29 research outputs found

    Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and its agricultural benefits

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    Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts to 85% of all land-living plants. They provide P and other nutrients in exchange for carbohydrates produced in the photosynthesis. They have proven to alleviate biotic and abiotic stress and to increase soil structure and biodiversity. They also increase the quality and quantity of crop yield. These perks has sparked an interest in the agricultural field for commercially produced AMF inoculum. However, usage of these products has led to mixed results. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate twelve factors ,sorted into four main areas, and how they impact AMF efficiency from the perspective of yield increase. The areas were “inoculation composition”, “soil management”, “soil conditions and climate” and “crop qualities” (i.e. species and cultivar). A literature review was conducted using 22 articles. The articles were found on the Web of Science when searching for “yield” “field” “mycorrhiza” and handpicked based on themes related to the four areas. Generally, the factors from the areas “inoculum composition” and “soil conditions and climate” were found to be most influential. Nutrition availability and factors closely related to this (i.e soil pH, fertilization and climate) had the most impact on inoculation efficiency. The effectiveness increased with the N:P ratio under low-moderate nutrient availability. The conclusion was that inoculated AMF has a lot of potential to serve as a way to streamline P uptake and reduce the doses of P fertilizers needed for satisfactory yields

    Hur olika pH-förhÄllanden pÄverkar nodulering och tillvÀxt hos blÄ- och gullusern

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    Approximately 77% of global arable land use is devoted to forage cultivation, which is the basis for animal production and global food security. Therefore a sustainable and biologically diverse forage cultivation is needed. Feed for cattle needs to contain a good balance between fibre, energy and protein. Legumes are important for forage quality and fix their own nitrogen, reducing the need for N-fertilization. Medicago sativa L. (lucerne) is an agronomically important legume species that is cultivated on over 30 million hectares worldwide. Lucerne fixates NÂČ in symbiosis with bacterial species E.meliloti, which attaches to the root and forms nodules. E. meliloti is acid sensitive and at pH<6 nodulation is reduced. This leads to decreased biomass production and quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pH tolerance of two lucerne subspecies; Blue lucerne (BL) and yellow lucerne (YL). The hypotheses were 1) YL will be more tolerant than BL against low pH, but BL will produce more biomass than YL in high pH conditions; 2) A low pH will decrease the nodulation formation and quality for BL and YL; and 3) A low pH will decrease biomass quantity for BL and YL. A mineral soil with different rates of lime was used to create six treatments with pH 5.7-6.5. 60 pots containing YL and BL cultivars inoculated with Nitragin Gold, a commercial E. meliloti mix were placed in a randomized block design in a greenhouse chamber. After 75-81 days the pots were harvested. Non-destructive measurements were made during growth and destructive measurements were made at harvest. The significance of four factors; cultivar, pH, cultivar*pH and time*cultivar, were statistically tested for 11 response variables connected to biomass and nodulation. The effect of liming on biomass and nodulation was also evaluated in a regression analysis using lime rate as an explanatory variable. The soil pH kept rising after sowing, even for the non-limed soil, and ended up higher than intended at 6.5-6.8. This meant it was not possible to properly evaluate the effect of pH stress on BL and YL. The statistical analyses partly confirmed and partly contradicted hypotheses 2) and 3). In the end, however, none of the hypotheses could be confidently confirmed since the right conditions for the study were lacking. One practical finding of this study is that Nitragin gold is compatible with both SW Nexus and Karlu. The pH sensitivity of E. meliloti is also highlighted. Future directions for research would be to continue researching YL response to pH stress, as well as E. meliloti strain compatibility, perhaps in a Northern Swedish climate over several seasons, using several cultivars.Vall odlas pĂ„ ungefĂ€r 77% av jordens Ă„kermark. Vallodling Ă€r grunden till all djurproduktion och en viktig del av mĂ€nniskans livsmedelförsörjning. DĂ€rför Ă€r det viktigt att vallodlingen Ă€r sĂ„ hĂ„llbar och biologiskt mĂ„ngfacetterad som möjligt. Det Ă€r viktigt att det finns en god balans mellan fiber-, energi- och proteininnehĂ„ll i djurföda. BaljvĂ€xter Ă€r viktiga för en god vallfoderkvalitet och de förser sig sjĂ€lva med kvĂ€ve, vilket minskar behovet av att kvĂ€vegödsla. Medicago sativa L. (lusern) odlas pĂ„ över 30 miljoner hektar globalt och Ă€r en viktig baljvĂ€xt för jordbruket. Lusern fixerar kvĂ€ve i symbios med bakteriearten E. meliloti, som bildar rhizobiumknölar (noduler) pĂ„ lusernrötter. E. meliloti Ă€r kĂ€nslig för sura miljöer och vid pH<6 minskar noduleringen. Detta leder till minskad tillvĂ€xt och sĂ€mre nĂ€ringskvalitet hos lusern. MĂ„let med den hĂ€r studien var att undersöka och jĂ€mföra pH-kĂ€nsligheten hos tvĂ„ underarter av lusern, blĂ„lusern (BL) och gullusern (YL). Studien utgick frĂ„n tre hypoteser: 1) YL tĂ„l lĂ€gre pH Ă€n BL men vid höga pH-vĂ€rden producerar BL mer biomassa Ă€n YL; 2) Noduleringen minskar med lĂ€gre pH för bĂ„de BL och YL; och 3) LĂ„gt pH minskar biomassaproduktionen för BL och YL.En mineraljord kalkades med olika mĂ€ngder kalk för att ta fram sex behandlingar med pH-vĂ€rden mellan 5.7-6.5. BL- och YL-frön inockulerades med Nitragin Gold (en kommersiell blandning av olika E. meliloti-sorter) och planterades i 60 krukor. Krukorna placerades ut i randomized block design i en vĂ€xthuskammare och skördades 75-81 dagar efter sĂ„dd. Icke-destruktiva mĂ€tningar gjordes under tillvĂ€xt och vid skörd utfördes destruktiva mĂ€tningar. I en statistisk analys testades signifikansen för fyra faktorer; lusernsort, pH, lusernsort*pH och tid*lusernsort, för 11 responsvariabler kopplade till biomassa och nodulering. Kalkningseffekt pĂ„ biomassa och nodulering utvĂ€rderades i en regressionsanalys med kalkmĂ€ngd som förklaringsvariabel. Under experimentets gĂ„ng ökade pH i jordarna efter sĂ„dd i samtliga behandlingar, inklusive en okalkad behandling. Detta ledde till att pH nivĂ„erna blev högre Ă€n berĂ€knade, mellan pH 6.5-6.8. Det gjorde att det inte gick att studera vilket effekt pH-stress kan ha pĂ„ BL och YL. De statistiska analyserna bĂ„de bekrĂ€ftade och motbevisade hypotes 2) och 3). I slutĂ€ndan kunde dock ingen av hypoteserna prövas ordentligt pĂ„ grund av att rĂ€tt förutsĂ€ttningar saknades och dĂ€rmed varken bevisas eller motbevisas. Studien visade att Nitragin Gold-inockulum Ă€r kompatibelt med lusernsorterna SW Nexus (BL) och Karlu (YL). E. melilotis höga pH-kĂ€nslighet framgick ocksĂ„. Fortsatt behövs det mer forskning pĂ„ YL och dess pH-tĂ„lighet, samt pĂ„ vilka E. meliloti-symbionter den Ă€r kompatibel med. SĂ„dana studier kan med fördel göras under nordsvenska förhĂ„llanden över flera odlingssĂ€songer, gĂ€rna med olika YL-sorter

    REAR SEAT SAFETY IN FRONTAL TO SIDE IMPACTS – FOCUSING ON OCCUPANTS FROM 3YRS TO SMALL ADULTS

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    ABSTRACT This study presents a broad comprehensive research effort that combines expertise from industry and academia and uses various methodologies with applied research directed towards countermeasures. The project includes real world crash data analysis, real world driving studies and crash testing and simulations, aiming at enhancing the safety of forward facing child occupants (aged 3y to small adults) in the rear seat during frontal to side impacts. The real world crash data analyses of properly restrained children originate from European as well as US data. Frontal and side impact crash tests are analyzed using different sizes of crash test dummies in different sitting postures. Side impact parameter studies using FE-models are run. The sitting posture and behavior of 12 children are monitored while riding in the rear seat. Also, the body kinematics and belt position during actual braking and turning maneuvers are studied for 16 rear seat child occupants and for various child dummies. Real world crash data indicates that several of the injured children in frontal impacts, despite being properly restrained, impacted the vehicle interior structure with their head/face resulting in serious injury. This was attributed to oblique crashes, pre-crash vehicle maneuvers or high crash severity. Crash tests confirm the importance of proper initial belt-fit for best protection. The crash tests also highlight the difficulty in obtaining the real world kinematics and head impact locations using existing crashtest dummies and test procedures. The side impact parameter studies indicate that the vehicle’s occupant protection systems, such as airbags and seat belt pretensioners, play an important role in protecting children as well. The results from the on-road driving studies illustrate the variation of sitting postures during riding in the rear seat giving valuable input to the effects of the restraint systems and to how representative the standardized dummy seating positioning procedures are. The results from the maneuver driving studies illustrate the importance of understanding the kinematics of a child relative to the seat belt in a real world maneuver situation. Real world safety of rear seat occupants, especially children, involves evaluation of protection beyond standard crash testing scenarios in frontal and side impact conditions. This project explores the complete context of rear seat protection in impact situations ranging from front to side and directions in between highlighting the importance of pre-crash posture and behavior. This research project at SAFER (Vehicle and Traffic Safety Centre at Chalmers), where researchers from the industry and universities cooperate with the aim to further improve safety for children (from 3y) to small adults in the rear seat, speeds up the process to safety implementation due to the interaction between academic and industrial researchers

    A gender perspective on factors that influence outdoor recreational physical activity among the elderly

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Physical activity (PA) is part of a healthy lifestyle and prevents many chronic health problems, in addition to promoting mental health. PA performed outdoors has been found particularly good for promoting one's well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which outdoor recreational PA was carried out during 1 year, and the factors influencing such activities from a gender perspective among persons ≄ 60 years of age.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study included 999 individuals 60-96 years of age living in the south eastern part of Sweden. Data collection was carried out during the years of 2001-2003. We measured the amount of regular light and/or intense outdoor recreational PA performed during the last year and determined the probability of performing PA as a function of 10 variables covering individual and socioeconomic factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our results suggest that being independent physically and healthy enough to manage one's personal hygiene and having access to areas for country walks were the most important factors associated with the probability of engaging in outdoor recreational PA for both men and women. Despite the level of performance being almost equal for the sexes as two-thirds of both had performed outdoor recreational PA during the preceding year more factors, i.e., living alone, being unable to cover an unexpected cost, fear of being violated, and fear of falling, were associated with the possibilities of engaging in outdoor recreational PA among women. Also increasing age seems to affect activities among women negatively to a higher extent than men.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Men and women seem to have different opportunities and needs with respect to performing PA. These considerations do not seem to be sufficiently taken into account today and improvements could be made concerning e.g., health-promoting activities suggested to the elderly by healthcare personnel and spatial planning within society. Promoting outdoor recreational PA that has restorative effects on well-being needs to focus on activities which are attractive and affordable for the majority of both men and women.</p

    Consumer behaviour of pharmacy customers : Choice of pharmacy and over-the-counter medicines

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    With this research the author aims to explore factors influencing the behaviour of pharmacy customers. The research strives to answer how consumers choose in which pharmacy to run their errands and how they choose between similarly priced generic over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. The focus is on OTC medicines since they are available without prescription and are subject to public advertising. The quantitative research was conducted during fall 2011, mainly in four pharmacies in the Helsinki region to reach recent pharmacy customers. A sample of 273 consumers participated by answering a questionnaire form. Results show that in order of importance based on average results, the top three reasons behind the consumer’s choice of pharmacy is the following; location (being by far most important), product range, staff. Likewise the top three order for choosing OTC medicines is; pharmacist’s opinion and recommendation, family’s and friends opinion and recommendation, product brand or producer. Almost all consumers usually buy the same product again and the majority sometimes buy products they know through advertisement. The majority have bought from the pharmacy an OTC medicine or vitamin supplement even though it was not in the plans, and the largest disparity between male and female consumers in the research is that more women have done so

    Riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser : En studie om preferensaktieÀgande pÄ Nasdaq Stockholm

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    De senaste åren har flera svenska bolag emitterat preferensaktier på Nasdaq Stockholm. Då preferensaktier ger fasta utdelningar och har förtur vid konkurs har de lägre risk men ofta sämre röstlängd än stamaktien. Denna studie undersöker investerares riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser med preferensaktien som verktyg. Studien jämför ägarna i ett företags stamaktie med ägarna i samma företags preferensaktie. Undersökningen fokuserar på variablerna ålder, kön, totalt portföljvärde hos investerare och institutioner. Studien visar att ägarandelen av personer över 65 år är högre i preferensaktier och att medianåldern är högre i preferensaktien. Studien visar även att medel- och medianvärdet på totala portföljen hos investerare i preferensaktien är högre. Undersökningen visar inget signifikant resultat gällande det institutionella ägandet men det visar tendenser till att det skulle vara större i stamaktien. Studien ger inte heller något signifikant resultat avseende kvinnligt ägande. Studien granskar också ägande i företagens båda aktieslag och finner att företrädesrätten har betydelse.

    Riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser : En studie om preferensaktieÀgande pÄ Nasdaq Stockholm

    No full text
    De senaste åren har flera svenska bolag emitterat preferensaktier på Nasdaq Stockholm. Då preferensaktier ger fasta utdelningar och har förtur vid konkurs har de lägre risk men ofta sämre röstlängd än stamaktien. Denna studie undersöker investerares riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser med preferensaktien som verktyg. Studien jämför ägarna i ett företags stamaktie med ägarna i samma företags preferensaktie. Undersökningen fokuserar på variablerna ålder, kön, totalt portföljvärde hos investerare och institutioner. Studien visar att ägarandelen av personer över 65 år är högre i preferensaktier och att medianåldern är högre i preferensaktien. Studien visar även att medel- och medianvärdet på totala portföljen hos investerare i preferensaktien är högre. Undersökningen visar inget signifikant resultat gällande det institutionella ägandet men det visar tendenser till att det skulle vara större i stamaktien. Studien ger inte heller något signifikant resultat avseende kvinnligt ägande. Studien granskar också ägande i företagens båda aktieslag och finner att företrädesrätten har betydelse.

    Riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser : En studie om preferensaktieÀgande pÄ Nasdaq Stockholm

    No full text
    De senaste åren har flera svenska bolag emitterat preferensaktier på Nasdaq Stockholm. Då preferensaktier ger fasta utdelningar och har förtur vid konkurs har de lägre risk men ofta sämre röstlängd än stamaktien. Denna studie undersöker investerares riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser med preferensaktien som verktyg. Studien jämför ägarna i ett företags stamaktie med ägarna i samma företags preferensaktie. Undersökningen fokuserar på variablerna ålder, kön, totalt portföljvärde hos investerare och institutioner. Studien visar att ägarandelen av personer över 65 år är högre i preferensaktier och att medianåldern är högre i preferensaktien. Studien visar även att medel- och medianvärdet på totala portföljen hos investerare i preferensaktien är högre. Undersökningen visar inget signifikant resultat gällande det institutionella ägandet men det visar tendenser till att det skulle vara större i stamaktien. Studien ger inte heller något signifikant resultat avseende kvinnligt ägande. Studien granskar också ägande i företagens båda aktieslag och finner att företrädesrätten har betydelse.
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