29 research outputs found
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and its agricultural benefits
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts to 85% of all land-living plants.
They provide P and other nutrients in exchange for carbohydrates produced in the photosynthesis.
They have proven to alleviate biotic and abiotic stress and to increase soil structure and
biodiversity. They also increase the quality and quantity of crop yield. These perks has sparked an
interest in the agricultural field for commercially produced AMF inoculum. However, usage of
these products has led to mixed results. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate twelve factors
,sorted into four main areas, and how they impact AMF efficiency from the perspective of yield
increase. The areas were âinoculation compositionâ, âsoil managementâ, âsoil conditions and
climateâ and âcrop qualitiesâ (i.e. species and cultivar). A literature review was conducted using
22 articles. The articles were found on the Web of Science when searching for âyieldâ âfieldâ
âmycorrhizaâ and handpicked based on themes related to the four areas.
Generally, the factors from the areas âinoculum compositionâ and âsoil conditions and climateâ
were found to be most influential. Nutrition availability and factors closely related to this (i.e soil
pH, fertilization and climate) had the most impact on inoculation efficiency. The effectiveness
increased with the N:P ratio under low-moderate nutrient availability. The conclusion was that
inoculated AMF has a lot of potential to serve as a way to streamline P uptake and reduce the
doses of P fertilizers needed for satisfactory yields
Hur olika pH-förhÄllanden pÄverkar nodulering och tillvÀxt hos blÄ- och gullusern
Approximately 77% of global arable land use is devoted to forage cultivation, which is the basis for animal production and global food security. Therefore a sustainable and biologically diverse forage cultivation is needed. Feed for cattle needs to contain a good balance between fibre, energy
and protein. Legumes are important for forage quality and fix their own nitrogen, reducing the need for N-fertilization.
Medicago sativa L. (lucerne) is an agronomically important legume species that is cultivated on over 30 million hectares worldwide. Lucerne fixates NÂČ in symbiosis with bacterial species E.meliloti, which attaches to the root and forms nodules. E. meliloti is acid sensitive and at pH<6
nodulation is reduced. This leads to decreased biomass production and quality.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pH tolerance of two lucerne subspecies; Blue lucerne (BL) and yellow lucerne (YL). The hypotheses were 1) YL will be more tolerant than BL against low pH, but BL will produce more biomass than YL in high pH conditions; 2) A low pH will decrease the nodulation formation and quality for BL and YL; and 3) A low pH will decrease biomass quantity for BL and YL.
A mineral soil with different rates of lime was used to create six treatments with pH 5.7-6.5. 60 pots containing YL and BL cultivars inoculated with Nitragin Gold, a commercial E. meliloti mix were placed in a randomized block design in a greenhouse chamber. After 75-81 days the pots were harvested. Non-destructive measurements were made during growth and destructive measurements were made at harvest. The significance of four factors; cultivar, pH, cultivar*pH
and time*cultivar, were statistically tested for 11 response variables connected to biomass and nodulation. The effect of liming on biomass and nodulation was also evaluated in a regression analysis using lime rate as an explanatory variable. The soil pH kept rising after sowing, even for
the non-limed soil, and ended up higher than intended at 6.5-6.8. This meant it was not possible to properly evaluate the effect of pH stress on BL and YL. The statistical analyses partly confirmed and partly contradicted hypotheses 2) and 3). In the end, however, none of the hypotheses could be confidently confirmed since the right conditions for the study were lacking. One practical finding of this study is that Nitragin gold is compatible with both SW Nexus and Karlu. The pH sensitivity of E. meliloti is also highlighted. Future directions for research would be to continue researching YL response to pH stress, as well as E. meliloti strain compatibility, perhaps in a Northern Swedish
climate over several seasons, using several cultivars.Vall odlas pÄ ungefÀr 77% av jordens Äkermark. Vallodling Àr grunden till all djurproduktion och en viktig del av mÀnniskans livsmedelförsörjning. DÀrför Àr det viktigt att vallodlingen Àr sÄ hÄllbar och biologiskt mÄngfacetterad som möjligt. Det Àr viktigt att det finns en god balans
mellan fiber-, energi- och proteininnehÄll i djurföda. BaljvÀxter Àr viktiga för en god vallfoderkvalitet och de förser sig sjÀlva med kvÀve, vilket minskar behovet av att kvÀvegödsla.
Medicago sativa L. (lusern) odlas pÄ över 30 miljoner hektar globalt och Àr en viktig baljvÀxt för jordbruket. Lusern fixerar kvÀve i symbios med bakteriearten E. meliloti, som bildar rhizobiumknölar (noduler) pÄ lusernrötter. E. meliloti Àr kÀnslig för sura miljöer och vid pH<6 minskar noduleringen. Detta leder till minskad tillvÀxt och sÀmre nÀringskvalitet hos lusern.
MÄlet med den hÀr studien var att undersöka och jÀmföra pH-kÀnsligheten hos tvÄ underarter av lusern, blÄlusern (BL) och gullusern (YL). Studien utgick frÄn tre hypoteser: 1) YL tÄl lÀgre pH Àn BL men vid höga pH-vÀrden producerar BL mer biomassa Àn YL; 2) Noduleringen minskar med lÀgre pH för bÄde BL och YL; och 3) LÄgt pH minskar biomassaproduktionen för BL och YL.En mineraljord kalkades med olika mÀngder kalk för att ta fram sex behandlingar med pH-vÀrden mellan 5.7-6.5. BL- och YL-frön inockulerades med Nitragin Gold (en kommersiell blandning av olika E. meliloti-sorter) och planterades i 60 krukor. Krukorna placerades ut i
randomized block design i en vÀxthuskammare och skördades 75-81 dagar efter sÄdd. Icke-destruktiva mÀtningar gjordes under tillvÀxt och vid skörd utfördes destruktiva mÀtningar. I en statistisk analys testades signifikansen för fyra faktorer; lusernsort, pH, lusernsort*pH och
tid*lusernsort, för 11 responsvariabler kopplade till biomassa och nodulering. Kalkningseffekt pÄ biomassa och nodulering utvÀrderades i en regressionsanalys med kalkmÀngd som förklaringsvariabel. Under experimentets gÄng ökade pH i jordarna efter sÄdd i samtliga behandlingar, inklusive en okalkad behandling. Detta ledde till att pH nivÄerna blev högre Àn berÀknade, mellan pH 6.5-6.8. Det gjorde att det inte gick att studera vilket effekt pH-stress kan ha
pÄ BL och YL. De statistiska analyserna bÄde bekrÀftade och motbevisade hypotes 2) och 3). I slutÀndan kunde dock ingen av hypoteserna prövas ordentligt pÄ grund av att rÀtt förutsÀttningar saknades och dÀrmed varken bevisas eller motbevisas.
Studien visade att Nitragin Gold-inockulum Àr kompatibelt med lusernsorterna SW Nexus (BL) och Karlu (YL). E. melilotis höga pH-kÀnslighet framgick ocksÄ. Fortsatt behövs det mer forskning pÄ YL och dess pH-tÄlighet, samt pÄ vilka E. meliloti-symbionter den Àr kompatibel med. SÄdana studier kan med fördel göras under nordsvenska förhÄllanden över flera odlingssÀsonger, gÀrna med olika YL-sorter
REAR SEAT SAFETY IN FRONTAL TO SIDE IMPACTS â FOCUSING ON OCCUPANTS FROM 3YRS TO SMALL ADULTS
ABSTRACT
This study presents a broad comprehensive
research effort that combines expertise from
industry and academia and uses various
methodologies with applied research directed
towards countermeasures. The project includes
real world crash data analysis, real world driving
studies and crash testing and simulations,
aiming at enhancing the safety of forward facing
child occupants (aged 3y to small adults) in the
rear seat during frontal to side impacts.
The real world crash data analyses of properly
restrained children originate from European as
well as US data. Frontal and side impact crash
tests are analyzed using different sizes of crash
test dummies in different sitting postures. Side
impact parameter studies using FE-models are
run. The sitting posture and behavior of 12
children are monitored while riding in the rear
seat. Also, the body kinematics and belt position
during actual braking and turning maneuvers are
studied for 16 rear seat child occupants and for
various child dummies.
Real world crash data indicates that several of
the injured children in frontal impacts, despite
being properly restrained, impacted the vehicle
interior structure with their head/face resulting in
serious injury. This was attributed to oblique
crashes, pre-crash vehicle maneuvers or high
crash severity. Crash tests confirm the
importance of proper initial belt-fit for best
protection. The crash tests also highlight the
difficulty in obtaining the real world kinematics
and head impact locations using existing crashtest dummies and test procedures. The side
impact parameter studies indicate that the
vehicleâs occupant protection systems, such as
airbags and seat belt pretensioners, play an
important role in protecting children as well.
The results from the on-road driving studies
illustrate the variation of sitting postures during
riding in the rear seat giving valuable input to the
effects of the restraint systems and to how
representative the standardized dummy seating
positioning procedures are. The results from the
maneuver driving studies illustrate the
importance of understanding the kinematics of a
child relative to the seat belt in a real world
maneuver situation.
Real world safety of rear seat occupants,
especially children, involves evaluation of
protection beyond standard crash testing
scenarios in frontal and side impact conditions.
This project explores the complete context of
rear seat protection in impact situations ranging
from front to side and directions in between
highlighting the importance of pre-crash posture
and behavior.
This research project at SAFER (Vehicle and
Traffic Safety Centre at Chalmers), where
researchers from the industry and universities
cooperate with the aim to further improve safety
for children (from 3y) to small adults in the rear
seat, speeds up the process to safety
implementation due to the interaction between
academic and industrial researchers
A gender perspective on factors that influence outdoor recreational physical activity among the elderly
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Physical activity (PA) is part of a healthy lifestyle and prevents many chronic health problems, in addition to promoting mental health. PA performed outdoors has been found particularly good for promoting one's well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which outdoor recreational PA was carried out during 1 year, and the factors influencing such activities from a gender perspective among persons â„ 60 years of age.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study included 999 individuals 60-96 years of age living in the south eastern part of Sweden. Data collection was carried out during the years of 2001-2003. We measured the amount of regular light and/or intense outdoor recreational PA performed during the last year and determined the probability of performing PA as a function of 10 variables covering individual and socioeconomic factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our results suggest that being independent physically and healthy enough to manage one's personal hygiene and having access to areas for country walks were the most important factors associated with the probability of engaging in outdoor recreational PA for both men and women. Despite the level of performance being almost equal for the sexes as two-thirds of both had performed outdoor recreational PA during the preceding year more factors, i.e., living alone, being unable to cover an unexpected cost, fear of being violated, and fear of falling, were associated with the possibilities of engaging in outdoor recreational PA among women. Also increasing age seems to affect activities among women negatively to a higher extent than men.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Men and women seem to have different opportunities and needs with respect to performing PA. These considerations do not seem to be sufficiently taken into account today and improvements could be made concerning e.g., health-promoting activities suggested to the elderly by healthcare personnel and spatial planning within society. Promoting outdoor recreational PA that has restorative effects on well-being needs to focus on activities which are attractive and affordable for the majority of both men and women.</p
Consumer behaviour of pharmacy customers : Choice of pharmacy and over-the-counter medicines
With this research the author aims to explore factors influencing the behaviour of pharmacy customers. The research strives to answer how consumers choose in which pharmacy to run their errands and how they choose between similarly priced generic over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. The focus is on OTC medicines since they are available without prescription and are subject to public advertising. The quantitative research was conducted during fall 2011, mainly in four pharmacies in the Helsinki region to reach recent pharmacy customers. A sample of 273 consumers participated by answering a questionnaire form. Results show that in order of importance based on average results, the top three reasons behind the consumerâs choice of pharmacy is the following; location (being by far most important), product range, staff. Likewise the top three order for choosing OTC medicines is; pharmacistâs opinion and recommendation, familyâs and friends opinion and recommendation, product brand or producer. Almost all consumers usually buy the same product again and the majority sometimes buy products they know through advertisement. The majority have bought from the pharmacy an OTC medicine or vitamin supplement even though it was not in the plans, and the largest disparity between male and female consumers in the research is that more women have done so
Riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser : En studie om preferensaktieÀgande pÄ Nasdaq Stockholm
De senaste aÌren har flera svenska bolag emitterat preferensaktier paÌ Nasdaq Stockholm. DaÌ preferensaktier ger fasta utdelningar och har foÌrtur vid konkurs har de laÌgre risk men ofta saÌmre roÌstlaÌngd aÌn stamaktien. Denna studie undersoÌker investerares riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser med preferensaktien som verktyg. Studien jaÌmfoÌr aÌgarna i ett foÌretags stamaktie med aÌgarna i samma foÌretags preferensaktie. UndersoÌkningen fokuserar paÌ variablerna aÌlder, koÌn, totalt portfoÌljvaÌrde hos investerare och institutioner. Studien visar att aÌgarandelen av personer oÌver 65 aÌr aÌr hoÌgre i preferensaktier och att medianaÌldern aÌr hoÌgre i preferensaktien. Studien visar aÌven att medel- och medianvaÌrdet paÌ totala portfoÌljen hos investerare i preferensaktien aÌr hoÌgre. UndersoÌkningen visar inget signifikant resultat gaÌllande det institutionella aÌgandet men det visar tendenser till att det skulle vara stoÌrre i stamaktien. Studien ger inte heller naÌgot signifikant resultat avseende kvinnligt aÌgande. Studien granskar ocksaÌ aÌgande i foÌretagens baÌda aktieslag och finner att foÌretraÌdesraÌtten har betydelse.
Riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser : En studie om preferensaktieÀgande pÄ Nasdaq Stockholm
De senaste aÌren har flera svenska bolag emitterat preferensaktier paÌ Nasdaq Stockholm. DaÌ preferensaktier ger fasta utdelningar och har foÌrtur vid konkurs har de laÌgre risk men ofta saÌmre roÌstlaÌngd aÌn stamaktien. Denna studie undersoÌker investerares riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser med preferensaktien som verktyg. Studien jaÌmfoÌr aÌgarna i ett foÌretags stamaktie med aÌgarna i samma foÌretags preferensaktie. UndersoÌkningen fokuserar paÌ variablerna aÌlder, koÌn, totalt portfoÌljvaÌrde hos investerare och institutioner. Studien visar att aÌgarandelen av personer oÌver 65 aÌr aÌr hoÌgre i preferensaktier och att medianaÌldern aÌr hoÌgre i preferensaktien. Studien visar aÌven att medel- och medianvaÌrdet paÌ totala portfoÌljen hos investerare i preferensaktien aÌr hoÌgre. UndersoÌkningen visar inget signifikant resultat gaÌllande det institutionella aÌgandet men det visar tendenser till att det skulle vara stoÌrre i stamaktien. Studien ger inte heller naÌgot signifikant resultat avseende kvinnligt aÌgande. Studien granskar ocksaÌ aÌgande i foÌretagens baÌda aktieslag och finner att foÌretraÌdesraÌtten har betydelse.
Riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser : En studie om preferensaktieÀgande pÄ Nasdaq Stockholm
De senaste aÌren har flera svenska bolag emitterat preferensaktier paÌ Nasdaq Stockholm. DaÌ preferensaktier ger fasta utdelningar och har foÌrtur vid konkurs har de laÌgre risk men ofta saÌmre roÌstlaÌngd aÌn stamaktien. Denna studie undersoÌker investerares riskaversion och utdelningspreferenser med preferensaktien som verktyg. Studien jaÌmfoÌr aÌgarna i ett foÌretags stamaktie med aÌgarna i samma foÌretags preferensaktie. UndersoÌkningen fokuserar paÌ variablerna aÌlder, koÌn, totalt portfoÌljvaÌrde hos investerare och institutioner. Studien visar att aÌgarandelen av personer oÌver 65 aÌr aÌr hoÌgre i preferensaktier och att medianaÌldern aÌr hoÌgre i preferensaktien. Studien visar aÌven att medel- och medianvaÌrdet paÌ totala portfoÌljen hos investerare i preferensaktien aÌr hoÌgre. UndersoÌkningen visar inget signifikant resultat gaÌllande det institutionella aÌgandet men det visar tendenser till att det skulle vara stoÌrre i stamaktien. Studien ger inte heller naÌgot signifikant resultat avseende kvinnligt aÌgande. Studien granskar ocksaÌ aÌgande i foÌretagens baÌda aktieslag och finner att foÌretraÌdesraÌtten har betydelse.