Effects of fibre content and textile structure on dynamic-mechanical and shape-memory properties of ELO/flax biocomposites

Biocomposites were prepared using epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and flax fibre reinforcements in different assemblies. ELO was cured by two different anhydrides to check how its thermomechanical properties can be influenced. As reinforcements nonwoven mat, twill weave and quasi-unidirectional textile fabrics with two different yarn finenesses were used. Their reinforcing effect was determined in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in flexure. DMA served also to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg). Shape memory properties were derived from quasiunconstrained flexural tests performed near to the Tg of the ELO and its biocomposites. Flax reinforcement reduced the Tg that was attributed to off-stoichiometry owing to chemical reaction between the hydroxyl groups of flax and anhydride hardener. The shape memory parameters were moderate or low. They were affected by both textile content and type

Study of the properties of thermoset materials derived from epoxidized soybean oil and protein fillers

[EN] Novel bio-based thermoset formulations were prepared by using epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO), nadic methyl anhydride as a hardener and with different types of proteins as fillers. In the first part of the study, the effect of the protein-type (wheat gluten, soy protein, casein and ovalbumin) on cured ESBO materials was investigated. Thermal and mechanical properties were characterized by flexural tests, Shore D hardness, Charpy impact tests, Vicat softening temperature and heat deflection temperature. In addition, a study of the morphology of fractured surfaces by scanning electron microscopy was carried out. In general, the addition of protein-based fillers improved the mechanical and thermal properties. It was found that the highest increase of thermal and mechanical properties was achieved by ovalbumin. In the second part of the work, the effect of the total amount of ovalbumin filler was studied. Bio-based thermoset materials from ESBO and 15 wt % ovalbumin improved flexural modulus more than 150 % when compared to the unfilled material. Similar evolution was observed for other mechanical properties. Moreover, the brittleness of this composition was the minimum from the studied systems. A direct relationship between energy absorption capacity and morphologies of the failure surface was evidenced by SEM.This work is a part of the project IPT-310000-2010-037,"ECOTEXCOMP: Research and development of textile structures useful as reinforcement of composite materials with marked ecological character" funded by the "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion", with an aid of 189540.20 euros, within the "Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica 2008-2011" and funded by the European Union through FEDER funds, Technology Fund 2007-2013, "Operational Programme on R+D+I for and on behalf of the companies". Also, Generalitat Valenciana ACOMP/2012/087 is acknowledged for financial support.Fombuena Borrás, V.; Sánchez Nacher, L.; Samper Madrigal, MD.; Juárez Varón, D.; Balart Gimeno, RA. (2013). Study of the properties of thermoset materials derived from epoxidized soybean oil and protein fillers. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 90(3):449-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-012-2171-2S449457903Alonso MV, Oliet M, Garcia J, Rodriguez F, Echeverria J (2006) Gelation and isoconversional kinetic analysis of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resol resins cure. Chem Eng J 122:159–166Altuna FI, Esposito LH, Ruseckaite RA, Stefani PM (2011) Thermal and mechanical properties of anhydride-cured epoxy resins with different contents of bio-based epoxidized soybean oil. J Appl Polym Sci 120:789–798Boquillon N, Fringant C (2000) Polymer networks derived from curing of epoxidised linseed oil: influence of different catalysts and anhydride hardeners. Polymer 41:8603–8613Boquillon N, Elbez G, Schonfeld U (2004) Properties of wheat straw particleboards bonded with different types of resin. J Wood Sci 50:230–235Chakrapani S, Crivello JV (1998) Synthesis and photoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxidized castor oil and its derivatives. J Macromol Sci-Pure Appl Chem A35:1–20Chen F, Zhang JW (2009) A new approach for morphology control of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and soy protein blends. Polymer 50:3770–3777Cuq B, Contard N, Guilbert S (1998) Proteins as agricultural polymers for packaging production. Am Assoc Cereal Chem 75:1–9Czub P (2006) Application of modified natural oils as reactive diluents for epoxy resins. Macromol Symp 242:60–64DdS Martini, Braga BA, Samios D (2009) On the curing of linseed oil epoxidized methyl esters with different cyclic dicarboxylic anhydrides. Polymer 50:2919–2925Dogan E, Kuesefoglu S (2008) Synthesis and in situ foaming of biodegradable malonic acid ESO polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 110:1129–1135Espinosa-Perez J, Wiesenborn DP, Tostenson K, Ulven CA, Tatlari M (2007) Preparation and partial characterization of canola-based epoxy resins for bio-based plastic composites. ASABE Annual International Meeting, 076079, Minneapolis, MNJin H, Zhang L, Chen F (2003) Effects of lignin as a filler on properties of soy protein plastics. I Lignosulfonate. J Appl Polym Sci 88:3284–3290Liu ZS, Erhan SZ, Calvert PD (2007) Solid freeform fabrication of epoxidized soybean oil/epoxy composite with bis or polyalkyleneamine curing agents. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 38:87–93Matejka L, Lovy J, Pokorny S, Bouchal K, Dusek K (1983) Curing epoxy-resins with anhydrides—model reactions and reaction-mechanism. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 21:2873–2885Miyagawa H, Mohanty AK, Drzal LT, Misra M (2005) Nanocomposites from bio-based epoxy and single-wall carbon nanotubes: synthesis, and mechanical and thermo-physical properties evaluation. Nanotechnology 16:118–124Mohamed A, Finkenstadt VL, Gordon SH, Palmquist DE (2010) Thermal and mechanical properties of compression-molded pMDI-reinforced PCL/gluten composites. J Appl Polym Sci 118:2778–2790Montero de Espinosa L, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V (2008) A new enone-containing triglyceride derivative as precursor of thermosets from renewable resources. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 46:6843–6850Park SJ, Jin FL, Lee JR (2004) Synthesis and thermal properties of epoxidized vegetable oil. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:724–727Pfister DP, Baker RJ, Henna HP, Lu Y, Larock CR (2008) Preparation and properties of tung oil-based composites using spent germ as a natural filler. J Appl Polym Sci 108:3618–3625Reiznautt QB, Garcia ITS, Samios D (2009) Oligoesters and polyesters produced by the curing of sunflower oil epoxidized biodiesel with cis-cyclohexane dicarboxylic anhydride: synthesis and characterization. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 29:2302–2311Rüsch Gen Klaas M, Warwel S (1999) Complete and partial epoxidation of plant oils by lipase-catalyzed perhydrolysis. Ind Crops Prod 9:125–132Sailaja RRN, Girija BG, Madras G, Balasubramanian N (2008) Effect of compatibilization on mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene—soy flour composites. J Mater Sci 43:64–67Samper MD, Fombuena V, Boronat T, García-Sanoguera D, Balart R (2012) Thermal and mechanical characterization of epoxy resins (ELO and ESO) cured with anhydrides. J Am Oil Chem Soc 89(8):1521–1528Sharma S (2008) Fabrication and characterization of polymer blends and composites derived from biopolymers. Philosophy Materials Science and Engineering. Graduate School of Clemson University, ClemsonSharma BK, Liu Z, Adhvaryu A, Erhan SZ (2008) One-pot synthesis of chemically modified vegetable oils. J Agric Food Chem 56:3049–3056Sue HJ, Wang S, Jane J (1997) Morphology and mechanical behaviour of engineering soy plastics. J Polym 38:5035Wang S, Sue HJ, Jane J (1996) Effects of polyhydric alcohols on the mechanical properties of soy protein plastics. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem A33:557–569Wazzan AA, Al-Turaif HA, Abdelkader AF (2006) Influence of submicron TiO2 particles on the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of cured epoxy resin. Polym Plastics Technol Eng 45:1155–116

Thermal and mechanical characterization of epoxy resins (ELO and ESO) cured with anhydrides

In this work we have developed polymeric materials from epoxidized vegetable oils in order to obtain materials with excellent mechanical properties for use as green matrix composites. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and different mixtures of the two oils were used to produce the polymers. Phthalic anhydride (17 mol%) and maleic anhydride (83 mol%) which has a eutectic reaction temperature of 48 °C were used as crosslinking agents while benzyl dimethyl amine (BDMA) and ethylene glycol were used as the catalyst and initiator, respectively. The results showed that samples 100ELO and 80ELO20ESO could be used as a matrix in green composites because they demonstrated good mechanical properties. © 2012 AOCS (outside the USA).This work is part of the project IPT-310000-2010-037,''ECOTEXCOMP: Research and development of textile structures useful as reinforcement of composite materials with marked ecological character'' funded by the "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion", with financial aid of 189,540.20 EUR, within the "Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica 2008-2011" and funded by the European Union through FEDER funds, Technology Fund 2007-2013, Operational Programme on R + D + i for and on behalf of the companies.Samper Madrigal, MD.; Fombuena Borrás, V.; Boronat Vitoria, T.; García Sanoguera, D.; Balart Gimeno, RA. (2012). Thermal and mechanical characterization of epoxy resins (ELO and ESO) cured with anhydrides. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 89(8):1521-1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-012-2041-yS15211528898Averous L (2004) Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch: a review. J Macromol Sci Polym Rev C44:231–274Bledzki AK, Jaszkiewicz A (2010) Mechanical performance of biocomposites based on PLA and PHBV reinforced with natural fibres—a comparative study to PP. Compos Sci Technol 70:1687–1696Raquez JM, Deleglise M, Lacrampe MF, Krawczak P (2010) Thermosetting (bio)materials derived from renewable resources: a critical review. Prog Polym Sci 35:487–509Charlet K, Jernot JP, Gomina M, Bizet L, Breard J (2010) Mechanical properties of flax fibers and of the derived unidirectional composites. J Compos Mater 44:2887–2896Barreto ACH, Esmeraldo MA, Rosa DS, Fechine PBA, Mazzetto SE (2010) Cardanol biocomposites reinforced with jute fiber: microstructure, biodegradability, and mechanical properties. Polym Compos 31:1928–1937Thakur VK, Singha AS (2010) Physico-chemical and mechanical characterization of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites. Iran Polym J 19:3–16Schmitz WR, Wallace JG (1954) Epoxidation of methyl oleate with hydrogen peroxide. J Am Oil Chem Soc 31:363–365La Scala J, Wool RP (2002) Effect of FA composition on epoxidation kinetics of TAG. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:373–378de Espinosa LM, Ronda JC, Galia M, Cadiz V (2008) A new enone-containing triglyceride derivative as precursor of thermosets from renewable resources. J Polym Sci Pol Chem 46:6843–6850Gerbase AE, Petzhold CL, Costa APO (2002) Dynamic mechanical and thermal behavior of epoxy resins based on soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:797–802Boquillon N, Fringant C (2000) Polymer networks derived from curing of epoxidised linseed oil: influence of different catalysts and anhydride hardeners. Polymer 41:8603–8613Montserrat S, Flaque C, Calafell M, Andreu G, Malek J (1995) Influence of the accelerator concentration on the curing reaction of an epoxy-anhydride system. Thermochim Acta 269:213–229Zacharuk M, Becker D, Coelho LAF, Pezzin SH (2011) Study of the reaction between polyethylene glycol and epoxy resins using N,N-dimethylbenzylamine as catalyst. Polimeros 21:73–77Lozada Z, Suppes GJ, Tu YC, Hsieh FH (2009) Soy-based polyols from oxirane ring opening by alcoholysis reaction. J Appl Polym Sci 113:2552–256

Optical rotary power at the resonance of the terbium F-7(6)-> D-5(4) line in terbium gallium garnet

0038-1101The Tb3+ absorption line F-7(6)-->D-5(4) Of the Terbium Gallium Garnet crystal is excited with an Argon ion laser. The Verdet's constant has been determined and reported against 1/lambda(2), showing no significant resonant behaviour at absorption resonance. The utility and the constraints of the crystal at this particular resonant wavelength are pointed out. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Laser cleaning of oxidized iron samples: The influence of wavelength and environment

International audienc

Oxydation et corrosion sous contrainte d'aciers inoxydables ecrouis en milieu primaire des reacteurs a eau sous pression effet de l'oxygene dissous

International audienceLe retour d'experience sur le parc de reacteurs a eau sous pression (REP) a fait etat de la fissuration par Corrosion Sous Contrainte (CSC) de certains composants en acier inoxydable ecrouis du circuit primaire de ces reacteurs, dont sont equipees les centrales nucleaires francaises (cannes chauffantes de pressuriseur, epingles de thermocouples, par exemple). La CSC des aciers inoxydables en milieu primaire nominal des REP peuvent etre impactees par de tres nombreux parametres relevant du milieu, du materiau et de la mecanique. De plus, les transitoires oxygenes, phases durant lesquelles il y a injection dans le fluide d'especes oxygenees, sont envisages comme un facteur aggravant de ce phenomene de degradation. Toutefois, l'effet de ces transitoires oxygenes a ete peu investigue a ce jour.L'objectif de cette etude est d'etudier l'effet de la presence d'oxygene sur la sensibilite a la CSC en milieu primaire d'un acier inoxydable 316L ecroui. Pour cela, des essais de CSC sont realises dans des milieux primaires simules de differentes compositions (milieu nominal et aere) sur des echantillons predeformes par traction. Differents trajets de chargements seront appliques (sollicitations dans la meme direction ou selon des directions perpendiculaires). a l'issue des essais, le reseau de fissuration est caracterise et correle aux champs microstructuraux obtenus par EBSD et aux champs de deformation obtenus par correlation d'images numeriques. En parallele, l'effet de l'oxygene sur l'oxydation est egalement etudie. La cinetique et la nature des couches d'oxyde de surface et des penetrations d'oxyde (joints de grains, bandes de glissement) sont caracterisees par MEB (notamment MEB-FIB), EBSD, et MET. Cette presentation comparera les resultats obtenus en milieu primaire nominal (milieu de reference) et aere, afin de degager l'effet de la presence d'oxygene dissous sur l'oxydation et la sensibilite a la CSC de notre materiau