Functional body composition : topics related to resting energy expenditure and changes of regional body composition

Orientadores: Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves, Gil Guerra-JúniorTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: O formato alternativo de tese foi utilizado para o delineamento desse documento. Assim, três artigos foram incluídos nessa tese. Os objetivos desta tese foram investigar três tópicos: i) "critérios de análise de dados de dispêndio energético de repouso (DER)" por meio de um estudo ao determinar o tempo necessário de aclimatação para atingir o estado estável do DER durante 30 minutos de mensuração com calorimetria indireta (CI) em adultos jovens saudáveis; e definir o período reduzido ótimo em estado estável para estimar o DER. O primeiro artigo foi caracterizado como estudo transversal em 27 homens e 12 mulheres com idades entre 18 a 31 anos. Os resultados sugerem que 10 minutos de mensuração com CI podem ser utilizados como alternativa durante um tempo reduzido para determinar o DER em adultos jovens saudáveis, sendo que os valores dos 5 primeiros minutos devem ser descartados. ii) "composição corporal funcional" por meio de um estudo ao testar a acurácia da estimativa do DER utilizando mapas metabólicos provenientes da absorciometria de dupla emissão de raios-x (DXA) com quatro (DER4c), cinco (DER5c) e seis (DER6c) componentes de tecido-órgão em homens jovens, estratificados pelo tamanho corporal. O segundo artigo foi caracterizado como estudo transversal em 52 homens jovens com idades entre 18 a 29 anos. Os participantes foram alocados em grupos de indivíduos com pequena massa corporal (n = 32) e grande massa corporal (n = 20), além disso, com pequena massa corporal e estatura (n = 25), e grande massa corporal e estatura (n = 27). Os resultados indicam que o DER4c (osso, tecido adiposo, músculo esquelético e residual) pode ser considerado o melhor modelo para estimativa do DER em homens jovens, possibilitando estabelecer o DER e os tecidos-orgãos metabolicamente ativos em 4 componentes. Porém, sugere-se cautela no uso de mapa metabólicos fornecidos pela DXA em populações com grande massa corporal, e grande massa corporal e estatura. iii) "comportamento da termogênese adaptativa (TA) após o aumento da massa corporal" por meio de um estudo ao associar 34 semanas de treinamento físico militar (TFM) com as alterações da composição corporal, aptidão física, e com as respostas compensatórias do DER caracterizado como TA. Adicionalmente, explorar a relação entre as alterações da composição corporal regional com a TA. O terceiro artigo foi caracterizado como estudo longitudinal em 29 cadetes do exército com idades entre 17 e 22 anos avaliados antes e após 34 semanas de TFM. Os resultados demonstraram que o TFM induziu aumentos no tecido mole magro, massa gorda, massa isenta de gordura e aptidão física. Embora não tenha ocorrido alterações na média da TA, uma grande variabilidade foi observada, ou seja, alguns participantes aumentaram o DER além do esperado de acordo com as alterações da composição corporal, sugerindo o fenótipo de dissipação facilitada de energia. Além disso, as alterações do tecido mole magro na região do tronco apresentaram um papel importante na TA desses indivíduosAbstract: The alternative model for thesis was used for the design of this document. Therefore, three articles were included in this thesis. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate three topics: i) "criteria for data of resting energy expenditure (REE) analysis" with one study determining the acclimation time required to achieve the REE steady state during a 30-minute of indirect calorimetry (IC) measurement and to define the optimum abbreviated measurement period in the steady state to estimate the REE in healthy young adults. The first article was characterized as a cross-sectional study with 27 men and 12 women, aged 18 to 31 years. The results suggest that 10 minutes can be used as an abbreviated alternative for IC measurements in healthy young adults, and values of the first 5-minute interval should be discarded. ii) "functional body composition" with one study testing the accuracy of REE estimation from models of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) metabolic maps with four (REEc1), five (REEc2), and six (REEc3) tissue-organ components in young men, stratified by body size. The second article was characterized as a cross-sectional study with 52 young men and aged 18 to 29 years. Participants were clustered to small (n = 32) and large (n = 20) weight groups, and small (n = 25) and large (n = 27) weight-height groups. The results indicate that REEc1 (bone, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and residual tissue) can be considered the best accurate model of REE estimation in young men, providing the REE and metabolically active tissue-organ of four components. Caution should be exercised with the use of DXA metabolic maps in populations with greater weight and greater weight-height. iii) "behavior of the adaptive thermogenesis (AT) after weight-gain" with one study analyzing the association between a 34-week military training on body composition, physical fitness and compensatory changes in REE recognized as AT. We also explored if regional body composition changes were related to AT. The third article was characterized as a longitudinal study with 29 army cadets, aged 17 to 22 years tested at baseline and after 34-weeks military training. The results demonstrate that the military training increased lean soft tissue, fat mass, fat-free mass and physical fitness. Though no mean changes in AT occurred, a large individual variability was observed with some participants increasing REE beyond the expected body composition changes, suggesting a spendthrift phenotype. Changes of trunk lean soft tissue may play an important role in the AT response observed in these individualsDoutoradoSaude da Criança e do AdolescenteDoutor em Ciências01-P-3492/2014, 88881.132734/2016-01CAPE

Training program influences the relation between functional and neuromuscular performance indicators during the season in young soccer players

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a training program on the relation between performance indicators of different physical capacities intra and inter functional and neuromuscular systems at different times of the season. Subjects were 16 young soccer players with an average age of 16.5±0.4 years. The study was carried out for 17 weeks, including three assessment moments (T1: 1st, T2: 10th and T3: 17th week). High correlation was found between indicators of neuromuscular predominance (30 meters sprint test (30m) and Maximum Sprint (MaxSprint) (RAST) in T1) (r=0.93, p≤0.001), functional (Sprints Average (MidSprint) and Minimal Sprint (MinSprint) (RAST) in T1, T2 and T3; MinSprint and Fatigue Index (FI) (RAST) in T3) (r=0.95, 0.85, 0.91; −0.86, p≤0.001, respectively) and between functional and neuromuscular indicators (30m and MidSprint in T1; 30m and MinSprint in T1; MaxSprint and MidSprint in T1 and T2 and MaxSprint and MinSprint in T1) (r=0.95, 0.93, 0.96, 0.84, 0.87, p≤0.001, respectively). The training contents had influence on the correlation of performance indicators at different times of the season

12,500+ and counting: biodiversity of the Brazilian Pampa

Knowledge on biodiversity is fundamental for conservation strategies. The Brazilian Pampa region, located in subtropical southern Brazil, is neglected in terms of conservation, and knowledge of its biodiversity is fragmented. We aim to answer the question: how many, and which, species occur in the Brazilian Pampa? In a collaborative effort, we built species lists for plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi that occur in the Brazilian Pampa. We included information on distribution patterns, main habitat types, and conservation status. Our study resulted in referenced lists totaling 12,503 species (12,854 taxa, when considering infraspecific taxonomic categories [or units]). Vascular plants amount to 3,642 species (including 165 Pteridophytes), while algae have 2,046 species (2,378 taxa) and bryophytes 316 species (318 taxa). Fungi (incl. lichenized fungi) contains 1,141 species (1,144 taxa). Animals total 5,358 species (5,372 taxa). Among the latter, vertebrates comprise 1,136 species, while invertebrates are represented by 4,222 species. Our data indicate that, according to current knowledge, the Pampa holds approximately 9% of the Brazilian biodiversity in an area of little more than 2% of Brazil’s total land The proportion of species restricted to the Brazilian Pampa is low (with few groups as exceptions), as it is part of a larger grassland ecoregion and in a transitional climatic setting. Our study yielded considerably higher species numbers than previously known for many species groups; for some, it provides the first published compilation. Further efforts are needed to increase knowledge in the Pampa and other regions of Brazil. Considering the strategic importance of biodiversity and its conservation, appropriate government policies are needed to fund studies on biodiversity, create accessible and constantly updated biodiversity databases, and consider biodiversity in school curricula and other outreach activitie

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Effects of seven weeks of plyometrics or resisted sprint training on acceleration and repeated sprint ability in the end of season in young soccer players

Orientador: João Paulo BorinDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação FísicaResumo: A ciência do esporte tem investido em estudos com atletas de futebol com o intuito de desenvolver alternativas para melhorar a aceleração no período competitivo. Foi demonstrado que ao final de um período competitivo atletas de futebol têm uma queda de até 4,3 % da aceleração. Especificamente o sprint, pode ser determinante para o futebol, e manter alta intensidade durante sequências de sprint é de suma importância. Portanto, produzir sprints subsequentes é um componente físico definido como capacidade de sprints repetidos (CSR). Alguns estudos têm mostrado altas correlações da aceleração com a CSR. Consequentemente, melhorar a aceleração pode ser uma estratégia para melhorar a CSR. Nenhum estudo comparou programas de treinamento com o método de pliometria e sprint resistido, com o intuito de melhorar a aceleração e a CSR durante a temporada. Objetivos: Comparar os efeitos de programas de treinamento com pliometria (GTP) e sprint resistido (GSR) na aceleração e na CSR em jovens atletas de futebol. Materiais e Métodos: Participaram do estudo 20 atletas adolescentes (16,6 ± 0,6 anos), que realizaram 12 sessões de GTP (n = 11) ou GSR (n = 9) por 7 semanas. O GTP consistiu de quatro exercícios (salto bilateral sobre barreiras, salto de força reativa sobre caixas, salto unilateral sobre barreiras e salto em profundidade sobre barreiras) progredindo de 2 a 7 séries de 10 repetições com recuperação de 120 s entre as séries. O GSR consistiu de quatro exercícios de sprints nas distâncias de 0-5; 0-10; 0-20 e 0-30 m, com progressão de 2 a 7 séries, cargas entre 10 a 13% da massa corporal, com tração por meio de um trenó e com recuperação entre 45 a 120 s. Os atletas foram avaliados antes e depois do período de treinamento, nos quais realizaram testes de sprints na distância de 0-30 m (0-5; 5-30 e 0-30 m) e o teste de Repeated-Sprint Ability (RSA) (melhor tempo [RSAMáx] e média dos tempos [RSAMed]). Utilizou-se a análise de modelo misto para medidas repetidas (interação grupo x tempo) com nível de significância de ??0,05. Também foi realizada análise qualitativa utilizando a magnitude do efeito de tratamento (effect size) e a precisão de estimativa da magnitude do efeito de grupo e tempo (intervalo de confiança do effect size). Resultados: O GSR induziu melhoras no tempo de sprint para 0-5 (-0,9 ± 8,2 % [d = 0,19] vs. 3,9 ± 11,0 % [d = -0,63]); 5-30 (-1,1 ± 1,7 % [d = 0,30] vs. -0,1 ± 3,3 % [d = 0,14]) e 0-30 m (-1,1 ± 2,8 % [d = 0,37] vs. 0,7 ± 3,5 % [-0,17]); RSAMáx (-1,2 ± 2,6 % [d = 0,73] vs. 0,8 ± 3,3 % [d = -0,21]) e RSAMed (-1,6 ± 2,3 % [d = 0,95] vs. -0,5 ± 2,2 % [d = 0,16] comparando com GTP. Conclusões: O GSR foi mais eficiente que o GTP em melhorar a aceleração e a CSR ao final da temporada, visto que é um período que atletas são suscetíveis a declínio dessas capacidades físicasAbstract: The sports science has invested in studies with soccer players in order to develop alternatives to improve the acceleration in the season. It has been demonstrated that in the end of the season soccer players have a drop of up to 4.3% from acceleration. Specifically the sprint, can be decisive for this sport, and maintain high intensity during sprint sequences has a paramount importance. Therefore, reproduce a high power output in subsequent sprints is defined repeated sprint ability (RSA). Some studies have shown high correlation of acceleration with RSA. Accordingly, improve acceleration may be a strategy to improve RSA. To date, no study has shown programs and compared methods as plyometrics and resisted sprint training, in order to improve the acceleration and RSA in season. Objectives: To compare the effects of plyometrics (GPT) and resisted sprint (GRS) training programs on acceleration and RSA in young soccer players. Materials and Methods: The study included 20 adolescent athletes (16.6 ± 0.6 years) who performed 12 sessions of GPT (n = 11) or GRS (n = 9) for 7 weeks. The GPT consisted of four exercises (bilateral hurdle jump, drop jump; unilateral hurdle jump; depth jump over hurdle) progressing from 2-7 sets of 10 reps interspersed with 120 s. The GRS consisted of four sprints exercises at distances of 0-5, 0-10, 0-20 and 0-30 m, progressing from 2-7 sets, loads between 10-13 % of the body mass, with resistance by a sled interspersed with 45 to 120 s. The athletes were evaluated before and after the training period, in which performed tests of sprints at distance of 0-30 m (0-5, 5-30 and 0-30 m) and RSA test (best time [RSAbest] and mean time [RSAmean]). It was used the mixed model for repeated measures (group x time interaction) with significance level of ? ? 0.05. It was also performed the qualitative analysis using the magnitude of treatment effect (effect size) and precision of the estimate of the magnitude of the effect (effect size confidence intervals). Results: GRS induced greater improvements in sprint time of 0-5 (-0.9 ± 8.2 % [d = 0.19] vs. 3.9 ± 11.0 % [d = -0.63]); 5-30 (-1.1 ± 1.7 % [d = 0.30] vs. -0.1 ± 3.3 % [d = 0.14]) and 0-30 m (-1.1 ± 2.8 % [d = 0.37] vs. 0.7 ± 3.5 % [-0.17]); RSAbest (-1.2 ± 2.6 % [d = 0.73] vs. 0.8 ± 3.3 % [d = -0.21]) and RSAmean (-1.6 ± 2.3 % [d = 0.95] vs. -0.5 ± 2.2 % [d = 0.16] compared with GPT. Conclusions: GRS was more effective than GPT to improve acceleration and RSA in the end of the season, whereas is a period that players are more susceptible to drop these abilitiesMestradoBiodinamica do Movimento e EsporteMestre em Educação Físic

Assessment of bone mineral density in young female handball players

Optimizing bone mass gain during childhood and adolescence may help prevent bone diseases in advanced ages. The aim of this study was to verify the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in female adolescent’s handball players. This is a cross-sectional study where 68 female adolescents (12–17 years) were allocated into two groups: handball players (n = 29) (HG) and control group (n = 39) (CG). BMC and BMD from total body (TB), total body less head (TBLH), lumbar spine (L1–L4), femoral neck (FN), Ward’s triangle (WT) and respectively Z-scores were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Sexual maturity, menarche, PHV, time of sun exposure, physical activity level and Calcium and vitamin D intake were assessed. The HG showed significantly higher BMC, BMD as well Z-scores values (p≤0.05) of total body, TBLH, femoral neck, hip and lumbar spine than the CG. When the values were adjusted for lean soft tissue (LST) the HG showed significantly higher BMC of femoral neck (p≤0.05), as well as BMD of TBLH and femoral neck (p≤0.05) and Z-score values all bone sites except hip, than the CG. We conclude that handball players have significantly higher bone mass values compared to group of girls of the same age

Training program influences the relation between functional and neuromuscular performance indicators during the season in young soccer players

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a training program on the relation between performance indicators of different physical capacities intra and inter functional and neuromuscular systems at different times of the season. Subjects were 16 young soccer players with an average age of 16.5 ± 0.4 years. The study was carried out for 17 weeks, including three assessment moments (T1: 1st, T2: 10th and T3: 17th week). High correlation was found between indicators of neuromuscular predominance (30 meters sprint test (30 m) and Maximum Sprint (MaxSprint) (RAST) in T1) (r = 0.93, p ≤ 0.001), functional (Sprints Average (MidSprint) and Minimal Sprint (MinSprint) (RAST) in T1, T2 and T3; MinSprint and Fatigue Index (FI) (RAST) in T3) (r = 0.95, 0.85, 0.91; -0.86, p ≤ 0.001, respectively) and between functional and neuromuscular indicators (30 m and MidSprint in T1; 30 m and MinSprint in T1; MaxSprint and MidSprint in T1 and T2 and MaxSprint and MinSprint in T1) (r = 0.95, 0.93, 0.96, 0.84, 0.87, p ≤ 0.001, respectively). The training contents had influence on the correlation of performance indicators at different times of the season

Confidence in cumulative evidence

The assessment of the confidence in cumulative evidence will be carried out by two independent reviewers so that eventual disagreements are resolved through a consensus meeting or with the help of an expert. The Quality Index (Downs and Black, 1998) which has been adopted in recent systematic reviews (Bujalance-Moreno et al., 2019; Praça et al., 2022) will be used to assess methodological quality of the eligible studies. The scale is composed of 25 items, as follows: 1: Is the hypothesis/aim/objective of the study clearly described?; 2: Are the main outcomes to be measured clearly described in the Introduction or Methods section?; 3: Are the characteristics of the participants included in the study clearly described ?; 4: Are the interventions of interest clearly described?; 5: Are the distributions of principal confounders in each group of subjects to be compared clearly described?; 6: Are the main findings of the study clearly described?; 7: Does the study provide estimates of the random variability in the data for the main outcomes?; 8: Have all important adverse events that may be a consequence of the intervention been reported?; 9: Have the characteristics of patients lost to follow-up been described?; 10: Have current probability values have been reported (e.g. 0.035 rather than &lt;0.05) for the main outcomes except where the probability value was less than 0.001?; 12: Were those subjects who were prepared to participate representative of the entire population from which were they recruited?; 13: Were the staff, places, and facilities where the patients were treated, representative of the treatment the majority of patients receive?; 14: Was an attempt made to blind study subjects to the intervention they have received?; 15: Was an attempt made to blind those measuring the main outcomes of the intervention?; 16: If any of the results of the study were based on “data dredging”, was this made clear?; 17: In trials and cohort studies, do the analyses adjust for different lengths of follow-up of patients, or in case-control studies, is the time period between the intervention and outcome the same for cases and controls?; 18: Were the statistical tests used to assess the main appropriate outcomes?; 19: Was compliance with the intervention/s reliable?; 20: Were the main outcome measures used accurate (valid and reliable)?; 21: Were the patients in different intervention groups (trials and cohort studies) or were the cases and controls (case-control studies) recruited from the same population? 22: Were study subjects in different intervention groups (trials and cohort studies) or were the cases and controls (case-control studies) recruited over the same period?; 23: Were Study subjects randomized to intervention groups?; 24: Was the randomized intervention assignment concealed from both patients and health care staff until recruitment was complete and irrevocable?; 25: Was there an adequate adjustment for confounding in the analyzes from which the main findings were drawn

New Methodologies for the Surface Application of Limestone and Gypsum in Different Crop Systems

To address the problems of soil acidity (pH values below 4.4) in surface and subsurface soil layers and improve soil chemical fertility, this study evaluated three methodologies for surface application of limestone (LS) (ensuring that calcium (Ca)2+ occupied 70%, 60% or 50% of cation exchange capacity (CEC) at a depth of 0.0&ndash;0.2 m) and gypsum (GP, phosphogypsum) (ensuring that Ca2+ occupied 60%, 50% or 40% of effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) at a depth of 0.2&ndash;0.4 m). LS and GP were applied in a conventional pasture system (CPS), no-till system (NTS), and agropastoral system (APS) in an Arenic Hapludult in Brazil. Surface application of LS and GP using these three methodologies corrected surface and subsurface acidity and improved soil chemical fertility. Specifically, Ca2+ content increased in the CPS, NTS, and APS at a depth of 0.0&ndash;0.2 m and in the CPS and APS at a depth of 0.2&ndash;0.4 m; sulfur (S)-SO42&minus; content and Ca2+/ECEC increased in the CPS, NTS, and APS at a depth of 0.2&ndash;0.4 m; base saturation (BS) increased and aluminum (Al)3+ content decreased in the NTS and APS at depths of 0.0&ndash;0.2 m and 0.2&ndash;0.4 m; and pH, magnesium (Mg)2+ content, CEC, Ca2+/CEC, and Mg2+/CEC increased and total acidity decreased in the NTS and APS at a depth of 0.0&ndash;0.2 m