Adolescents in the Face of a Social Conflict Situation. The Analysis of Determinants of Destructive Coping Strategies

The purpose of the research was to determine personality and family destructive conditions (aggression, avoidance, submission) present in strategies used by adolescents for coping with a social conflict situation. The Questionnaire to study the strategies for coping with a social conflict situation (KSMK) by D. Borecka-Biernat, the Stress Assessment Questionnaire (KOS) by D. Włodarczyk and K. Wrześniewski, Three-Factor State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (TISCO) by C. Spielberger and K. Wrześniewski as well as Parental Attitudes Scale (SPR) by M. Plopa and the Questionnaire to study the parents’ strategies for coping with a social conflict situation in the perception of a child (SRwSK) by D. Borecka-Biernat were applied in the research. The empirical research was carried out in junior high schools in Wroclaw and neighbouring towns. It involved 893 adolescents (468 girls and 425 boys) aged 13–15. In the light of the research, it was found that assessing of a conflict situation as a threat and harm/loss, and experiencing negative emotions (anger, apprehension) in a situation which threatens the realisation of personal intentions co-exists with a destructive way of reacting to emotional tension by adolescents in a social conflict situation. Moreover, the analysis of the research results indicated that the destructive way of reacting to emotional tension by adolescents in a social conflict situation is shaped by inappropriate upbringing attitudes which are characterised by the parents’ emotional distance towards an adolescent child, putting forward excessive demands on a child and exaggerated involvement in all matters related to the child, as well as a destructive model of parents’ reaction to the conflict.Młodzież w obliczu sytuacji konfliktu społecznego. Analiza uwarunkowań destruktywnych strategii radzenia sobie. Streszczenie. Celem badań było ustalenie osobowościowych i rodzinnych uwarunkowań destruktywnych (agresja, unik, uległość) strategii radzenia sobie młodzieży w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego. W badaniach posłużono się Kwestionariuszem do badania strategii radzenia sobie młodzieży w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego (KSMK) D.Boreckiej-Biernat, Kwestionariuszem Oceny Stresu (KOS) D.Włodarczyk, K.Wrześniewskiego, Trójczynnikowym Inwentarzem Stanów i Cech Osobowości (TISCO) C.Spielbergera, K.Wrześniewskiego i Skalą Postaw Rodzicielskich (SPR) M.Plopy oraz Kwestionariuszem do badania strategii radzenia sobie rodziców w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego w percepcji dziecka (SRwSK) D.Boreckiej-Biernat. Badania empiryczne przeprowadzono w szkołach gimnazjalnych we Wrocławiu i okolicznych miejscowościach. Objęły one 893 adolescentów (468 dziewczynek i 425 chłopców) w wieku 13-15 lat. W świetle przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że ocena sytuacji konfliktu jako zagrożenie i krzywda/strata oraz przeżywanie emocji negatywnych (gniew, lęk) w sytuacji stwarzającej zagrożenie realizacji osobistych zamierzeń współwystępuje z destruktywnym sposobem reagowania młodzieży na napięcie emocjonalne w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego. Ponadto  analiza wyników badań wskazała, że destruktywny sposób reagowania adolescentów na napięcie emocjonalne w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego kształtują nieprawidłowe postawy wychowawcze charakteryzujące się uczuciowym dystansem rodzica w stosunku do dorastającego dziecka, stawianiem mu wygórowanych wymagań i przesadnym angażowaniem się we wszystkie jego sprawy oraz destruktywny wzór reagowania rodziców na konflikt

Self-Esteem and Strategies for Coping with a Social Conflict Situation Preferred by Adolescents

The purpose of the study was to find out relationships between the level of self-esteem and the occurrence of destructive (aggression, avoidance, submission) and constructive (taskoriented) strategies for coping with a social conflict situation by adolescents. The study used M. Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (SES) adapted by M. Łaguna, K. Lachowicz-Tabaczek and I. Dwonkowska as well as the Questionnaire to study strategies for coping with a social conflict situation by adolescents (KSMK) by D. Borecka-Biernat. The empirical research was carried out in junior high schools in Wroclaw (and neighbouring towns). They included893 adolescents (468 girls and 425 boys) aged 13–15. The analysis of research results indicates that a lower assessment of a young person’s own abilities coexists with a tendencyto react destructively to a conflict. The study also showed that adolescents with a higher self-esteem who find themselves in a conflict situation will take advantage of a constructive strategy to deal with this situation. The research results regarding the personality premise of the strategy for coping with a social conflict situation by youth have practical significance. It is particularly worth paying attention to it in the course of upbringing and education of adolescents in order to shape their ability of effective and ethical coping with conflict situations

Изучение религии в школе в ситуации поликонфессиональности белорусского общества

Based on the analysis of religious policy of the government of Belarus, the existing models of church-state interaction and definitions of religious upbringing and education, the article discusses explore the problem of inclusion of the course on religion in the school curriculum.W artykule omówiono kwestię włączenia do programu szkolnego w Białorusi kursu religii. Opracowanie oparto na analizie polityki wyznaniowej rządu RB, istniejących modeli stosunków państwo–Kościół oraz definicje pojęć dotyczących wychowania i edukacji religijnej.У артыкуле разглядаецца праблема ўводзінаў у школьную праграму курсу рэлігіі. Аўтар аналізуе канфесійную палітыку ўрада РБ, актуальныя мадэлі царкоўна-дзяржаўнага ўзаемадзеяння і дэфініцыі паняццяў рэлігійнага выхавання і адукацыі

Older Adults Who Spend More Time Outdoors in Summer and Have Higher Dietary Vitamin D Than Younger Adults Can Present at Least as High Vitamin D Status: A Pilot Study

Vitamin D3 can be produced by exposing skin to UVB radiation or sourced through dietary products. It is often stated that vitamin D status declines in older adults, yet little is known about differences in current-day lifestyle and dietary behaviours influencing vitamin D outcomes in younger (18–40 years old) and older adults (65–89 years old). Our objectives were to perform a pilot study to compare sun exposure behaviours, i.e., time spent outdoors, holiday behaviour and use of sunscreen/clothing, and dietary vitamin D intake, in young and older adults in the UK, together with assessment of their vitamin D status. A total of 13 young and 11 older volunteers completed a four-page questionnaire to assess sun exposure and photoprotective behaviour and an eleven-page one-week vitamin D diet diary, alongside their plasma 25(OH)D measurement. It was found that the older group tended to spend more time outdoors during the working week in summer, to take more summer and winter holidays each year, take longer winter holidays and have similar sunscreen use when compared to younger adults. Older adults had a significantly higher daily dietary intake of vitamin D (4.0 μg) than young adults (2.4 μg). Mean winter 25(OH)D concentration was higher in older (56.9 nmol/L) than in young adults (43.2 nmol/L), but there was no statistical difference between the groups. Contrary to common assumptions, in this study, older adults had sun exposure and dietary behaviours conferring a vitamin D status at least as good as that of younger adults

Italo: the pathfinder experience of the competition in the high-speed rail passenger market. The keys to success

En la actualidad, los servicios de alta velocidad por ferrocarril en los principles paises, se prestan por operadores públicos. Sin embargo, desde hace algunos años, en Italia, el proceso de liberalización de este tipo de servicios dió lugar a la entrada de un nuevo operador privado, denominado NTV.En este contexto, resulta del mayor interés conocer la experiencia italiana en este ámbito para su posible aplicación a alguna linea de alta velocidad en España

Interlingual Interference Errors in Learner’s Interlanguage

Błąd językowy jest jednym z najistotniejszych problemów współczesnej glottodydaktyki. Przyczyny powstawania błędów są wielopłaszczyznowe i wynikają ze złożonych czynników. Niewystarczająca kompetencja językowa wyzwala mechanizm interferencji, polegający na transferze nawyków nabytych w języku ojczystym do języka obcego. Celem publikacji jest zwrócenie uwagi na różnorodność błędów językowych wynikających z oddziaływania międzyjęzykowego w interjęzyku ucznia. Materiał badawczy stanowią wypowiedzi pisemne w języku angielskim 116 uczniów białostockich szkół ponadgimnazjalnych. Dokonana analiza wyekscerpowanych z tego korpusu błędów doprowadziła do powstania klasyfikacji błędów interferencyjnych w płaszczyźnie leksykalnej oraz gramatycznej wraz z komentarzem glottodydaktycznym. Zastosowanie wyników badań w praktyce pedagogicznej może pomóc nauczycielom zrozumieć procesy powstawania błędów oraz podjąć stosowne decyzje metodyczne dotyczące profilaktyki i terapii błędów.A linguistic error is one of the most fundamental problems of modern language teaching. Causes of errors are complex and result from different factors. Insufficient language competence triggers the mechanism of interference, involving the transfer of habits acquired in a native language to a foreign language. The aim of the publication is to highlight the diversity of linguistic errors resulting from crosslinguistic influence in a learner’s interlanguage system. The research material consists of written tasks performed in English by 116 students of secondary schools in Bialystok. The analysis of the errors excerpted from the corpus led to the classification of interlingual interference errors of lexical and grammatical categories along with linguistic commentary. The application of the research results in teaching practice can help teachers understand the nature of errors and take appropriate methodological decisions concerning prevention and treatment [email protected] w Białymstoku, Wydział FilologicznyArabski J., Transfer międzyjęzykowy, [w:] Psychologiczne aspekty dwujęzyczności, I. Kurcz (red.), Gdańsk 2007, s. 341-351.Cienkowski W., Błędy w języku ojczystym a błędy w języku obcym. Terminologia i problematyka, „Poradnik Językowy” 1980, z. 8, s. 442–447.Corder S.P., Analiza błędu językowego, „Kurs Edynburski językoznawstwa stosowanego” 1983, t. 2, s. 119.Corder S.P., Introducing Applied Linguistic, Londyn 1973.Ellis R., Instructed Language Learning, Oxford 1990.Ellis R., Second Language Acquisition, Oxford 2000.Ellis R., Understanding Second Language Acquisition, Oxford 1995.Larsen-Freeman D., Long M., An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research, Londyn 1991.McLaughlin B., Theories of Second-Language Learning, Londyn 1987.Markowski A., Kultura języka polskiego. Teoria. Zagadnienia leksykalne, Warszawa 2005.Odlin T., Language Transfer. Cross-linguistic Influence in Language Learning, Cambridge 1989.Selinker L., Rediscovering Interlanguage, Londyn 1992.Zybert J., Errors in Foreign Language Learning. The Case of Polish Learners of English, Warszawa 1999.25-4

The Avoidance Strategy of Adolescents for Coping with a Situation of Social Conflict in the Context of Cognitive Assessment of Conflict and the Modelling Influence of Parents

The aim of the research was to search for personality and family predictors of avoidance strategies for coping with social conflict situations in adolescents. The analysis of the research material showed that a conflict situation perceived as a threat or harm/loss coexisted with a strategy of avoidance in coping with a social conflict situation in adolescents. It was also found that a parent using a strategy based on avoidance in a social conflict situation contributes to modelling such a strategy for adolescents.Celem badań było poszukiwanie osobowościowych i rodzinnych predyktorów strategii unikowego radzenia sobie dorastającej młodzieży w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego. Analiza materiału badawczego wykazała, że sytuacja konfliktu postrzegana jako zagrożenie lub krzywda/strata współwystępuje ze strategią unikowego radzenia sobie młodzieży w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego. Okazało się również, że rodzic stosujący w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego strategię opartą na unikaniu przyczynia się do modelowania u młodzieży strategii unikowego radzenia sobie w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego

Modelující vliv rodičů na utváření únikové strategie jednání u dospívajících dětí

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Wewnątrzrodzinne predyktory obronnych strategii radzenia sobie młodzieży gimnazjalnej w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego

Interfamily predictors of defensive coping strategies in lower-secondary school students in the social conflict situationThe aim of the research has been to determine the family aetiology of defensive coping strategies (aggression, avoidance, submission) employed by teenagers in social conflict situations and resulting from educational attitudes and model coping strategies chosen by their parents in analogous contexts. The following assessment methods have been used: the scale of parental attitudes by Mieczysław Plopa, the questionnaire of parental coping strategies in social conflict situations in the child’s perception (SRwSK) by Danuta Borecka-Biernat, and the questionnaire of adolescent coping strategies in social confl ict situations (KSRK) by D. Borecka-Biernat. The empirical study has covered 892 students (464 girls and 423 boys) aged 13–15, from the first, second and third years of the lower secondary school. The results show that adolescents are not able to deal constructively with the social confl ict situation unless in their educational environment they find approval, openness to their matters, recognition of their freedom of action, respect for their rights, and a model of active behaviour provided by signifi cant others while seeking a viable solution to a conflict. Defensive forms of coping strategies in social conflict situations develop under  the influence of educational parental attitudes and models of reacting to problems, manifested in parents’ behaviours in emotional tension situations

Parameterised Geant4 simulation for total body PET research

Total-body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has the potential to transform medical care of a number of diseases and augment our knowledge of systems biology. Various detector designs and geometries are currently under development for total-body PET imaging of humans. This variety, in particular the variation in axial field-of-view (aFOV), motivates a need to compare the performance of these devices in a consistent simulated environment. We present an open-source Geant4 simulation package that allows variation of relevant parameters such as the detector aFOV and the tracer radioisotope from the command line. Two simplified detector geometries based on the Siemens Biograph Vision Quadra and United Imaging uEXPLORER models are supported with variable granularity. The intrinsic radioactivity of the detector crystals is fully simulated. The simulation can be viewed with the built-in GUI, and the results are saved in a plain text format for easy analysis. Example Python analysis code is provided with the simulation, demonstrating calculation of the noise equivalent count rate (NECR) figure of merit using an approximation to the NEMA NU 2-2012 standard method. A good agreement between the simulated count rate performance and experimental data is observed for both geometries. The differences in results are attributed to simplifications in the simulation code, namely not accounting for the light-collection efficiency or readout dead-time. We demonstrate the importance of assessing the scanner performance using appropriate phantom length which significantly affects the obtained results. A dependence between the detector aFOV and the length of the source, with peak NECR plateauing as the detector extends beyond the region of interest is also presented.Comment: 13 pages in total, 6 figure