569 research outputs found

    L'entrepreneur comme clef de voûte dans l'internationalisation rapide de son entreprise

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    International audienceL'étude des entreprises nouvellement internationales (ENI) occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans la littérature en entrepreneuriat. Contrairement aux entreprises traditionnelles, ces ENI, dénommées aussi " born globals " (McKinsey & Co., 1993) ou encore " international new ventures " (Oviatt et McDougall, 1994) se définissent comme des entreprises qui, dès leur création ou peu de temps après, cherchent à dériver un avantage concurrentiel de l'utilisation de ressources et de la vente de produits dans de multiples pays. Notre recherche vise à comprendre comment le réseau et les caractéristiques de l'entrepreneur interviennent dans l'internationalisation de jeunes entreprises. Nous avons étudié six cas d'entreprises qui se sont internationalisées dès la création ou peu de temps après. Les caractéristiques de l'entrepreneur, ses compétences, son expérience ainsi que son réseau personnel sont importants pour la création de son entreprise à l'international et pour nouer les premiers contacts sur les marchés étrangers. La personnalité et le réseau de l'entrepreneur agissent en interaction ; ils orientent tour à tour la création de l'entreprise et ses premiers pas sur les marchés étrangers

    Inter-organisational network configurations for ski areas innovations

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    International audienceUnlike industrial innovations, service innovations cannot be protected by patents or designs. Thus, the implementation of innovation networks is often seen as a key to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. In this paper, we are interested in the main forms of inter-organizational networks that led to service innovations. More precisely, this article aims to examine the relationship between the characteristics of inter-organizational networks and the type of service innovation. A typology of service innovations and a network analysis framework allowed us to study the innovations implemented by two major French winter sports resorts: the Portes du Soleil and Paradiski. In total, we studied the structure of 12 innovation networks. Our results show that, depending on the type of innovation implemented, networks are different in terms of partners involved, regulation mode and geographic scope. However, regardless of the innovation developed, it seems necessary to have a central actor to orchestrate the various partners

    Formulation des produits cosmétiques : évolutions et principes Les produits de soin de la peau Guerlain : 180 ans d'expertise

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    National audienceThis article recalls the scientific advances in cosmetics with the story of Guerlain facial care products. These skin care products grew out of the original French luxury perfume business started almost 180 years ago. Guerlain was created in 1828 in Paris by a chemist who created cosmetics and perfumes. His great strength was his knowledge of raw materials, a scientific approach to formulation and insistence on quality. Products manufacture became industrial in 1900, using the most modern formulations. The Guerlain "avant-garde" products were based on new concepts such as skin protection against sun damage, innovative textures and the incorporation of basic concepts of skin biology. Guerlain launched its revolutionary new issima line in 1980, followed by innovative products fighting free radicals, products for sensitive skins, products with AHA, retinol, and those taking account of biorythms. More recently, Guerlain products have incorporated the latest scientific advances and rare valuable natural materials, making them leaders in moisturizers and anti-aging products.Cet article retrace les avancées de la science dans les cosmétiques à travers l'histoire des produits de soin pour visage de Guerlain, marque issue de la parfumerie de luxe qui a développé depuis près de 180 ans des produits de soin de la peau. Guerlain fut créé en 1828 à Paris par un chimiste parfumeur-créateur qui alliait connaissance des matières premières, approche scientifique des formulations et intransigeance sur la qualité. À partir de 1900, la création prend une dimension industrielle avec des formules plus modernes. Des concepts nouveaux, tels que la lutte contre les méfaits du soleil, des textures toujours plus innovantes, la prise en compte des notions fondamentales de biologie cutanée, signent l'aspect contemporain et avant-gardiste des produits lancés. En 1980, le soin connaît un renouveau avec le lancement de la ligne issima, suivie de soins de prévention anti-radicaux libres, pour peaux sensibles, aux vitamines, aux AHA, au rétinol, ou prenant en compte les biorythmes avant que Guerlain, intégrant les dernières avancées scientifiques et des matières nobles, rares et naturelles dans ses soins, ne devienne leader sur l'hydratation et les produits de soin anti-âge

    Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: role of the C4-HSL cell-to-cell signal and inhibition by azithromycin

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    Objectives: In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm formation is controlled by a cell-to-cell signalling circuit relying on the secretion of 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL. Previous studies suggested that C4-HSL plays no significant role in biofilm formation. However the wild-type PAO1 strain PAO-BI, used as a control in these studies is itself impaired in the production of C4-HSL. We wondered therefore whether the role of C4-HSL in biofilm formation might have been underestimated, and whether azithromycin inhibits biofilm formation by interfering with cell-to-cell signalling. Methods: We used isogenic mutants of wild-type PAO1 strains PAO-BI and PT5 in a static biofilm model. Biofilm formation was quantified using Crystal Violet staining and exopolysaccharide measurements. Results: Wild-type strain PAO-BI, as a result of its reduced C4-HSL secretion, produced 40% less biofilm compared with the wild-type PAO1 strain PT5. Using isogenic mutants of strain PT5 we have shown that whereas a lasI mutant (deficient in 3-oxo-C12-HSL) produced similar amounts of biofilm to the wild-type, a rhlI mutant (deficient in C4-HSL) produced 70% less biofilm. In the latter strain, biofilm formation could be restored by addition of exogenous C4-HSL. Azithromycin, known to reduce the production of both 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL, inhibited biofilm formation of wild-type PT5 by 45%. This inhibition could be reversed by the addition of both cell-to-cell signals. Conclusions: Our results indicate that C4-HSL also plays a significant role in biofilm formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of using cell-to-cell signalling blocking agents such as azithromycin to interfere with biofilm formatio

    Relation Between Conductivity and Ion Content in Urban Wastewater

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    Wastewater conductivity has been monitored for extended periods of time by in situ probes and on grabbed samples in four communities (from 1,000 to 350,000 PE). In parallel, the concentrations of the main ionic contributors, such as calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, ortho-phosphate, chloride and sulphate have been measured and their variations with respect to time compared to human activity patterns. It appears that sodium, potassium, ammonium and ortho-phosphate, which contribute to about 34% to wastewater conductivity, exhibit diurnal variations in phase with human activity evaluated by absorbance at 254 nm. However calcium (≈ 22% of wastewater conductivity) is out‑of-phase. This release, ahead of the one of other cations and anions, could be related to sewer concrete corrosion or to groundwater infiltration. The combination of these different ionic contributions creates a conductivity pattern which cannot be easily related to human activity. It makes difficult to integrate conductivity in a monitoring system able to detect ion-related abnormalities in wastewater quality.Les variations de la conductivité d’eaux usées urbaines ont été suivies sur de longues durées a l’aide de sondes placées in situ en entrée d’installations de traitement et sur des échantillons prélevés automatiquement. Quatre communautés (entre 1 000 et 350 000 habitants) ont été choisies pour cette étude. On a également dosé sur les échantillons les principaux ions (calcium, sodium, potassium, magnésium, ammonium, ortho-phosphates, chlorures et sulfates). Il apparait que le sodium, le potassium, l’ammonium et les ortho-phosphates contribuent pour 34 % a la conductivité des eaux usées et présentent des variations journalicres en phase avec la pollution carbonée soluble, estimée a partir de l’absorbance a 254 nm. Par contre, le calcium, qui contribue pour 22 % a la conductivité, présente un déphasage qui peut ztre du a son transport dans le réseau d’assainissement du fait de la corrosion des conduites en béton ou a des infiltrations d’eaux claires. Finalement, la combinaison de ces différentes contributions ioniques conduit a une variabilité de la conductivité qu’il n’est pas facile de lier a l’activité humaine, et donc a des rejets accidentels dans le cadre d’un systcme de détection de variation anormale de la qualité des eaux usées

    Les stratégies internationales et d'innovation comme leviers de développement des entreprises

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    Ma production scientifique (issue de quinze années de recherche) s’articule autour de deux grands axes, les stratégies d’internationalisation et les stratégies d’innovation. Ma recherche cherche à mieux comprendre chaque stratégie pour appréhender la complexité des mécanismes à l’œuvre et comment ces deux stratégies participent au développement des entreprises. Le premier axe s’intéresse aux stratégies d’internationalisation. Dans la continuité de la thèse, le premier sous-axe porte sur le rôle du transfert de ressources et compétences et la nature des ressources et compétences transférées dans les opérations de croissance externe réussies. Le deuxième sous-axe s’intéresse aux caractéristiques de l’entrepreneur et à son rôle dans le développement international de son entreprise. Le deuxième axe concerne l’innovation. Les recherches menées dans le premier sous-axe cherchent à éclairer la controverse portant sur les différentes alternatives en matière de formes organisationnelles proposées dans la littérature. Le deuxième sous-axe porte sur l’innovation dans les services. Malgré les enjeux liés aux coopérations pour innover dans les services, les recherches en management de l’innovation portent davantage sur les réseaux d’innovations et s’intéressent peu aux constellations d’acteurs permettant l’innovation dans les services. Notre recherche exploratoire a donc tenté de combler ce déficit de la littérature en mettant en lumière les caractéristiques des réseaux construits pour développer des innovations de service.Enfin, une dernière section décrit les axes de recherche futurs, avec notamment le développement de recherches autour du rôle de l’innovation dans l’internationalisation des jeunes entreprises

    Les lacunes du droit relatif au mouvement transfrontière des déchets dangereux : illustration à l’aide de l’affaire Probo Koala en Côte d’Ivoire

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    Prenant l’affaire Probo Koala en Côte d’Ivoire comme l’élément déclencheur d’une observation, ce mémoire étudie les fondements des mouvements transfrontières illégaux des déchets dangereux des pays développés vers les pays en développement. En effet, nonobstant la pluralité des dispositions juridiques internationales, le transfert des déchets illicites demeure une actualité dans les pays du tiers monde dont particulièrement ceux de l’Afrique noire et à la fois un tabou dans ceux du Nord et du Sud. Les deux domaines proposés, droit international et national, montrent comment les faiblesses et la non-application des dispositions juridiques conduisent à des actes socialement irresponsables. De ce fait, des réformes tant au niveau juridique que judiciaire ainsi que l’implication des parties prenantes sont suggérées comme solutions pour combattre ce fléau.Taking Probo Koala case in Côte d’Ivoire as element shutter release of an observation, this memo studies the foundations of the illegal cross-border movements of the hazardous waste of countries developed towards developing countries. Indeed, nonwithstanding the multiplicity of the international legal dispositions, the transfer of the illicit waste remains an actuality in the countries of Third World among which particularly those of the Black Africa and at the same time a taboo in those of the North and of the South. Both offered domains, international and national law, show how weaknesses and non-application of the legal dispositions drive to socially irresponsible acts. So, of re-form both at legal level and judicial as well as involvement of stakeholders are suggested as solutions to fight this blight

    Deep temperatures in the Paris Basin using tectonic-heat flow modelling

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    International audienceThe determination of deep temperatures in a basin is one of the key parameters in the exploration of geothermal energy. This study, carried out as part of the CLASTIQ-2 project, presents a 3 temperatures in the Paris Basin derived through a thermal-tectonic forward modelling method, calibrated using subsurface temperature values. The temperature dataset required for the calibration was compiled in 2007 as part of the CLASTIQ-1 project. The temperature measurement dataset is largely composed of BHT (some 2443 values). These BHT measurements required correction due to the thermal disturbance created during drilling. After correction, which was carried out using the Instantaneous Cylinder Source (ICS) method, 494 corrected BHT (BHTx) values were available for the modelling of the Paris Basin. In addition to these BHTx, some 15 DST measurements that are considered as close to the thermal equilibrium (i.e., ±5°C) were added to the temperature calibration values. According to this dataset of BHTx and DST, the average gradient in the Paris Basin was calculated as 34.9°C/km when the surface temperature is fixed at 10°C. The temperature values collected were then used to calibrate the tectonic-heat flow modelling. The model was computed at the lithospheric scale but focused on the temperature field in the sedimentary basin fill. The model takes into account the geodynamic evolution of the last 20 My, the heat production, and the specific heat conduction of each defined sedimentary layer. The result is a 3D thermal block that is presented in the form of isodepth maps. The results are strongly influenced by thermal conductivity variations such as those due to differences in sediment composition while faults create some more localised influences. The presence of anomalously radiogenic bodies beneath the basin, and/or by variations in lithosphere thickness resulting in possible heat production anomalies strongly influence the thermal variations the Paris Basin. The Alpine Orogeny created a slight temperature increase in the south-eastern part of the basin and inhomogeneities in the lithology of the basement generating additional sources of variation in the sedimentary pil

    Autoinducer production and quorum-sensing dependent phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa vary according to isolation site during colonization of intubated patients

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </it>frequently colonizes and is responsible for severe ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated patients. A quorum-sensing (QS) circuit, depending on the production of the two QS-signaling molecules (autoinducers, AIs) 3-oxo-C<sub>12</sub>-HSL and C<sub>4</sub>-HSL, regulates the production by <it>P. aeruginosa </it>of several virulence factors and is required for biofilm formation. Therefore QS-inhibition has been suggested as a new target for preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. However the precise role of QS during colonization and subsequent infections of intubated patients remains unclear.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We wondered whether QS is active during colonization of intubated patients, and whether <it>P. aeruginosa </it>isolates growing inside the biofilm covering the intubation devices and those resident in the lungs of colonized patients differ in their QS-dependent phenotypes. We collected the intubation devices of eight patients colonized by <it>P. aeruginosa</it>. We detected 3-oxo-C<sub>12</sub>-HSL on eight, and C<sub>4</sub>-HSL on six of these devices. In three of these patients we also obtained <it>P. aeruginosa </it>isolates from tracheal aspirates at the time of extubation (n = 18), as well as isolates from the intubation devices (n = 25). We genotyped these isolates, quantified their AIs production, and determined three QS-dependent phenotypes (adherence capacity, biofilm and elastase production). The production of 3-oxo-C<sub>12</sub>-HSL was consistently increased for isolates from the intubation devices, whereas the production of C<sub>4</sub>-HSL was significantly higher for isolates from tracheal aspirates. Isolates from tracheal aspirates produced significantly higher amounts of elastase but less biofilm, and had a marginally reduced adhesion capacity than isolates from the intubation devices. Levels of 3-oxo-C<sub>12</sub>-HSL and elastase production correlated statistically for tracheal intubation isolates, whereas levels of 3-oxo-C<sub>12</sub>-HSL production and adhesion ability, as well as biofilm production, correlated weakly amongst intubation device isolates.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our findings demonstrate that autoinducers are produced during the colonization of intubated patients by <it>P. aeruginosa</it>. The microenvironment, in which <it>P. aeruginosa </it>grows, may select for bacteria with different capacities to produce autoinducers and certain QS-dependent phenotypes. QS-inhibition might therefore affect differently isolates growing inside the biofilm covering intubation devices and those resident in the lungs.</p
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