Support effects on the atomic structure of ultrathin silica films on metals

We studied the atomic structure of ultrathin silica films on Pt(111) in comparison with the previously studied films on Mo(112) and Ru(0001). The results obtained by scanning tunneling microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy suggest that the metal-oxygen bond strength plays the decisive role in the atomic structure of the silica overlayers on metal substrates. Metals with high oxygen adsorption energy favor the formation of the crystalline monolayer SiO2.5 films, whereas noble metals form primarily vitreous SiO2 bilayer films. The metals with intermediate energies may form either of the structures or both coexisting. In the systems studied, the lattice mismatch plays only a minor role

Thin silica films on Ru(0001): monolayer, bilayer and three-dimensional networks of [SiO₄] tetrahedra

The atomic structure of thin silica films grown over a Ru(0001) substrate was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, helium ion scattering spectroscopy, CO temperature programmed desorption, and scanning tunneling microscopy in combination with density functional theory calculations. The films were prepared by Si vapor deposition and subsequent oxidation at high temperatures. The silica film first grows as a monolayer of corner-sharing [SiO4] tetrahedra strongly bonded to the Ru(0001) surface through the Si–O–Ru linkages. At increasing amounts of Si, the film forms a bilayer of corner-sharing [SiO4] tetrahedra which is weakly bonded to Ru(0001). The bilayer film can be grown in either the crystalline or vitreous state, or both coexisting. Further increasing the film thickness leads to the formation of vitreous silica exhibiting a three-dimensional network of [SiO4]. The principal structure of the films can be monitored by infrared spectroscopy, as each structure shows a characteristic vibrational band, i.e., [similar]1135 cm-1 for a monolayer film, [similar]1300 cm⁻-1 for the bilayer structures, and [similar]1250 cm⁻-1 for the bulk-like vitreous silica

Low pressure CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over gold nanoparticles activated on a CeOx/TiO2 Interface

Capture and recycling of CO2 into valuable chemicals such as alcohols could help mitigate its emissions into the atmosphere. Due to its inert nature, the activation of CO2 is a critical step in improving the overall reaction kinetics during its chemical conversion. Although pure gold is an inert noble metal and cannot catalyze hydrogenation reactions, it can be activated when deposited as nanoparticles on the appropriate oxide support. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, it is shown that an electronic polarization at the metal-oxide interface of Au nanoparticles anchored and stabilized on a CeOx/TiO2 substrate generates active centers for CO2 adsorption and its low pressure hydrogenation, leading to a higher selectivity toward methanol. This study illustrates the importance of localized electronic properties and structure in catalysis for achieving higher alcohol selectivity from CO2 hydrogenation.U.S. Department of Energy DE-AC02- 98CH10886, DE-AC02-05CH11231Brookhaven National Laboratory DE-SC001270

Water Formation Reaction under Interfacial Confinement: Al0.25Si0.75O2 on O-Ru(0001)

Confined nanosized spaces at the interface between a metal and a seemingly inert material, such as a silicate, have recently been shown to influence the chemistry at the metal surface. In prior work, we observed that a bilayer (BL) silica on Ru(0001) can change the reaction pathway of the water formation reaction (WFR) near room temperature when compared to the bare metal. In this work, we looked at the effect of doping the silicate with Al, resulting in a stoichiometry of AlSiO . We investigated the kinetics of WFR at elevated H pressures and various temperatures under interfacial confinement using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The apparent activation energy was lower than that on bare Ru(0001) but higher than that on the BL-silica/Ru(0001). The apparent reaction order with respect to H was also determined. The increased residence time of water at the surface, resulting from the presence of the BL-aluminosilicate (and its subsequent electrostatic stabilization), favors the so-called disproportionation reaction pathway (*HO + *O ↔ 2 *OH), but with a higher energy barrier than for pure BL-silica.Research was carried out in part at the 23-ID-2 (IOS) beamline of the National Synchrotron Light Source II and the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, which are U.S. DOE Office of Science Facilities, and the Scientific Data and Computing Center, a component of the Computational Science Initiative, at Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. J.C. thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for a “Severo Ochoa” grant (BES-2015-075748) through “Severo Ochoa” Excellence Programme (SEV-2016-0683). Z.D. is supported by ACS PRF grant #61059-ND5

Site-Specific Sodiation Mechanisms of Selenium in Microporous Carbon Host

We combined advanced TEM (HRTEM, HAADF, EELS) with solid-state (SS)MAS NMR and electroanalytical techniques (GITT, etc.) to understand the site-specific sodiation of selenium (Se) encapsulated in a nanoporous carbon host. The architecture employed is representative of a wide number of electrochemically stable and rate-capable Se-based sodium metal battery (SMB) cathodes. SSNMR demonstrates that during the first sodiation, the Se chains are progressively cut to form an amorphous mixture of polyselenides of varying lengths, with no evidence for discrete phase transitions during sodiation. It also shows that Se nearest the carbon pore surface is sodiated first, leading to the formation of a core–shell compositional profile. HRTEM indicates that the vast majority of the pore-confined Se is amorphous, with the only localized presence of nanocrystalline equilibrium Na2Se2 (hcp) and Na2Se (fcc). A nanoscale fracture of terminally sodiated Na–Se is observed by HAADF, with SSNMR, indicating a physical separation of some Se from the carbon host after the first cycle. GITT reveals a 3-fold increase in Na+ diffusivity at cycle 2, which may be explained by the creation of extra interfaces. These combined findings highlight the complex phenomenology of electrochemical phase transformations in nanoconfined materials, which may profoundly differ from their “free” counterparts

Atomically-thin micas as proton conducting membranes

Monolayers of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are highly permeable to thermal protons. For thicker two-dimensional (2D) materials, proton conductivity diminishes exponentially so that, for example, monolayer MoS2 that is just three atoms thick is completely impermeable to protons. This seemed to suggest that only one-atom-thick crystals could be used as proton conducting membranes. Here we show that few-layer micas that are rather thick on the atomic scale become excellent proton conductors if native cations are ion-exchanged for protons. Their areal conductivity exceeds that of graphene and hBN by one-two orders of magnitude. Importantly, ion-exchanged 2D micas exhibit this high conductivity inside the infamous gap for proton-conducting materials, which extends from 100 C to 500 C. Areal conductivity of proton-exchanged monolayer micas can reach above 100 S cm-2 at 500 C, well above the current requirements for the industry roadmap. We attribute the fast proton permeation to 5 A-wide tubular channels that perforate micas' crystal structure which, after ion exchange, contain only hydroxyl groups inside. Our work indicates that there could be other 2D crystals with similar nm-scale channels, which could help close the materials gap in proton-conducting applications

Non-Antioxidant Properties of α-Tocopherol Reduce the Anticancer Activity of Several Protein Kinase Inhibitors In Vitro

The antioxidant properties of α-tocopherol have been proposed to play a beneficial chemopreventive role against cancer. However, emerging data also indicate that it may exert contrasting effects on the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments when given as dietary supplement, being in that case harmful for patients. This dual role of α-tocopherol and, in particular, its effects on the efficacy of anticancer drugs remains poorly documented. For this purpose, we studied here, using high throughput flow cytometry, the direct impact of α-tocopherol on apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by different cytotoxic agents on various models of cancer cell lines in vitro. Our results indicate that physiologically relevant concentrations of α-tocopherol strongly compromise the cytotoxic and cytostatic action of various protein kinase inhibitors (KI), while other classes of chemotherapeutic agents or apoptosis inducers are unaffected by this vitamin. Interestingly, these anti-chemotherapeutic effects of α-tocopherol appear to be unrelated to its antioxidant properties since a variety of other antioxidants were completely neutral toward KI-induced cell cycle arrest and cell death. In conclusion, our data suggest that dietary α-tocopherol could limit KI effects on tumour cells, and, by extent, that this could result in a reduction of the clinical efficacy of anti-cancer treatments based on KI molecules

Supramolecular binding and separation of hydrocarbons within a functionalised porous metal-organic framework

Supramolecular interactions are fundamental to host-guest binding in chemical and biological processes. Direct visualisation of such supramolecular interactions within host-guest systems is extremely challenging but crucial for the understanding of their function. We report a comprehensive study combining neutron scattering with synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction, coupled with computational modelling, to define the detailed binding at a molecular level of acetylene, ethylene and ethane within the porous host NOTT-300. This study reveals the simultaneous and cooperative hydrogen-bonding, π···π stacking interactions and inter-molecular dipole interactions in the binding of acetylene and ethylene to give up to twelve individual weak supramolecular interactions aligned within the host to form an optimal geometry for intelligent, selective binding of hydrocarbons. We also report, for the first time, the cooperative binding of a mixture of acetylene and ethylene within the porous host together with the corresponding breakthrough experiment and analysis of mixed gas adsorption isotherms