GUÍA PEDAGÓGICA: BACTERIOLOGÍA Y MICOLOGÍA VETERINARIA

GUÍA PEDAGÓGIC

Understanding Catalytic Strategies for Bio-oil Upgrading: Model Compound Studies

In light of the awareness about climate change and the role that non-renewable sources of energy have had on this issue, there has been a notable effort in the last decades to develop alternative sources of energy. Conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass has been of special interest because of its potential to produce liquid bio-fuels for direct use in the existing transportation infrastructure. The raw product from ligno-cellulosic biomass thermal processing is bio-oil, an unstable liquid with high content of oxygen. Upgrading the properties of this liquid is challenging, but indispensable in order to make it a suitable transportation fuel or even a source of fine chemicals. The approach for such upgrading has been to use catalytic processes that can selectively remove oxygen while maximizing the carbon retention in the liquid product. The aim of this work is to propose strategies for bio-oil upgrading and provide a fundamental understanding of the phenomena involved in such processes. Since bio-oil is a complex mixture, a set of model reactions was selected for this study. This allowed to understand the simplest cases, and is expected to serve as a foundation for the study of more complex systems, as they get closer to the real bio-oil. The first stage in the upgrading scheme was proposed to be a vapor phase upgrading stage, and the model reaction studied was hydrodeoxygenation of methoxyphenols over a monolithic catalyst. It was shown that a bimetallic monolith supported catalyst could remove significant amounts of oxygen from guaiacol and anisole under mild reaction conditions. The products from this initial upgrading could then be condensed and undergo liquid phase reactions such as alkylation or hydrogenation; these reactions comprised the second upgrading stage. Alkylation of phenolics with short alkyl alcohols (both originated from bio-oil) is beneficial because it retains the short compounds in the liquid product as opposed to producing light gases. A kinetic study for alkylation of m-cresol with isopropanol (both model compounds) using a HY zeolite revealed that both ether and ring alkylated products could be obtained and their selectivity could be correlated to factors such as the type of alkylating agent, degree of alkylation, time of reaction, among others. In addition to these, the presence of water had important effects on catalyst activity and therefore its effect was subject of further study. Hot liquid water can severely degrade acidic solids such as the zeolites used for alkylation leading to dramatic deactivation during reaction. A plausible solution is to use a hydrophobic catalyst that could prevent the contact of the solid with liquid water and preserve catalytic activity. With this in mind, it was possible to synthesize and measure the rate of deactivation of a hydrophobic HY zeolite, probing its tremendous advantages over regular zeolites. As opposed to the alkylation reaction, water may have a positive effect in reactions such as hydrogenation, which are key for bio-oil upgrading. The role of water was then studied using hydrogenation of furfural as a model reaction. Furfural is another product obtained in bio-oil that evolves from the hemicellulose fraction in biomass. It was shown that water could significantly increase the rate of furfural hydrogenation in liquid phase as well as dramatically change the product selectivity. Based on previous studies about the role of water on hydrogenation reactions, it was proposed that water could decrease activation barriers for hydrogenation by shuttling hydrogen atoms from the surface to the furfural molecule as well as stabilizing particular transition states through hydrogen bonding interactions. A future kinetic model for this system could provide further proof of this hypothesis

Educación para la salud con adolescentes: un enfoque desde la pedagogía social en contextos y situaciones de vulnerabilidad

Enmarcados en el contexto actual de globalización, existen múltiples factores sociales, económicos, culturales, de comunicación y política de salud, que afectan el bienestar de cada individuo y de la comunidad. La realidad contemporánea posiciona a los adolescentes como un grupo atareo de interés particular para las organizaciones internacionales y de control; es concibo como una figura vulnerada, que demanda atención social y de salud; a su vez representa el futuro de la comunidad. En este sentido, la educación permite crear estrategias de alto rendimiento para la salud. Por medio de intervención educativa, desde el ámbito social y comunitario, se alfabetiza en salud; recurriendo a la pedagogía social, ciencia que brinda por medio de la ASC (animación sociocultural) estrategias para el empoderamiento en la salud de la sociedad. El concepto de educación para la salud no es nuevo. Es un constructo que se ha modificado acorde con las necesidades del individuo en el contexto social, han surgido divergencias en relación al campo de acción de éste, justamente en muchos casos no existe una sistematización y organización de la misma. De la misma manera falta realizar seguimiento o evaluación a las actividades relacionadas con la promoción, se debe evidenciar mayores resultados en relación a las intervenciones que han surgido desde las diferentes disciplinas. Ha existido un desinterés relacionado con la promoción, se ha enfatizado más a los aspectos relacionado con la atención y tratamiento, llevando no solo al aumento en la morbilidad, sino a la crisis económica la que se encuentra el sector salud por costos incalculables del tratamiento y control de las enfermedades crónica

The SJR indicator: A new indicator of journals' scientific prestige

This paper proposes an indicator of journals' scientific prestige, the SJR indicator, for ranking scholarly journals based on citation weighting schemes and eigenvector centrality to be used in complex and heterogeneous citation networks such Scopus. Its computation methodology is described and the results after implementing the indicator over Scopus 2007 dataset are compared to an ad-hoc Journal Impact Factor both generally and inside specific scientific areas. The results showed that SJR indicator and JIF distributions fitted well to a power law distribution and that both metrics were strongly correlated, although there were also major changes in rank. There was an observable general trend that might indicate that SJR indicator values decreased certain JIF values whose citedeness was greater than would correspond to their scientific influence.Comment: 21 pages with graphs and table

Entre Bastidores: Evaluación empleando Métodos Numéricos

El bastidor de un tractor es ¿la estructura metálica perteneciente al chasis encargada de soportar todo el peso del vehículo?. En los tractores, debido a su gran compacidad, escasa longitud y elevada posición del centro de gravedad, el bastidor dominante durante el último siglo ha sido el bastidor de tipo monocasco. Recientemente, con el objetivo de reducir la relación masa/potencia, se vienen implantando en algunos modelos los bastidores de tipo chasis. En el mundo, equipos de ingenieros investigan y desarrollan métodos numéricos empleando distintos modelos de bastidores tanto de tipo chasis como en los modelos de bastidores tradicionales. Esto ha permitido mejorar su diseño y facilitar el uso. Además, las marcas de maquinaria agrícola potencian también la investigación para crear innovaciones estructurales que no hayan sido planteadas anteriormente y que supongan un ahorro en los costes de producción así como una mejora de las prestaciones de la máquina

Sleep Deprivation and Ultra-endurance Performance: Assessment and Countermeasures

Considered a psychobiological state similar to mental fatigue, sleep deprivation can be defined as a period of extended wakefulness for, at least, 24 hours. Ultra-endurance events are often described as exercise bouts lasting more than six hours, or running distances covered longer than a traditional marathon. The first aim of this thesis was to explore the sleep and performance of athletes in ultra-marathons longer than 161 km (100 mi). A moderate association between sleep duration and race time was found. Before the first sleep episode, athletes remained awake for more than 24 h. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), sleep bouts, sleep time, and sleepiness increased over the course of the race, whereas running speed decreased. As a consequence of the psychophysiological demands of ultra-endurance exercise and the exacerbated sleep loss, it has been suggested that perception of effort plays a key role in pace regulation during ultra-marathon events. The second aim was to investigate the use of caffeine as a countermeasure for the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on endurance performance. After one night of sleep deprivation, 6 mg·kg-1 of caffeine improved 30-min running time trial performance by 5.54%. Caffeine reduces perception of effort, allowing participants to sustain a higher running speed at a lower RPE. Therefore, we propose that caffeine can be used to counteract the negative effects associated with sleep deprivation on endurance performance. The third aim was to study the effects training for a mountain ultra-marathon on sleep deprivation tolerance. Three bouts of exercise after one night of sleep deprivation over a 14-week period did not improve tolerance to the negative effects of sleep deprivation on endurance performance. One night of sleep deprivation reduces time to exhaustion by 28% when running at 75% of peak treadmill speed. Better sleep deprivation tolerance was associated with better chances to finish a ~340-km mountain ultra-marathon race. The main findings presented in this doctoral research thesis are: 1) a moderate positive association between sleep-related parameters and race time, suggesting that faster runners sleep less and spend less time in activities (i.e., restoring food/drinks at the checkpoints, resting, sleeping) other than moving towards the finish line. 2) The use of caffeine as a measure to counteract the negative effects of sleep deprivation on endurance performance. 3) Three exercise bouts in a sleep deprived state over a 14-week period did not reduce the negative effects of sleep deprivation. These findings might be particularly useful for athletes and/or coaches in the field of ultra-marathon and ultra-endurance performance. Sleep assessment during a mountain-ultra marathon and the countermeasures provided might help to plan their races accordingly

Impact of prior accumulated work and intensity on power output in elite/international level road cyclists—a pilot study

Background. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the intensity of prior accumulated work on the decline in power output in elite/international level road cyclists, comparing the effects of prior continuous moderate intensity versus intermittent high intensity cycling.Methods. Nine elite/international level road cyclists (age 26.2 +/- 4.0 years; body mass: 66.6 +/- 5.5 kg; height: 176 +/- 0.4 cm) conducted a 12-min field test (12 min(fresh)) during two consecutive training camps. Participants then performed both a 150-min moderate intensity continuous (MIC) work bout or a 150-min high intensity intermittent (HII) race simulation in randomized order, cross-over design. After each condition a 12-min field test (12 min(fatigue)) was completed.Results. Absolute and relative 12min(fresh) power output were not significantly different between training camps (p>0.05). The 12 min(fatigue) power after HII was significantly lower than 12min(fatigue) after MIC (Delta=14W; p=0.014). Participants recorded more percentage time (%Time) in heart rate (HR) zone 3 (Delta=9.2%; p=0.003) and power output band between 5.0-7.9W.kg(-1) (Delta=8.9%; p=0.002) as well as higher total work (Delta=237 kJ; p <= 0.001) during HII.Conclusion. These findings reveal that the decline in power output is higher after HII compared to MIC cycling work bouts. This suggests that the quantification of total work and intensity should be used in conjunction to predict a distinctive decline in power output. Future research is required to better understand the mechanisms of endurance "durability" in elite/international level road cyclists

GUÍA EVALUACIÓN DEL APRENDIZAJE: BACTERIOLOGÍA Y MICOLOGÍA VETERINARIA

GUÍA DE EVALUACIÓN DEL APRENDIZAJ

Sistema fiscal canario: la singularidad de las Islas Canarias. Análisis y comparación

Las regiones ultraperiféricas de la Unión Europea son territorios específicos que poseen una identidad espacial diferenciadora, que les brinda unas características únicas y permanentes, generadas por su situación geográfica y dimensión. Para solventar estas diferencias – evitando que vayan en detrimento de su economía –, el artículo 299.2 del Tratado de Ámsterdam reconoce la ultraperificidad de las regiones según ciertas características estructurales, estableciendo una base jurídica sólida y estable con el fin de generar un tratamiento acorde a dichas características. En el Tratado sobre el Funcionamiento de la UE (TFUE) de 2007 se refuerza lo recogido en el artículo 299.2 del Tratado de Ámsterdam a través de los artículos 35, 107,349 y 355. Dentro de este trabajo estudiaremos la región de la Macaronesia, en la que encontramos las regiones ultraperiféricas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias (España), las Regiones Autónomas de Madeira y Azores (Portugal); y un estado independiente: la República de Cabo Verde. Igualmente se analizará la evolución de los principales instrumentos tributarios de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias, y se realizará una comparación con las Regiones Autónomas de Madeira y Azores y la República de Cabo Verde en el periodo 2007-2020. Con ello queremos determinar el impacto que tiene este escenario concreto en la economía española, así como el efecto resultante de ser regiones especiales en el desarrollo económico local.The outermost regions of the European Union are specific territories that have a differentiating spatial identity, which gives them unique and permanent characteristics, generated by their geographical location and size. To solve these differences - avoiding that they are detrimental to its economy -, Article 299.2 of the Treaty of Amsterdam recognizes the ultra-peripherality of the regions according to certain structural characteristics, establishing a solid and stable legal basis to generate a treatment according to said features. The 2007 Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU) reinforces the provisions of article 299.2 of the Treaty of Amsterdam through articles 35, 107, 349 and 355. Within this work we will study the Macaronesia region, in which we find the outermost regions of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands (Spain), the Autonomous Regions of Madeira and Azores (Portugal); and an independent state: the Republic of Cape Verde. Likewise, the evolution of the main tax instruments of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands will be analyzed, and a comparison will be made with the Autonomous Regions of Madeira and Azores and the Republic of Cape Verde in the period 2007-2020. With this we want to determine the impact that this specific scenario has on the Spanish economy, as well as the resulting effect of being special regions on local economic development