“Businesswomen” – Matriarchs in Mid-19th Century Yekaterinburg, Russia as Reflected in Demographic Data

The article was submitted on 01.04.2024.XIX век знаменовался значительными изменениями в социально-экономическом и культурном развитии России. Он также характеризовался изменением положения русской женщины, особенно в городах. Это в первую очередь касалось представительниц экономически активных сословий, прежде всего купчих. История женского предпринимательства в столичных городах и ряде центральных губерний империи получила освещение, судьбы женщин-предпринимателей на Урале пока не привлекли внимание историков. Небольшой размер этой социальной группы ограничивает возможности демографического анализа, поэтому данное исследование сфокусировано на информационном потенциале демографических источников для реконструкции жизненных траекторий купеческих вдов – «матриархов», возглавивших семьи и бизнес. Основой источниковой базы работы являются данные ревизий и переписей, в том числе ревизских сказок 1858 г., первичные материалы которых были транскрибированы в электронный ресурс «Население Урала (конец XIX – начало XX в.)». В результате проведенного анализа было установлено, что предписания закона и экономическое благополучие в условиях города создавали почву для изменения демографического поведения: большинство купеческих семей состояли из родителей и детей, и их средний размер не превышал 4,4 чел. Таким образом, нуклеарность была характерна не только для столичного купечества, но и для бизнес-семей в провинциальных городах. Средний возраст вступления в брак для девушек из купеческих семей составлял 20 лет. Мужья были старше своих избранниц в среднем на шесть лет, что увеличивало вероятность раннего вдовства. Из достигших 40 лет каждая четвертая купчиха уже была вдовой, а в возрастной группе 40–49 лет – каждая вторая. Нами были прослежены жизненные траектории тех из них, кто не вышли замуж повторно и возглавили семью и бизнес. Доля купеческих семей Екатеринбурга, возглавлявшихся женщинами в 1858 г., составляла 16 %, и в них проживало 11 % всего купеческого населения города. Некоторые купчихи приобщились к бизнесу, еще будучи замужем, другие за неимением взрослых сыновей взяли на себя ответственность после смерти супругов. Были ситуации, при которых вдовствующие купчихи продолжали возглавлять большие семьи, включавшие и женатых сыновей. Это могло быть связано с финансовыми обстоятельствами, внутрисемейными договоренностями и личностными характеристиками властных матерей. Был также выявлен случай, когда вдовы приняли решение жить вместе и заниматься бизнесом. Результаты исследования показывают многих из представительниц купеческого сословия деятельными, успешными и стремившимися к лидерству.The nineteenth century introduced significant changes in the socio-economic and cultural development of Russia including the position of Russian women, especially among the business-oriented city dwellers. Their widows and unmarried daughters retained a privileged status for the rest of their lives, however, to run the business, they had to pay the guild fee – a significant amount to the city budget annually. The basis for the widows’, their children’s and household members’ well-being was their financial and business expertise. Their active participation in the city’s economic and social life manifested a preliminary meritocracy principle, in contrast to the life-long privileges of other social groups. Unlike their late husbands – widowed business matriarchs could not count on the support of their spouses in either business, housekeeping or family matters. Yet there were examples of successful businesses run by women. While the history of women’s entrepreneurship in Moscow and St Petersburg has received coverage, the fate of these matriarchs in Ural region has not yet attracted scholars’ attention. This pilot study focuses on the demographic characteristics of the Yekaterinburg businesswomen-matriarchs. Since the group is not big, and the potential for comparative study is limited, the authors rather focus on how the demographic data can be used in reconstructing the first businesswomen’s life courses. They use data from the nineteenth century Revizskie Skazki for Yekaterinburg, the latest of which, 1858, has been transcribed into the electronic resource Ural Population Project (URAPP). The article presents arguments supporting the hypotheses that kuptsy (businesspeople) were the first to develop new demographic behaviour (nuclear family pattern). Most Yekaterinburg kupets girls married after reaching 20 years old; only 8 % of kupets females aged 40–49 remained maidens. Husbands were on average 6 years older than their spouses, which increased the likelihood of early widowhood. The number of widows increased steadily, and by the age of 40 almost every second kupets woman was a widow and at age 50 more than 75 %. There were three main life trajectories for the widows depending on the age at widowhood, and the age and gender of their children. The authors focus on the life courses of those who did not remarry. The share of kupets families headed by women in 1858 Yekaterinburg was 16 %. Some of them joined the business while still married; others took over responsibility after their spouses’ passing. Some business matriarchs kept their power over large families that included adult married sons. This could be due to financial circumstances, family arrangements, and the personal characteristics of domineering mothers. The research also reveals cases when three kupets widows composed a common households and ran successful business for decades.The research funding from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Ural Federal University Program of Development within the “Priority-2030” Program) is gratefully acknowledged

20-Year Risks of Breast-Cancer Recurrence after Stopping Endocrine Therapy at 5 Years

The administration of endocrine therapy for 5 years substantially reduces recurrence rates during and after treatment in women with early-stage, estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Extending such therapy beyond 5 years offers further protection but has additional side effects. Obtaining data on the absolute risk of subsequent distant recurrence if therapy stops at 5 years could help determine whether to extend treatment

Long-term outcomes for neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer: meta-analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials

Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for early breast cancer can make breast-conserving surgery more feasible and might be more likely to eradicate micrometastatic disease than might the same chemotherapy given after surgery. We investigated the long-term benefits and risks of NACT and the influence of tumour characteristics on outcome with a collaborative meta-analysis of individual patient data from relevant randomised trials. Methods We obtained information about prerandomisation tumour characteristics, clinical tumour response, surgery, recurrence, and mortality for 4756 women in ten randomised trials in early breast cancer that began before 2005 and compared NACT with the same chemotherapy given postoperatively. Primary outcomes were tumour response, extent of local therapy, local and distant recurrence, breast cancer death, and overall mortality. Analyses by intention-to-treat used standard regression (for response and frequency of breast-conserving therapy) and log-rank methods (for recurrence and mortality). Findings Patients entered the trials from 1983 to 2002 and median follow-up was 9 years (IQR 5–14), with the last follow-up in 2013. Most chemotherapy was anthracycline based (3838 [81%] of 4756 women). More than two thirds (1349 [69%] of 1947) of women allocated NACT had a complete or partial clinical response. Patients allocated NACT had an increased frequency of breast-conserving therapy (1504 [65%] of 2320 treated with NACT vs 1135 [49%] of 2318 treated with adjuvant chemotherapy). NACT was associated with more frequent local recurrence than was adjuvant chemotherapy: the 15 year local recurrence was 21·4% for NACT versus 15·9% for adjuvant chemotherapy (5·5% increase [95% CI 2·4–8·6]; rate ratio 1·37 [95% CI 1·17–1·61]; p=0·0001). No significant difference between NACT and adjuvant chemotherapy was noted for distant recurrence (15 year risk 38·2% for NACT vs 38·0% for adjuvant chemotherapy; rate ratio 1·02 [95% CI 0·92–1·14]; p=0·66), breast cancer mortality (34·4% vs 33·7%; 1·06 [0·95–1·18]; p=0·31), or death from any cause (40·9% vs 41·2%; 1·04 [0·94–1·15]; p=0·45). Interpretation Tumours downsized by NACT might have higher local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy than might tumours of the same dimensions in women who have not received NACT. Strategies to mitigate the increased local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy in tumours downsized by NACT should be considered—eg, careful tumour localisation, detailed pathological assessment, and appropriate radiotherapy

The Catholic Community of Yekaterinburg between the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries according to the 1897 Census and Church Records

Статья поступила в редакцию 04.07.2016 г.Received 4 July 2016.В статье на основе анализа материалов Первой всероссийской переписи населения 1897 г. и сведений из метрических книг церкви Св. Анны г. Екатеринбурга впервые проанализирована численность, состав и конфессиональная жизнь католического прихода города в конце XIX — начале XX в. В процессе работы была создана электронная версия переписи на основе агрегированных таблиц, что позволило определить численность и распределение католиков по территории уезда, выявить их этническую принадлежность и выдвинуть гипотезу о возможности использования данных по полякам, которые составляли 80 % католиков Екатеринбурга, для характеристики всего католического сообщества города. В ходе исследования была также составлена база данных по всем бракам, рождениям и отпеваниям, совершенным ксендзами костела Св. Анны за 1898–1915 гг. Применение компьютерных методов при анализе информации БД позволило выявить степень активности конфессиональной жизни католиков Екатеринбурга, отчасти оценить их брачные стратегии и образ жизни. Сделан вывод о том, что католики Екатеринбурга, несмотря на то, что являлись религиозным меньшинством и составляли менее 1 % жителей города, являлись благополучным во многих отношениях этноконфессиональным сообществом, встроенным в городской религиозный ландшафт. Их численность была достаточно стабильной на протяжении 15 предвоенных лет, сообщество характеризовалось высокой продолжительностью и качеством жизни.This article studies the Catholic community of Yekaterinburg, its size, ethnic composition, religious life, and demography. The analysis is based on the aggregates of the first all-Russian census of 1897 and nominative data from the church books of St Anna’s Church. For this purpose, the authors transcribed the 1897 census’ tables electronically and analyzed the size, age and gender composition, social status, occupations and education of the Yekaterinburg Catholics. In addition, they divided entries from the St Anna’s Church parish books into three data tables: baptisms, marriages, and burials. The data were processed to analyze the intensity of the community’s religious life and find its main demographic characteristics. Despite the fact that they were a religious minority representing less than one percent of the city’s residents, the research shows that the Yekaterinburg Catholics in many respects constituted a wealthy, and well-established ethno-confessional community, integrated in the city’s religious landscape. Their number was relatively stable over the fifteen prewar years and the community’s high quality and continuity made it distinct from the Catholic communities in Siberia.Работа выполнена частично при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, грант № 15-06-08541 «Религиозное разнообразие евразийского города: статистический и картографический анализ (на примере Екатеринбурга в конце XIX — начале XXI вв.)» (анализ материалов переписи 1897 г.) и за счет Российского научного фонда, проект 16-18-10105 «Этно-религиозная и демографическая динамика в горной Евразии в конце XIX — начале XX в. на примере Урала и Скандинавии» (анализ материалов метрических книг).The work is partly sponsored by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant #15-06-08541 “The Religious Diversity of a Eurasian City: Statistical and Cartographic Analysis (with Reference to Yekaterinburg in the Late 19th — Early 21st Centuries)” (1897 Census materials analysis), and the Russian Science Foundation, Grant #16-18-10105 “Ethno-religious and Demographic Dynamics in Mountainous Eurasia around 1900. A Comparison of the Urals and Scandinavia”

Long-term outcomes for neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer : meta-analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials

Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for early breast cancer can make breast-conserving surgery more feasible and might be more likely to eradicate micrometastatic disease than might the same chemotherapy given after surgery. We investigated the long-term benefits and risks of NACT and the influence of tumour characteristics on outcome with a collaborative meta-analysis of individual patient data from relevant randomised trials. Methods We obtained information about prerandomisation tumour characteristics, clinical tumour response, surgery, recurrence, and mortality for 4756 women in ten randomised trials in early breast cancer that began before 2005 and compared NACT with the same chemotherapy given postoperatively. Primary outcomes were tumour response, extent of local therapy, local and distant recurrence, breast cancer death, and overall mortality. Analyses by intention-to-treat used standard regression (for response and frequency of breast-conserving therapy) and log-rank methods (for recurrence and mortality). Findings Patients entered the trials from 1983 to 2002 and median follow-up was 9 years (IQR 5-14), with the last follow-up in 2013. Most chemotherapy was anthracycline based (3838 [81%] of 4756 women). More than two thirds (1349 [69%] of 1947) of women allocated NACT had a complete or partial clinical response. Patients allocated NACT had an increased frequency of breast-conserving therapy (1504 [65%] of 2320 treated with NACT vs 1135 [49%] of 2318 treated with adjuvant chemotherapy). NACT was associated with more frequent local recurrence than was adjuvant chemotherapy: the 15 year local recurrence was 21.4% for NACT versus 15.9% for adjuvant chemotherapy (5.5% increase [95% CI 2.4-8.6]; rate ratio 1.37 [95% CI 1.17-1.61]; p = 0.0001). No significant difference between NACT and adjuvant chemotherapy was noted for distant recurrence (15 year risk 38.2% for NACT vs 38.0% for adjuvant chemotherapy; rate ratio 1.02 [95% CI 0.92-1.14]; p = 0.66), breast cancer mortality (34.4% vs 33.7%; 1.06 [0.95-1.18]; p = 0.31), or death from any cause (40.9% vs 41.2%; 1.04 [0.94-1.15]; p = 0.45). Interpretation Tumours downsized by NACT might have higher local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy than might tumours of the same dimensions in women who have not received NACT. Strategies to mitigate the increased local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy in tumours downsized by NACT should be considered-eg, careful tumour localisation, detailed pathological assessment, and appropriate radiotherapy. Copyright (c) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Overview of the randomized trials of radiotherapy in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

Individual patient data were available for all four of the randomized trials that began before 1995, and that compared adjuvant radiotherapy vs no radiotherapy following breast-conserving surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). A total of 3729 women were eligible for analysis. Radiotherapy reduced the absolute 10-year risk of any ipsilateral breast event (ie, either recurrent DCIS or invasive cancer) by 15.2% (SE 1.6%, 12.9% vs 28.1% 2 P <.00001), and it was effective regardless of the age at diagnosis, extent of breast-conserving surgery, use of tamoxifen, method of DCIS detection, margin status, focality, grade, comedonecrosis, architecture, or tumor size. The proportional reduction in ipsilateral breast events was greater in older than in younger women (2P < .0004 for difference between proportional reductions; 10-year absolute risks: 18.5% vs 29.1% at ages <50 years, 10.8% vs 27.8% at ages ≥ 50 years) but did not differ significantly according to any other available factor. Even for women with negative margins and small low-grade tumors, the absolute reduction in the 10-year risk of ipsilateral breast events was 18.0% (SE 5.5, 12.1% vs 30.1%, 2P = .002). After 10 years of follow-up, there was, however, no significant effect on breast cancer mortality, mortality from causes other than breast cancer, or all-cause mortality.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tReviewinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe