C. S. Lewis: Biblical Motifs in The Chronicles of Narnia

Biblijski sloj jedan je od najsnažnije prisutnih slojeva u Kronikama iz Narnije književnika i medievista C. S. Lewisa i to ponajviše na razini motiva. Nekoliko se slojeva provlači kroz svih sedam dijelova Kronika iz Narnije, a to su: Biblija, usmenoknjiževni i mitološki motivi, kršćanstvo, antika, srednjovjekovlje i kritika modernog školstva. U Kronikama se ti slojevi često preklapaju. Biblijski motivi najzastupljeniji su u Lavu, Vještici i ormaru, Čarobnjakovu nećaku i Posljednjoj bitci, a manje su prisutni u ostalim dijelovima serijala. Roman Lav, Vještica i ormar pun je poveznica s Isusovom mukom i smrću i to najviše s Evanđeljem po Marku, Čarobnjakov nećak s Knjigom Postanka, a Posljednja bitka s Otkrivenjem. Mnogi autori pokušali su bezuspješno povezati ove romane u niz, redovito preko biblijskih i kršćanskih motiva. Iako pokušaji nisu donijeli rješenje povezivanja dijelova, otkrilo se koliko je prisutan sloj srednjovjekovnih motiva. Rad je kritički utvrdio prisutnost biblijskih motiva.The biblical subtext present in The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis, a writer and medievalist, is one of the most striking and palpable subtexts in the entire series. Several subtexts are present in all seven parts of The Chronicles, including the Bible, oral tradition, mythological motifs, Christianity, antiquity, medievality, and the criticism of contemporary education. In The Chronicles these layers often overlap. Biblical motifs are most frequent in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Magician’s Nephew, and The Last Battle, and appear to a lesser extent in other parts of the saga. The novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is brimming with references to Christ’s passion and death, mostly according to the Gospel by Mark; The Magician’s Nephew correlates with the Genesis and The Last Battle with the Book of Revelation. Many authors have unsuccessfully tried to link these novels together, most often through biblical or Christian motifs. Although no firm solution to the problem exists, it has been established that medieval motifs are ubiquitously present in The Chronicles. This work analyses and confirms the presence of the biblical motifs in the saga

Literary Criticism of C. S. Lewis’ Philological Work on Medieval Period

C. S. Lewis javnosti je manje poznat po svom znanstvenom radu, a više po ciklusu Kronike iz Narnije. Za života je, između ostalog, napisao dva djela posvećena srednjem vijeku: Alegorija ljubavi i Odbačena slika. U ovom radu autorice će analizirati stav književnih kritičara spram spomenutih Lewisovih djela. Razvidno je da se Alegorija ljubavi istraživala i shvaćala kao znanstveno djelo o srednjemu vijeku o kojem je kritika uglavnom iskazivala negativne stavove te ono nije bilo poticajno istraživačima književnosti. S druge strane, Odbačena slika imala je uglavnom pozitivan prijem među ondašnjim kritičarima koji su u tom djelu pronašli brojne paralele s Lewisovim književnim tekstovima. U ovom radu pokazuje se da je književna kritika Lewisovim djelima o srednjovjekovlju pristupala ili kako bi ih kritizirala ili kako bi u njima tražila dodirne točke s njegovim književnim tekstovima.C. S. Lewis is best known for his book series The Chronicles of Narnia, and less so for his philological work. During his lifetime he wrote, among other things, two works dedicated to the Middle Ages: The Allegory of Love and The Discarded Image. In this paper, the authors analyse the approach of literary criticism to the mentioned Lewis’ works. The authors show, based on the analysis of literary criticism, that The Allegory of Love was researched and understood as a scientific work on the Middle Ages. It is shown that the critics mostly expressed negative attitudes about this work and that Lewis’ literary work was not interesting to the researchers. On the other hand, the other work we deal with in this paper, The Discarded Image, had a generally positive reception among critics at the time and scholars found numerous parallels with Lewis’s literary texts. This analysis shows that literary criticism approached Lewis’s works on the Middle Ages either to criticize them or to look for points that are in parallel with his literary texts

Hrvatske smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 [Croatian guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes]

Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes' patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglyce- mia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ­Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of ­diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the ­pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes’ patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ­Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of ­diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the ­pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes’ patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ­Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of ­diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the ­pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes’ patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes