, and they have determined the average eruption age of canines, first, second premolar and second molar. The results are given for the 574 children of the sample and following to the sex

Adaptation de la réduction électrochimique à l'identification et à l'évaluation de la quantité des composés formés lors de la contamination du cuivre par le chlore

La réduction électrochimique a été utilisée pour déterminer la cinétique de contamination du cuivre dans une atmosphère d’air synthétique sec contenant 0,2ppm de chlore à la température ambiante.Dans ce cas, on a montré que cette méthode présente des difficultés à cause de la transformation du chlorure cuivreux en oxyde cuivreux dans le bain d’électrolyse (acétate de sodium 0,1M).On évite cette transformation en recouvrant l’échantillon d’une couche de collodion.Les résultats obtenus par microgravimétrie et par réduction électrochimique dans le cas du montage intentiostatique sont concordants

Methanobrevibacter smithii, a methanogen consistently colonising the newborn stomach

International audienceMethanobrevibacter smithii is the main human methanogen almost always found in the digestive tract of adults. Yet, the age at which M. smithii establishes itself as part of the developing intestinal microflora remains unknown. In order to gain insight into this, we developed a polyphasic approach, including microscopic observation by fluorescence in situ hybridisation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing detection, identification and culture, to isolate and genotype M. smithii in one-day-old newborns' gastric juice specimens. In the presence of negative controls, 50/50 (100%) prospectively analysed newborn gastric juice specimens were PCR-positive for methanogens, all identified as M. smithii by sequencing. We succeeded in cultivating M. smithii in 35/50 (70%) newborn gastric juice specimens, while 15/50 specimens remained sterile. Further, M. smithii was observed by direct microscopic investigation using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Multispacer sequence typing found one of seven different genotypes per specimen, these genotypes having all been previously described in adult human stools. Methanobrevibacter smithii is an early inhabitant of the human stomach, colonising the gastric mucosa just after birth, and the mother's gut microbiota is a probable source of colonisation

Factors influencing the biosorption of gadolinium by micro-organisms and its mobilisation from sand.

International audienceThe present work was devoted to the study of the biosorption capacities of various microbial species (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 previously Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for ions of the lanthanide gadolinium (Gd3+). The uptake by sand of this element was also measured. Saturation curves and Scatchard models were established for all biosorbants used in this work. The results enabled us to determine the binding affinities and the maximum capacities for biosorption of Gd3+, which ranged from 350 micromol g(-1) for B. subtilis to 5.1 micromol g(-1) for S. cerevisiae. This study demonstrated the usefulness of optimisation of experimental conditions in biosorption investigations. Experimental results showed that biosorption could be influenced by the growth stage and by the composition of the growth medium of microbial cells. Finally, particular attention was given to the transfer of gadolinium ions from a loaded sand to a bacterial suspension

Diorganotin Derivatives of 2,6-dihydroxymethylpyridine and of 3-(n-pyrrolidino)-1,2-propanediol - Synthesis, Characterization and Invitro Antitumor-activity

Three diorganotin(IV) derivatives of 2, 6-dihydroxymethyl-pyridine and 3-(N-pyrrolidino)-1, 2-propanediol have been synthesized and characterized by Mossbauer spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and by H-1, C-13 and Sn-119 nmr. Their activities in vitro against two human tumor cell lines, MCF-7 and WiDr, are compared to those of cis-platin and doxorubicin

Organotin(iv) Compounds of 2-thiopyridine - Crystal and Molecular-structure of Dicyclohexyltin(iv) Bis(2-pyridylthiolate)

Dicyclohexyltin(IV) bis(2-pyridylthiolate), compound 1, crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, a = 16.448(3), b = 40.315(8) and c = 7.113(3). Its molecular structure is best described as a tetrahedron, based on the two carbon-tin and the two sulfur-tin bonds, which is however strongly distorted as a consequence of two weak additional nitrogen-tin bonds. Compound 1 and four other diorganotin(IV) bis(2-pyridylthiolates) are characterized by Mossbauer, H-1, C-13 and Sn-119 NMR spectroscopy, and by FAB mass spectrometry. Their in vitro antitumour activity against two human tumour cell lines, MCF-7 and WiDr is reported. The ID50 values found are comparable to those found for cis-platin, but deceptively higher than for many other diorganotin compounds

Dépôt chimique de nickel : synthèse bibliographique

Le dépôt chimique de nickel sur un substrat conducteur ou isolant est une technique très utilisée dans diverses activités industrielles. Les différents procédés de dépôt sont relativement complexes et dépendent de plusieurs facteurs tels que le pH, la température, la composition des bains de nickelage et la nature du substrat. Cette synthèse bibliographique présente les effets de ces paramètres sur la qualité du dépôt de nickel chimique. Elle met ensuite l’accent sur le nickelage chimique des matières plastiques et détaille les différentes étapes de pré-traitement de ce type de matériau. Au cours des différentes étapes, des produits toxiques tels que l’acide sulfochromique sont toujours utilisés. Afin de remplacer ces produits et répondre aux contraintes environnementales, plusieurs procédés respectueux de l’environnement ont éteé´laborés. Les derniers travaux sur ce thème ainsi que l’efficacité des méthodes proposées sont discutés en fin de revue

Assessing the potency of oral polio vaccine kept outside of the cold chain during a national immunization campaign in Chad

This study is the first systematic documentation of the potency of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 3 (mOPV3) kept at ambient temperatures during a polio immunization campaign in Chad. During the study test vials were exposed to temperatures of up to 47.1 degrees C, and kept outside of the 2-8 degrees C range for a maximum of 86.9 hours. Post-campaign laboratory testing confirmed that the test vials were still potent, and in conformity with the defined release specifications. Further, the Vaccine Vial Monitors performed as expected, giving an early warning indication of when cumulative exposure to heat reached levels that may have negatively affected the vaccine&#039;s potency. This study provides proof-of-concept evidence that certain types of OPV remain potent and thus can be kept, for limited periods of time, as well as administered at ambient temperatures</p