Granite Pavement Nitrate Desalination: Traditional Methods vs. Biocleaning Methods

[EN] High levels of nitrate contamination of granite stone are a major problem, affecting large surfaces of many historical monuments, particularly in the north-west of Spain. This study showed a comparison between different traditional and biotechnological desalination methods in order to evaluate the most appropriate cleaning treatment for nitrate desalination of granite. Three types of traditional desalination methods (with cellulose and/or sepiolite) were compared with two types of bacterial denitrifying treatments that used Pseudomonas stutzeri (with cotton wool or with agar 2% as delivery systems). The in-situ tests were carried in the Cristo Chapel of Sta Ma de Conxo in Santiago de Compostela (Spain), which has a high nitrate salt content in its granite pavement. Conductivity and nitrate content measurements, biological monitoring and digital image analysis were performed to determinate the efficacy of each method. The findings showed that both techniques succeeded in reducing salt content, but bio-desalination was the more effective method tested. This work contributes to the practical implementation of BTCH (Biocleaning Technologies for Cultural Heritage) for the bio-desalination of granite surfaces, and to the evaluation of the use of non-destructive cleaning techniques based on digital imaging.This research was partially funded by CONSORCIO DE SANTIAGO, which promotes intervention studies in this building, and Vitruvian Technologies SL.Bosch-Roig, P.; Allegue, H.; Bosch Roig, I. (2019). Granite Pavement Nitrate Desalination: Traditional Methods vs. Biocleaning Methods. Sustainability. 11(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154227111

Structured Input Activities Como Medio Para Desarrollar Estrategias de Atención a la Forma (Focus on Form) en un Contexto de Aprendizaje de Alemán Basado en Tareas

Task Based Language Learning (TBLL) can reconcile two traditional approaches effectively, on the one hand, the traditional communicative method, in which the content and the meaning are central and, secondly, the method of grammar-translation, in which the attention to the forms (focus on forms), the linguistic structure is essential. Cognitive-interactionist approaches opposed the concept of attention to the form (FoF) to the previous focus on forms (FoFs) as focus on form (FoF) allows direct students’ attention to formal aspects of language mainly in a meaningful context of learning in a justified and reasoned manner. Selective attention can promote cognitive processes such as noticing and conscious development of form-meaning structures. How structured input activities contribute to these processes and can be applied in German task-based classes is the main objective of our analysis.El Aprendizaje Basado en Tareas (ABT) en las clases de lengua extranjera permite reconciliar dos enfoques tradicionales de forma eficaz, por una parte, el tradicional método comunicativo o Natural Approach, en el que los contenidos y el significado de los mismos son centrales y, por otra, métodos más estructuralistas como el audio-lingual o el de la gramática-traducción, en el que la atención a las formas lingüísticas (focus on forms), es decir, a la estructura gramatical, es primordial. Los enfoques cognitivo-interaccionistas contraponen el concepto de atención a la forma (FoF) al anterior focus on forms (FoFs), ya que focus on form (FoF) permite dirigir la atención de los alumnos hacia aspectos formales de la lengua en un contexto principalmente significativo de aprendizaje de una manera puntual, transitoria, justificada y motivada. La atención selectiva a la forma puede favorecer procesos cognitivos como el noticing y la elaboración consciente de estructuras de forma-significado/función, en definitiva, contribuye a un aprendizaje más efectivo. De qué manera las actividades de input estructuradas (structured input activities) pueden contribuir a estos procesos y aplicarse en la clase de alemán basada en tareas, es el principal objetivo de nuestro análisis

Hi-tech restoration by two-steps biocleaning process of Triumph of Death fresco at the Camposanto Monumental Cemetery (Pisa, Italy)

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Ranalli, Giancarlo, Zanardini, E. , Andreotti, A. , Colombini, M.P. , Corti, C. , Bosch-Roig, Pilar, De Nuntiis, P., Lustrato, G. , Mandrioli, P. , Rampazzi, L. , Giantomassi, C. , Zari, D. . (2018). Hi-tech restoration by two-steps biocleaning process of Triumph of Death fresco at the Camposanto Monumental Cemetery (Pisa, Italy).Journal of Applied Microbiology, 125, 3, 800-812. DOI: 10.1111/jam.13913 , which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13913. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] AimsIn this work, the hi-tech' complex biocleaning and restoration of the 14th-century fresco Triumph of Death (56x150m) at the Camposanto Monumental Cemetery (Pisa, Italy) is reported. Since 2000, the restoration based on the biological cleaning of noble medieval frescoes, has been successfully utilized in this site. Methods and ResultsThe novelty of this study is the two-steps biocleaning process using Pseudomonas stutzeri A29 viable cells, previously applied for recovering other valuable frescoes. In this case, after the fresco detachment from the asbestos-cement support (eternity), both the animal glue and the residues of calcium caseinate were biologically removed respectively from the front and from the back of the fresco in 3h as indicated by GC-MS and PY/GC-MS analyses. The data obtained during the monitoring of the biorestoration process confirmed that the adopted procedure does not leave residual cells on the fresco surfaces as showed by plate count method, ATP determination and also SEM observation. In addition, to avoid the risk of condensation phenomena after the relocation of the restored fresco sections onto the original walls, the use of a new support has been set up together with the design of a control system that allows a continuous monitoring of environmental parameters for prevention and conservation purposes. ConclusionsThis large-scale biorestoration work clearly shows and confirms that this biotechnology is highly efficient, safe, noninvasive, risk-free and very competitive compared to the traditional cleaning methods, offering an unusual resurrection' of the degraded artworks also in very complicated and delicate conditions such as the Triumph of Death fresco, defined for its dimension and artistic importance the Pisa's Sistina frescoes'. Significance and Impact of the StudyThese findings can be of significant importance for other future new restoration activities and they are crucial for determining preservation strategies in this field.The work was supported partially by the Opera Primaziale Pisana (OPA) Pisa, Ing. G. Bentivoglio and partially by the VAL I + d APOSTD/2013/024 project by Generalitat Valenciana, Spain. The authors wish to thank the OPA Scientific Committee, under the direction of Prof. A. Paolucci, and the OPA Restoration Laboratories for the contribution of the conservation scientists, specifically S. Lupo and C. Pucci. The authors wish to thank Termotex srl, Vicenza; Studio Progetti, Padova and De Simone, Firenze. The authors would like to devote this manuscript to the memory of Donatella Zari. Finally, the authors are grateful to S. Pool for editing the manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.Ranalli, G.; Zanardini, E.; Andreotti, A.; Colombini, M.; Corti, C.; Bosch-Roig, P.; De Nuntiis, P.... (2018). Hi-tech restoration by two-steps biocleaning process of Triumph of Death fresco at the Camposanto Monumental Cemetery (Pisa, Italy). Journal of Applied Microbiology. 125(3):800-812. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13913S800812125

High Dimension Granite Pavement Bio-Desalination Practical Implementation

[EN] Featured Application This work has developed an innovative and optimized in situ high dimension bio-desalination application protocol that has been applied for the bio-desalination of the 233 m(2) Conxo Chapel granite pavement. This optimized protocol has the potential to be transferable to other large scale in situ biocleaning strategies. Biocleaning technology is based on the use of safe environmental microorganisms for green cultural heritage (CH) restoration. Compared with traditional cleaning products, this biological technique is very specific, effective, and nontoxic. This innovative biotechnological application has been used for recovering diverse monuments and artworks. Most CH in situ surfaces that are treated with microorganisms are small areas; however, some important pathologies, such as salt contamination, can affect high dimension artistic surfaces. The purpose of this study is to analyze and overcome the problems and limitations of scaling up the bio-desalination protocol for in situ applications. Three water-based gel delivery systems and three heating systems were tested in situ and evaluated in terms of performance difficulty, efficacy, and costs. The tests were carried out on the salt contaminated granite pavement of Cristo Chapel of Sta Ma de Conxo in Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Ground agar 2% and a heating electric mat were selected as the best performing systems. The implemented protocol was applied for the bio-desalination of the 233 m(2) Chapel pavement. Conductivity, nitrate-nitrite measurements, biological monitoring, and digital image analysis were performed to determine the efficacy of the treatment. This research allowed for the development of an innovative and optimized in situ, high dimension bio-desalination application protocol transferable to other large scale, in situ biocleaning strategies.This research was funded by CONSORCIO DE LA CIUDAD DE SANTIAGO, which promotes intervention studies in this building.Bosch-Roig, P.; Pérez-Castro, L.; Fernández-Santiago, Á.; Bosch Roig, I. (2021). High Dimension Granite Pavement Bio-Desalination Practical Implementation. Applied Sciences. 11(14):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146458S118111

DaFT certificate as part of a MOOC German for Tourism

DaFT (Deutsch als Fremdsprache für Tourismus) wird in formellen bzw. akademischen berufsbildenden Kontexten vermittelt und dient somit primär der Bewältigung und Koordination beruflicher Abläufe und Handlungen seitens der Arbeitnehmer, je nach ihrer betrieblichen Funktion im Tourismusbetrieb. Das Ziel des DaFT-Unterrichts ist letztlich die Förderung einer beruflichen sprachübergreifenden Handlungsfähigkeit und einer berufsbezogenen kommunikativen Kompetenz als Registerkompetenz in internationalen bzw. interkulturellen Zusammenhängen bzw. Kontexten. DaFT ist insofern eine Interaktionssprache, die Tourismusstudenten auf reale Interaktionssituationen im Berufsleben mit kulturunterschiedlichen Sprechern (des Deutschen) vorbereiten soll. Aus diesem Grund gehen wir davon aus, dass rezeptive Fähigkeiten wie das Hörverstehen und insbesondere die mündliche Sprachproduktion im Hauptfokus des DaFT-Unterrichts stehen sollen. Der Online-Grundkurs (MOOC) Deutsch für Tourismus der Universität der Balearen ist in diesem Lehr- und Lernkontext entstanden und hat sich zum Ziel gemacht, den Tourismus-Studierenden sowie den autonomen Deutschlernern, die im Tourismusbereich tätig sind, bei der Entwicklung und Überprüfung dieser Fähigkeiten zu helfen.  Nun steht das Projekt zur Entwicklung eines auf diese im MOOC geforderten Fähigkeiten und Sprachkompetenzen basierenden DaFT-Tests im Mittelpunkt unseres Beitrags.DaFT (German as a foreign language for tourism) is taught in formal or academic vocational contexts and thus primarily serves to deal with and coordinate professional processes and actions on the part of the employees, depending on their operational function in tourism. The goal of the DaFT lesson is ultimately the promotion of a cross-language professional ability to act and a job-related communicative competence as register competence in international or intercultural contexts or contexts. In this respect, DaFT is an interaction language that is intended to prepare tourism students for real interaction situations in their professional lives with speakers from different cultures (of German). For this reason, we assume that receptive skills such as listening comprehension and especially oral speech production should be the main focus of the DaFT lessons. The online basic course (MOOC) German for Tourism at the University of the Balearic Islands originated in this teaching and learning context and aims to help tourism students and the autonomous German learners who are active in the tourism sector to develop and review them Skills to help. The development of a DaFT test project based on these skills and language skills required in the MOOC is now the focus of our research project. Aspects of its testing will be the core of our contribution

Time as a Design Resource in Architectural Heritage intervention. The Case Study of the Conversion of the Escuelas Pías Church Into a Library

[EN] Intervention in architectural heritage involves reflecting on a pre-existing architecture that has been transformed over time. In turn, the new action raises the need to create a new layer on the inherited architecture that allows it to adapt to new requirements. Therefore, the different stages in a monument¿s life are fundamental factors in the design process, requiring an understanding of its past through the events of history, recognition of its present as a consolidated material pre-existence, and its possibilities for the future as an adaptation to current requirements that will ensure its survival over time. Furthermore, this new layer needs to link with the monument¿s past and present through a specific compositional strategy in which time is presented as a concept that generates interesting resources capable of favouring an effective dialogue between the parts. Precisely because of its historical character, the monument incorporates a whole series of formal and material conditions that are the product of the passage of time. So, the new intervention can refer to them to establish this necessary dialogue. This research aims to explore these compositional resources used in architectural heritage interventions, in which time emerges as a concept that generates the design process. To this end, the case study of the conversion of the Escuelas Pías church into a library is chosen in which various resources can be found to obtain a wide range of strategies that can serve as a reference for future interventions. The compositional tools detected cover a wide range of relationship possibilities ranging from integration with a specific time of the monument to the simulation of different strata that respond in a fragmented manner to each specific temporal circumstance present in the monument¿s pre-existence. Time is materialised through formal or material identification with a temporal stratum present in the monument¿s history. This way, different possibilities are covered, from identifying with an eternal and immutable time to creating current and ephemeral strata, from creating a timeless architecture to searching for specific stylistic identification.Bosch Roig, L.; Docci, M. (2023). Time as a Design Resource in Architectural Heritage intervention. The Case Study of the Conversion of the Escuelas Pías Church Into a Library. Archidoct. The e-journal for the dissemination of doctoral research in architecture. 19(11 (1)). http://hdl.handle.net/10251/2053391911 (1

Risk analysis of biodeterioration in contemporary art collections: the poly-material challenge

[EN] Biodeterioration is one of the most common alteration factors affecting cultural heritage, and its appear-ance responds to numerous factors. Awareness of the risk it poses to heritage material and the study of its development is essential. With the mass production evolution of widely accessible materials, the cri-teria for choosing the constituents of a work of art no longer respond to traditional premises, associating the conservation of these new materials with the flawed expectation of longevity and stable resistance to biological attack.This work aims to update the contemporary preventive conservation practice through the review of the biodeterioration risk of indoor poly-material artworks. It also means analyzing the potential incidence of biological agents deteriorating contemporary materials stored in art collections, characterized by their industrial origin, and frequently used in the pieces produced in the current art scene. Due to their char-acteristic agglomeration of components, the artistic object is subjected to complicated surveillance and problematic biological control and eradication, which can often be contraindicated for some constituents.The study encompasses four main points that make up the risk review analysis sequence: a brief art history exposition to understand poly-material creative values; a general definition of terms surrounding biodeterioration; a selection of most used contemporary materials and a study of their biodeterioration risks; and the basic preventive conservation considerations regarding biological attacks. The review con-cludes with a critical analysis of the complicated issue of preventive treatment compatibility, as well as a proposed model of action and consideration towards heritage pieces endangered or affected by biological attacks.The author of the work would like to thank the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) and the Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage for their widely accessible resources that made this thorough exploration possible, as well as artist Sarah Meyers Brent (Fig. 6 right), book publisher house Akal (Fig. 2 right) and blog site AITIMinforma (Fig. 7) for granting photographic use permission.Bosch-Roig, P.; Zmeu, CN. (2022). Risk analysis of biodeterioration in contemporary art collections: the poly-material challenge. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 58:33-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.09.01433485

Linear parks understood as vertebration instruments of the city

[EN] This research raises as thesis the idea that Linear Park is an urban instrument capable of vertebrate the city and, consequently, of regenerate it. To this end, ten parks strategically located in big cities such as Rio de Janeiro, London, Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, ​​or in medium or small cities such as Valencia, Castellón or Figueres, have been analyzed. Of this analysis we have deduced some characteristics that are considered key in the linear and transversal vertebration of the city, such as: - Green axis-corridor approach - Sequence of events with integration of public buildings - Continuity derived from the union of different areas - Promotion of active leisure activities, individual or collective: sports, cultural, .... - Capability of relation and regeneration of ecosystems: forest, meadow, orchard, nurseries, water, city, .... - Capability to restore environment, with reduction in CO2, in noise pollution, ... - Establish relations between the city and the territory with definition of natural parks - Contribute to prevent thermal inversion in the city - Establish a beginning and an end as recognizable elements in city. - Confrontation of opposites: static or dynamic; soft (green) or hard (pavement); unitary or fragmentary, cartesian or organic, ... The parks thus understood can be organized in diverse typologies, such us: classic order; in net; upholstery-continuos map; linear order with grooves, tapes or bands; landscaper and naturalist; ... .. The work delves into these themes by recognizing tools of interest such as: harmonic relationship; human scale; non-guided tours; sensory experimentation: spaces, sights, aromas, sounds, colorful, ...; unexpected and random; pragmatic and passionate; order within disorder; activation of spaces without hierarchies or apriorisms; flee from monotony; evocations; ...Bosch Reig, I.; Bosch Roig, L.; Marcenac, V.; Salvador Luján, N. (2018). Linear parks understood as vertebration instruments of the city. En 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 983-993. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.6136OCS98399

Restoration of San Pietro in Montorio church in Roma

[EN] The Church of San Pietro in Montorio (1473-1500), is located on Mount Gianicolo, on the property of the Spanish State, where is the Royal Academy of Spain. In its 517 years of existence, it has experienced extensions (chapels Piedad and Raimondi, seventeenth century), partial landslides (French bombing of 1849 and earthquake of Avezzano in 1915), which together with its geo-hydrological situation, supposedly the realization of inadequate structural reinforcement actions during the twentieth century, producing a significant current state of deterioration. The article gathers the historical-constructive evolution, the inquiries to know the current state of conservation and the causes of the damages, exposing the projected actions to give an adequate response to the problems posed, concreted in: geodetic control of the deformations; thermo-hygrometric and strain-gauge control; new floating and flexible roof structure; desiccation of walls with restoration of stuccos and ornamentation; access solution to the bell tower; pedestrian accessibility to the Church.[ES] La Iglesia de San Pietro in Montorio (1473-1500), se sitúa en el monte Gianicolo, en la propiedad del Estado Español, donde está la Real Academia de España. En sus 517 años de existencia, ha experimentado ampliaciones (capillas Piedad y Raimondi, siglo xvii), derrumbes parciales (bombardeo francés de 1849 y terremoto de Avezzano en 1915), que junto a su situación geo-hidrológica, ha supuesto la realización de inadecuadas actuaciones de refuerzo estructural durante el siglo xx, produciendo un importante estado actual de deterioro. El articulo, recoge la evolución histórico-constructiva, las indagaciones para conocer el estado actual de conservación y las causas de los daños, exponiendo las actuaciones proyectadas para dar respuesta adecuada a los problemas planteados, concretadas en: control geodésico de las deformaciones; control termohigrométrico y extensométrico; nueva estructura-cubierta flotante y flexible; desecación de muros con restauración de estucos y ornamentación; solución de acceso al campanario; accesibilidad peatonal a la Iglesia.Bosch Reig, I.; Bosch Roig, L.; Marcenac, V.; Salvador Luján, N. (2018). Restauración de la iglesia de San Pietro in Montorio de Roma. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 23(33):62-77. doi:10.4995/ega.2018.10403SWORD6277233