Orientação e mobilidade na reabilitação do deficiente visual

Orientador : Roseli Cecília Rocha de Carvalho BaumelMonografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Humanas Letras e Artes, Curso de Especializaçao em Educação Especia

Socioeconomic Determinants of Antibiotic Consumption in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: The Effect of Restricting Over-The-Counter Sales.

BACKGROUND: Improper antibiotic use is one of the main drivers of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, increasing infectious diseases morbidity and mortality and raising costs of healthcare. The level of antibiotic consumption has been shown to vary according to socioeconomic determinants (SED) such as income and access to education. In many Latin American countries, antibiotics could be easily purchased without a medical prescription in private pharmacies before enforcement of restrictions on over-the-counter (OTC) sales in recent years. Brazil issued a law abolishing OTC sales in October 2010. This study seeks to find SED of antibiotic consumption in the Brazilian state of São Paulo (SSP) and to estimate the impact of the 2010 law. METHODS: Data on all oral antibiotic sales having occurred in the private sector in SSP from 2008 to 2012 were pooled into the 645 municipalities of SSP. Linear regression was performed to estimate consumption levels that would have occurred in 2011 and 2012 if no law regulating OTC sales had been issued in 2010. These values were compared to actual observed levels, estimating the effect of this law. Linear regression was performed to find association of antibiotic consumption levels and of a greater effect of the law with municipality level data on SED obtained from a nationwide census. RESULTS: Oral antibiotic consumption in SSP rose from 8.44 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) in 2008 to 9.95 in 2010, and fell to 8.06 DID in 2012. Determinants of a higher consumption were higher human development index, percentage of urban population, density of private health establishments, life expectancy and percentage of females; lower illiteracy levels and lower percentage of population between 5 and 15 years old. A higher percentage of females was associated with a stronger effect of the law. CONCLUSIONS: SSP had similar antibiotic consumption levels as the whole country of Brazil, and they were effectively reduced by the policy

Polymerase chain reaction targeting 16S ribosomal RNA for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis after neurosurgery

OBJECTIVES: Bacterial and aseptic meningitis after neurosurgery can present similar clinical signs and symptoms. The aims of this study were to develop and test a molecular method to diagnose bacterial meningitis (BM) after neurosurgery. METHODS: A 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR-based strategy was developed using artificially inoculated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) followed by sequencing. The method was tested using CSF samples from 43 patients who had undergone neurosurgery and were suspected to suffer from meningitis, and from 8 patients without neurosurgery or meningitis. Patients were classified into five groups, confirmed BM, probable BM, possible BM, unlikely BM, and no meningitis. RESULTS: Among the samples from the 51 patients, 21 samples (41%) were culture-negative and PCR-positive. Of these, 3 (14%) were probable BM, 4 (19%) were possible BM, 13 (62%) were unlikely BM, and 1 (5%) was meningitis negative. Enterobacterales, non-fermenters (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii), Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Granulicatella, Variovorax, and Enterococcus cecorum could be identified. In the group of patients with meningitis, a good agreement (3 of 4) was observed with the results of cultures, including the identification of species. CONCLUSION: Molecular methods may complement the diagnosis, guide treatment, and identify non-cultivable microorganisms. We suggest the association of methods for suspected cases of BM after neurosurgery, especially for instances in which the culture is negative

Surto policlonal de infecção de corrente sanguínea causada pelo complexo Burkholderia cepacia em unidades de hospital-dia de hematologia e transplante de medula óssea

Aim: The objective was to describe an outbreak of bloodstream infections by Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) in bone marrow transplant and hematology outpatients. Methods: On February 15, 2008 a Bcc outbreak was suspected. 24 cases were identified. Demographic and clinical data were evaluated. Environment and healthcare workers' (HCW) hands were cultured. Species were determined and typed. Reinforcement of hand hygiene, central venous catheter (CVC) care, infusion therapy, and maintenance of laminar flow cabinet were undertaken. 16 different HCWs had cared for the CVCs. Multi-dose heparin and saline were prepared on counter common to both units. Findings: 14 patients had B. multivorans (one patient had also B. cenopacia), six non-multivorans Bcc and one did not belong to Bcc. Clone A B. multivorans occurred in 12 patients (from Hematology); in 10 their CVC had been used on February 11/12. Environmental and HCW cultures were negative. All patients were treated with meropenem, and ceftazidime lock-therapy. Eight patients (30%) were hospitalized. No deaths occurred. After control measures (multidose vial for single patient; CVC lock with ceftazidime; cleaning of laminar flow cabinet; hand hygiene improvement; use of cabinet to store prepared medication), no new cases occurred. Conclusions: This polyclonal outbreak may be explained by a common source containing multiple species of Bcc, maybe the laminar flow cabinet common to both units. There may have been contamination by B. multivorans (clone A) of multi-dose vials.O objetivo foi descrever um surto de infecções da corrente sanguínea por complexo B. cepacia (Bcc) nos ambulatórios de hematologia e transplante de medula óssea. Métodos: Em 15/02/2008, um surto de Bcc foi suspeitado. 24 casos foram identificados. Os dados demográficos e clínicos foram avaliados. Mãos de profissionais da saúde e ambiente foram cultivadas. Espécies foram determinadas e tipadas. Reforço da higiene das mãos, cuidados com cateteres, terapia de infusão e manutenção da câmara de fluxo laminar foram realizadas. 16 profissionais de saúde (PS) diferentes manipularam os cateteres. Heparina multidoses e soro eram preparadas em um balcão comum a ambas as unidades. Resultados: 14 pacientes tiveram B. multivorans (um paciente teve também B. cenopacia), 6 Bcc não-multivorans e um teve um agente não pertencente a Bcc. Clone A de B. multivorans ocorreu em 12 pacientes (da Hematologia), em 10 o cateter havia sido utilizado nos dias 11 ou 12 de fevereiro. Culturas ambientais e de PS foram negativos. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com meropenem e selo de ceftazidima. Oito pacientes (30%) foram hospitalizados. Não ocorreram mortes. Após as medidas de controle, nenhum novo caso ocorreu. Conclusões: Este surto policlonal pode ser explicado por uma fonte comum contendo várias espécies de Bcc, talvez a câmara de fluxo laminar comum a ambas as unidades. Pode ter havido contaminação por B. multivorans (clone A) de frascos multi-dose

Nosocomial outbreak of Pantoea agglomerans bacteraemia associated with contaminated anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution: new name, old bug?

We describe an outbreak investigation of Pantoea agglomerans bacteraemia associated with anticoagulant citrate-dextrose 46% (ACD) solution prepared in-house. A healthy man presented with septic shock during plasmapheresis for granulocyte donation. The solution used for priming and blood samples were sent for culture. Identification of the isolate to species level was performed by gyrB sequencing. Typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In total, eight cases were identified during a three-week period. P. agglomerans was also cultured from six ACD solution bags. Isolates from patients and ACD bags were identical by PFGE. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, cephazolin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cefepime and imipenem. (C) 2011 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Spatial analysis of bacterial bloodstream infections caused by multidrug resistant organisms in intensive care units of the State of São Paulo

Introdução - A resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos é resultado de mecanismos adaptativos destes microrganismos e se constitui em importante problema de saúde pública em razão da limitação terapêutica que este fenômeno impõe, sobretudo no tratamento de infecções invasivas de pacientes críticos. O surgimento de patógenos resistentes no ambiente hospitalar assim como seu comportamento epidemiológico é um evento complexo de múltiplas causas. A pressão seletiva decorrente do uso destas drogas é evidente desde o início do uso clínico da penicilina. No entanto, a inter-relação entre pressão seletiva e determinantes de outra natureza como sociais, econômicos e geográficos precisam ser mais bem compreendidos. Objetivos - 1. Investigar a existência de dependência espacial na ocorrência de infecção da corrente sanguínea em UTI no estado de São Paulo causadas por bactérias multirresistentes (BMR). 2. Investigar a associação entre a ocorrência de infecção da corrente sanguínea por BMR e consumo global de antimicrobianos no estado de São Paulo, indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde. Método - Planejamos um estudo descritivo, ecológico e de multinível envolvendo unidades de terapia intensiva do estado de São Paulo. Definimos infecção da corrente sanguínea causada por seis patógenos multirresistentes e notificada à Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2008 a 2011 como variável dependente. As variáveis independentes foram o consumo global (comunitário e hospitalar) de antimicrobianos neste período e variáveis socioeconômicas e de qualidade e acesso aos serviços de saúde. O consumo de antimicrobianos foi obtido a partir de um banco de dados de uma empresa de prospecção de vendas destas drogas, IMS Health Brazil. As variáveis socioeconômicas e de qualidade e acesso aos serviços de saúde foram obtidas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SEADE). Utilizamos um modelo hierárquico (multinível) incluindo as variáveis socioeconômicas distalmente, variáveis de acesso e qualidade de serviços de saúde medialmente e uso de antimicrobianos proximalmente. Dado o grande número de zeros em nossa variável de desfecho (34% a 85% a depender do patógeno avaliado), a verosimilhança foi modelada com base em uma distribuição de Poisson inflada por zeros. Os modelos foram ajustados seguindo a abordagem INLA, especificando prioris não informativas para as variáveis \"município\" e \"hospital\". As análises foram feitas no software R 3.2.1, usando os pacotes INLA 0.0-1432754561 e INLAOutputs 0.0.2. Resultados - Identificamos associação direta entre consumo global de penicilina e inversa com índice de Gini no estado de São Paulo e infecção da corrente sanguínea causada por Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina (MRSA). Para os demais agentes etiológicos estudados, não observamos o consumo global (comunitário e hospitalar) de antimicrobianos ou de variáveis socioeconômicas, de acesso e qualidade da assistência à saúde como determinantes da infecção da corrente sanguínea em unidades de terapia intensiva do estado de São Paulo. Observamos maior incidência de Enterococcus resistente à vancomicina (VRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a carbapenens, Acinetobacter sp resistente a carbapenens e Escherichia coli resistente a cefalosporinas de terceira geração em hospitais públicos comparados a hospitais filantrópicos e menor incidência de VRE, Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a cefalosporinas de terceira geração, Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a carbapenens, Acinetobacter sp resistente a carbapenens e Escherichia coli resistente a cefalosporinas de terceira geração em Santas Casas comparadas a hospitais filantrópicos. Por fim, observamos maior incidência de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a cefalosporinas de terceira geração em hospital privado comparado a hospital filantrópico. Conclusões - 1. Observamos que, embora não de maneira uniforme, a maioria dos patógenos estudados, nos diferentes anos, forma agrupamentos geográficos, ou seja, não estão distribuídos aleatoriamente no espaço estudado. 2. Não observamos, neste estudo, relação entre consumo de antimicrobianos na comunidade e infecção por patógenos multirresistentes em pacientes críticos tratados em unidades de terapia intensiva, exceto entre uso de penicilina e infecção por MRSA. 3. Observamos relação entre maior concentração de renda e menor incidência de infecção por MRSA. 4. Observamos associação entre baixas incidências de infecção por patógenos multirresistentes e Santas Casas, o que pode ser um marcador de desigualdade social confirmando o achado descrito acima da relação entre alto índice de Gini (maior concentração de renda) e menor incidência de MRSA ou, alternativamente, se constituir em fragilidade do diagnóstico laboratorial. 5. Há necessidade de estudos que explorem esta relação observada entre maior concentração de renda e categoria do hospital (Santa Casa) com menores incidências de infecção por patógenos multirresistentes em UTIIntroduction - Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs is a result of microrganisms adaptive mechanisms and poses a great problem for public health because this phenomenon limits therapeutic options, especially for critical patients. The emergence of resistant pathogens in the hospital setting and their epidemiological behavior is a complex event with multiple causes. Selective pressure due to the use of these drugs has been evident since we started using penicillin for clinical purposes. However, interactions between selective pressure and other determinants like social, economic and geographic need to be better understood. Objetives - 1.To investigate the occurrence of spatial dependency among intensive care units (ICU) in the state of São Paulo related to the incidence of bloodstream infection caused by multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO). 2.To investigate the association of the incidence of bloodstream infection caused by MDROs, socioeconomic and health indicators. Method - We planned a descriptive, ecologic and multilevel study involving ICUs of the state of São Paulo. The incidences of bloodstream infection caused by a priori defined six MDROs reported to the State Health Department between 2008 and 2011 were defined as dependent variables. Independent variables were the global consumption (community and hospital) of antimicrobial drugs during the period of the study which was obtained from sales database of IMS Health Brazil, a sales prospecting company. Socioeconomic, quality and access to healthcare services indicators were obtained from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) and Sistema Estadual de Análises de Dados (SEADE). We used a hierarchical model (multilevel) including socioeconomic variables distally, quality and access to healthcare services medially and antimicrobial use proximally. Because of the great number of zeros observed within the dependent variable (34% to 85% depending on the pathogen), the likelihood was modeled based on a Poisson distribution inflated with zeros. The models were adjusted following an INLA approach, determining non-informative prioris for the variables \"municipality\" and \"hospital\". Analysis were performed using R 3.2.1 software, INLA packages 0.0-1432754561 and INLAOutputs 0.0.2. Results - We identified significant positive association between global consumption of penicillin and negative association with higher Gini index both with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We did not identified other significant associations between global antimicrobial use, socioeconomic and healthcare indicators and multiresistant organisms causing bloodstream infections. There were greater incidences of vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE), carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp, third generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in public hospitals compared to philanthropic hospitals and there were lower incidences of VRE, carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp, third generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Santas Casas compared to philanthropic hospitals. Finally, we observed greater incidence of third generation cephalosporin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in private hospitals compared to philanthropic hospitals. Conclusions - 1. We observed that, although not consistently, for most of analized pathogens, in different years, form geographic clusters, i.e they are not randomly spatially distributed. 2. Based on our findings, the incidence of bloodstream infections caused by MDROs in ICUs are not related to global antimicrobial use, except for the relation between penicillin use and MRSA infection. 3. We observed that greater income concentration is related to lower incidence of MRSA. 4. The lower incidences of bloodstream infections caused by MDROs in Santas Casas might be a surrogate for social inequality confirming the finding of higher Gini index related to lowest MRSA infection or, alternatively being related to poor laboratory diagnostic performance. 5. Further studies exploring the observed relationship between greater income concentration and low incidence of MDRO infections in ICU are neede

Outbreak of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in a neonatal intensive care unit related to the hands of a healthcare worker

O objetivo desta dissertação foi descrever a investigação de um surto de Klebsiella pneumoniae em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal cujo elo entre os casos foi a mão, persistentemente colonizada pelo agente, de uma técnica de enfermagem que apresentava onicomicose em primeiro quirodáctilo esquerdo. Revisou-se a história da aplicação do método epidemiológico na investigação de surtos de infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde. Foi revisada também a literatura pertinente à investigação de surtos na busca de situações semelhantes. Embora seja bem conhecido o papel das mãos de profissional de saúde na transmissão cruzada de agentes causadores de infecção nosocomial, poucos surtos foram publicados em que estes profissionais atuaram como fonte comum e persistente de infecção. É mais freqüente Gram-positivos envolvidos, havendo cinco relatos de Gram-negativos neste contexto. A contribuição desta dissertação é alertar para o risco que profissionais de saúde com alterações tróficas em mãos e anexos podem representar quando atuam em unidades críticas de assistência, assim como durante investigações de surto em que a evidências apontam para uma fonte comum, a busca de profissional com tais alterações deve ser consideradaThe aim of this study was to describe the investigation of an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae at a neonatal intensive care unit, associated with the persistently colonized hands of a nurse who had onychomycosis on her left thumb. We reviewed the use of the epidemiological method for investigating healthcare related outbreaks of infections. We also reviewed the literature concerning the hands of health care personnel. Although the hands of healthcare workers (HCW) play a role in the cross-transmission of nosocomial pathogens, there are few reports in which the persistently colonized hands act as a common source perpetuating an outbreak. In this setting, Gram-positive outbreaks are frequently reported and five Gramnegative outbreaks were reported. By means of this work, we have sought to draw attention to the role of the healthcare professional with chronic lesions on the hand skin and/or fingernails. They may pose a risk of persistent transmission of nosocomial pathogens, especially for critical patients with invasive devices. During healthcare infection outbreaks, examination of the hands of HCW should be included in the investigatio