Diversidade e distribuição espacial de bromélias epifíticas em diferentes estádios sucessionais da Floresta Ombrófila Densa - Ilha de Santa Catarina

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas.Foram amostradas bromélias epifíticas em quatro estádios sucessionais da Floresta Ombrófila Densa. Elas foram diferenciadas em plântulas e espécies identificáveis, e o critério de registro foi presença/ausência em intervalos de 2 metros de altura de 60 forófitos por estádio sucessional. Foram determinadas 14 espécies de bromélias epifíticas, sendo 5 no estádios de arvoretas, 8 no arbóreo pioneiro e 11 na floresta secundária. Houve um aumento do número de indivíduos e de espécies de forófitos colonizados por plântulas nos sucessivos estádios sucessionais, sugerindo um aumento na disponibilidade de diásporos e diminuição da mortalidade de plântulas com aumento de umidade. Nos estádios arbóreo pioneiro e de floresta secundária houve correlação significativa na distribuição vertical de 4 espécies de bromélias

Caracterização fitossociológica das bromeliaceas epifíticas e suas relaçoes com os fatores geomorfologicos e pedologicos da planície do rio Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil

The forests of the Iguaçu river floodplain, which are part of two distinct phytogeographic units, Mixed Ombrophillous Forest and Semidecidual Seasonal Forest, are currently very modified. This alteration occurred due to historical factors and contemporaneous anthropic action. Epiphytic bromeliads, due to its specific substrate dependence and its strategy to obtain nutrients through their trichomes, are considered indicators of environmental condition alterations. Taking into account the reduced amount of research using this approach and the inexistence of systematic and continuous works with bromeliads along Brazilian's rivers, it was studied the floristic and the structure of the forests, and the communities of bromeliads present on aggradation and degradation surfaces of the compartments established from the first until the third highland of Paraná. In each area, the qualitative and quantitative data of bromeliads were related to the physical factors of the environment, like streambed type, height of the border, predominant geomorphic sites and soil water saturation. It was registered a total of 14 species of bromeliads belonging to six genera, which presented significant differences in diversity and abundance among the compartments. Macroclimate was the most important factor to define the differences between the two phytogeographic units, besides the conservation state of the forest which was a very changeable characteristic among the surfaces. Locally, bromeliads reacted to the high taxes of atmosphere humidity, created by the proximity of the river, by the existence of geomorphic concaved sites and by soils with low permeability that make possible the accumulation of water. They reacted also to the stratification of the forest and the presence of high trees that represent more surface and longer time of exposition of the substrate for the colonization. On phorophytes, the bromeliads occurred in intervals of very varied heights, indicating that the small height of the forest and the existence of forest gaps created by the presence of the river and the presence of soils containing high content of water, influenced the vertical stratification standard. Seedlings could be related to the amount and diversity of existing adults in the area, as well as, to the available environmental humidity. The beginning of the crown was the local of establishment of tank bromeliads and zoochoric bromeliads. This could be related to the biggest weight of the individuals and to the place of landing of avian dispersers. Aechmea recurvata, Wittrockia cyathiformis and Billbergia nutans, beyond Vriesea reitzii, were chosen as indicators of vegetation in advanced state of regeneration. Beside that, Aechmea distichantha, Tillandsia tenuifolia, Tillandsia usneoides and Vriesea friburgensis were considered the pioneers in the occupation of trees that grow in the most recent sediments of the aggradation surfaces. T. usneoides showed to be the most important element for mapping the humid environment in the lowland, but only in open places, where the evaporation and the humidity removal are constant

Relationship of epiphytic bromeliads with phorophytes at different stages of secondary succession of Atlantic Rainforest.

The present study was carried out aiming to characterize the occurrence of epiphytic bromeliads at four sucessional stages (capoeirinha, capoeira, capoeirão and secondary forest) of Atlantic Rainforest slopes, in Santa Catarina Island, Santa Catarina, Brasil. The bromeliads were classified in groups of restricted and wide occurrence based on the extent of distribution. The phorophytes were selected by the point –quadrant method and their attributes analyzed as variables in association with bromeliads species number through multivariate analyses. Five bromeliad species were found in capoeira, eight in capoeirão and eleven in secondary forest. The floristic similarity was higher between capoeirão and secondary forest, with species and genera changes and substitutions in the successive stages of forest regeneration. The bromeliads presented direct correlations with phorophytes total height, indicating that the time is a important factor in epiphytic bromeliads colonization.O presente estudo teve o objetivo de caracterizar a ocorrência de bromélias epifíticas em quatro estádios sucessionais (capoeirinha, capoeira, capoeirão e floresta secundária) da Floresta Ombrófila Densa em encostas da Ilha de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brasil. As bromélias foram classificadas em grupos de ocorrência ampla e restrita de acordo com a amplitude de sua distribuição. Os forófitos foram selecionados através do método de pontos quadrantes, e suas características foram analisadas em associação com o número de espécies de bromélias, através da análise multivariada. Foram registradas cinco espécies de bromélias na capoeira, oito no capoeirão e onze na floresta secundária. A similaridade foi maior entre o capoeirão e a floresta secundária, com trocas e substituições de espécies e gêneros nos sucessivos estádios de regeneração da floresta. As bromélias apresentaram correlações diretas com a altura total dos forófitos, indicando que o tempo é um fator importante na colonização de bromélias epifíticas

DIVERSIDADE E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DE BROMELIÁCEAS EPIFÍTICAS DO ALTÍSSIMO RIO TIBAGI – PARANÁ – BRASIL

The present study aims to characterize the diversity and the spatial distribution of epiphytic bromeliads on the region of the high Tibagi river, considering geomorphologic, pedologic, climatic and vegetacional factors. The phytossociological evaluation was achieved with installation of variable number of plots in the three study areas. The floristic survey was complemented by observations in adjacent areas, respecting the geomorphologic, pedologic and vegetacional compartimentation. Eleven bromeliad species were found in total, being seven species in headwater of Tibagi river area, eight in canyon area and nine in the forest of the Bugio river estuary. The richness was related, mainly, with the macro and microclimatic conditions. The humidity supplied by clouds and rains formed in the cuesta of the second platean, as will as, in microscale, the atmospheric humidity generated by canyons waterfalls and originated of the Organossolos water, is the fundamental climatic factor in the definition of the found standards. Considering the species horizontal distribution, the bromeliads reduction of the closer portion to the stream to the most distant ones is related to the microclimatic gradient, formed by the decreasing of relative humidity associated with luminosity.O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade e a distribuição espacial das bromeliáceas epifíticas na região do altíssimo rio Tibagi, considerando os fatores geomorfológicos, pedológicos, climáticos e vegetacionais. A avaliação fitossociológica das bromeliáceas foi realizada mediante instalação de parcelas em número variável nas três áreas de estudo. O levantamento florístico foi complementado por observações nas áreas adjacentes às parcelas, respeitando a compartimentação geomorfológica, pedológica e vegetacional. Foram registradas onze espécies de bromeliáceas no total, tendo sido sete delas observadas na área da cabeceira do rio Tibagi, oito no cânion e nove na floresta da foz do rio Bugio. A riqueza foi relacionada, principalmente, com as condições macro e microclimáticas. A umidade fornecida pelas nuvens e chuvas formadas na cuesta do segundo planalto, assim como, em microescala, a umidade atmosférica gerada pelas cachoeiras existentes no cânion e originada da evaporação da água dos Organossolos, é o fator climático fundamental na definição dos padrões encontrados. Considerando a distribuição horizontal das espécies, a diminuição de bromeliáceas da porção mais próxima ao canal para a mais distante está atrelada ao gradiente microclimático, formado pela redução em umidade relativa associada à diminuição em luminosidade. Palavras-chave: Bromeliáceas; distribuição espacial; umidade; rio Tibagi.   Abstract Diversity and spatial distribution of epiphytic bromeliads of the high Tibagi river, Paraná, Brazil. The present study aims to characterize the diversity and the spatial distribution of epiphytic bromeliads on the region of the high Tibagi river, considering geomorphologic, pedologic, climatic and vegetacional factors. The phytossociological evaluation was achieved with installation of variable number of plots in the three study areas. The floristic survey was complemented by observations in adjacent areas, respecting the geomorphologic, pedologic and vegetacional compartimentation. Eleven bromeliad species were found in total, being seven species in headwater of Tibagi river area, eight in canyon area and nine in the forest of the Bugio river estuary. The richness was related, mainly, with the macro and microclimatic conditions. The humidity supplied by clouds and rains formed in the cuesta of the second platean, as will as, in microscale, the atmospheric humidity generated by canyons waterfalls and originated of the Organossolos water, is the fundamental climatic factor in the definition of the found standards. Considering the species horizontal distribution, the bromeliads reduction of the closer portion to the stream to the most distant ones is related to the microclimatic gradient, formed by the decreasing of relative humidity associated with luminosity.Keywords: Bromeliads; spatial distribution; humidity; Tibagi river

Abstract Structure and diversity of the arboreal synusia on a hillside forest, on Serra do Itajai National Park, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil.

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar um segmento arbóreo/arbustivo de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana em paisagem de encosta, a partir da margem de um ribeirão em Blumenau/SC, em solos não hidromórficos, bem como analisar sua estrutura associando-se as características geopedológicas. Realizou-se contextualização pedossequencial da encosta, ao longo da qual foram instaladas 33 parcelas de 100 m2 cada, amostrando-se todos os indivíduos com PAP ≥ 15 cm. Foram calculados parâmetros fitossociológicos e índice de diversidade, assim como elaboraram-se gráficos de altura das espécies por terço da encosta e confeccionou-se a curva de rarefação de espécies, para comparar com outros levantamentos fitossociológicos da Bacia Hidrográfica do Itajaí. Foram identificados, nos terços inferior, médio e superior da encosta, Neossolo Flúvico, Neossolo Regolítico e Cambissolo Háplico, respectivamente. Foram amostradas 114 espécies, representadas principalmente por Myrtaceae, Lauraceae e Rubiaceae. O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H’) foi elevado (4,13 nats/ind). A altura das espécies diminuiu do terço inferior para o superior da encosta. A curva de rarefação formou dois grupos de similaridade. Conclui-se que a área pesquisada possui elevada riqueza e que a heterogeneidade física da encosta influenciou a altura e a inclinação da vegetação ao longo da mesma, apresentando padrões de riqueza diferentes, em comparação com áreas próximas.Palavras-chave: Fitossociologia; floresta de encosta; Mata Atlântica; pedossequência; Blumenau. AbstractStructure and diversity of the arboreal synusia on a hillside forest, on Serra do Itajai National Park, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. This study aims to characterize the tree/shrub synusiae of a part of Dense Submontane Ombrophylous Forest located on a non-hydromorphic hillside at the margins of Garcia Pequeno River, Blumenau, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Thirty three quadrat plots (100 m²) were installed, and all individuals with PBH ≥ 15 cm were sampled. Phytosociological parameters and diversity index were calculated, and a rarefaction curve was constructed in order to compare the results with others phytosociological surveyed in the region nearby. At lower, middle and upper third slope, were described, Fluvic Neossol, Entisol and Haplic Cambisol, respectively. One-hundred and four species were sampled, represented mainly by Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, and Rubiaceae. Shannon diversity index (H´) was high (4.3 nats/ind), as well as the specific richness compared with other studies. Mass movement factors influencing pedon characteristics appears to affect vegetation community characteristics, such as average height of individuals, which tends to decrease on the upper third of the hillside.Keywords: Phytosociological; hillside forest; Atlantic Rain Forest; toposequence; Blumenau.This study aims to characterize the tree/shrub synusiae of a part of Dense Submontane Ombrophylous Forest located on a non-hydromorphic hillside at the margins of Garcia Pequeno River, Blumenau, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Thirty three quadrat plots (100 m²) were installed, and all individuals with PBH ≥ 15 cm were sampled. Phytosociological parameters and diversity index were calculated, and a rarefaction curve was constructed in order to compare the results with others phytosociological surveyed in the region nearby. At lower, middle and upper third slope, were described, Fluvic Neossol, Entisol and Haplic Cambisol, respectively. One-hundred and four species were sampled, represented mainly by Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, and Rubiaceae. Shannon diversity index (H´) was high (4.3 nats/ind), as well as the specific richness compared with other studies. Mass movement factors influencing pedon characteristics appears to affect vegetation community characteristics, such as average height of individuals, which tends to decrease on the upper third of the hillside.Keywords: Phytosociological; hillside forest; Atlantic Rain Forest; toposequence; Blumenau

RECOMENDAÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS NATIVAS, POR TIPO DE SOLO, PARA RECUPERAÇÃO AMBIENTAL DAS MARGENS DA REPRESA DO RIO IRAÍ, PINHAIS, PR

The building of water sinks next to big urban centers is an increasing reality nowadays. This type of undertaking generally causes great pression on riparian forests, out coming the necessity of planting just above maximum reference of flooding that can compensate that vegetation’s suppression. This work aims to recommend the selection of native trees species for plantations, considering its adaptation to the soil hidromorphy level of the landscapes bounding to the Iraí water sink, located in Pinhais, Paraná State.A construção de reservatórios de água próximos aos grandes centros urbanos é uma realidade crescente nos dias atuais. Esse tipo de empreendimento, em geral, causa forte supressão de florestas fluviais, gerando, portanto, a necessidade de plantios logo acima da cota de máxima inundação que venham a compensar a mencionada supressão. Este trabalho tem por objetivo recomendar espécies arbóreas nativas para plantios, considerando grau de adaptabilidade dessas ao nível de hidromorfia dos solos presentes nas paisagens circunjacentes ao reservatório do rio Iraí, localizado no município de Pinhais, Paraná

A FLORESTA FLUVIAL EM DOIS COMPARTIMENTOS DO RIO IGUAÇU, PARANÁ, BRASIL

This work aimed to demonstrate that geomorphic and pedologic factors, resulting from the interactions of geologic and climatic conditions, can determine important changes on the floristic composition of the same phytogeographic unit. Research was done considering geomorphic sites on aggradation and degradation surfaces, type of soils and their attributes, mainly considering the hydraulic saturation level, besides phytosociologics analyses on two segments on the floodplains of Iguaçu River, near by Curitiba and Uniao da Vitoria, PR. It was observed that floristic composition and distribution form of the riparian forests were directly related to the attributes studied. Among geomorphic characteristics the most important are form and height of the geomorphic features, those combined with soil texture and saturated permeability determine the water table depth, which is the most selective factor of the vegetative cover.Este trabalho teve por objetivo demonstrar que os fatores geomorfológicos e pedológicos, decorrentes da interação de condições geológicas e climáticas, podem determinar mudanças importantes na composição florística dentro da mesma unidade fitogeográfica. Para tanto, foram efetuadas pesquisas integradas entre as feições geomórficas existentes em superfícies de agradação e de degradação, tipos de solos e seus atributos, com ênfase ao grau de saturação hídrica, além de análises fitossociológicas em dois compartimentos da planície fluvial do rio Iguaçu, próximos a Curitiba e a União da Vitória (PR). Foi verificado que tanto a florística como a estrutura e a ocupação das florestas fluviais estão diretamente condicionadas às características geomorfológicas e pedológicas. Dentre as características geomorfológicas, sobressaem a forma e o grau de alçamento das feições, as quais, combinadas à textura e à permeabilidade saturada dos solos, determinam o nível de saturação hídrica, que, por sua vez, é o principal fator de seletividade à cobertura vegetacional

RELAÇÕES DE BROMELIÁCEAS EPIFÍTICAS COM FATORES AMBIENTAIS EM PLANÍCIES DE INUNDAÇÃO DO RIO IGUAÇU, PARANÁ, BRASIL

Um total de 14 espécies de bromeliáceas epifíticas foi registrado na planície do rio Iguaçu, sendo algumas exclusivas da Floresta Ombrófila Densa, outras da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e um terceiro grupo comum às duas unidades fitogeográficas. O número de espécies diminuiu para jusante do rio, em coerência à equivalente redução na disponibilidade hídrica definida pelos tipos climáticos. As superfícies geomórficas de degradação apresentaram os maiores índices de diversidade, em conformidade ao seu maior tempo de formação e presença de solos semi e não-hidromórficos. Em escala local, a largura máxima da planície e a largura média do rio estão negativamente correlacionadas com a riqueza de bromeliáceas, o que remete à existência de forte intervenção antrópica. A proximidade dos forófitos com o rio influencia positivamente a riqueza de bromeliáceas, provavelmente pelo aumento em umidade e luminosidade. Do mesmo modo, os forófitos com os maiores diâmetros de fuste apresentam maior riqueza de bromeliáceas, indicando, principalmente, que o tempo de exposição do substrato é importante, o que concorda com a literatura. A manutenção de florestas próximas aos cursos de água e grandes indivíduos arbóreos é fundamental para a preservação de bromeliáceas epifíticas nas planícies do rio Iguaçu. Palavras-chave: Planície fluvial; clima; solos; umidade; diâmetros arbóreos.   Abstract Relationships of epiphytic bromeliads with environmental factors at Iguaçu river floodplains, Parana, Brazil. A total of 14 epiphytic bromeliad species have been recorded at Iguaçu river floodplain, some being exclusive to the Ombrophilous Dense Forest, others to the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, and one third group common to the two vegetation types. The species number decreased downstream along the river, in coherence to the equivalent reduction in the water availability defined by the climatic types. The degradation geomorphic surfaces presented the highest diversity indexes, which can be associated to the longest developing time of these geomorphic features and the presence of non-hydromorphic and semihydromorphic soils. In local scale, the maximum width of the floodplain and the average width of the river are negatively correlated with bromeliad richness, which is associated to strong anthropogenic disturbance. The proximity of the phorophytes with the river influenced positively bromeliad richness, probably, through the humidity and luminosity increment. At the same way, the phorophytes with the largest diameters presented greater richness of bromeliads, indicating, principally, that the time of exposition of substrate is important, what agrees with literature. The maintenance of forests close to streams and large trees is fundamental to epiphytic bromeliad conservation purposes at Iguaçu river floodplains. Keywords: River floodplain; climate; soils; humidity; arboreal diameters.A total of 14 epiphytic bromeliad species have been recorded at Iguaçu river floodplain, some being exclusive to the Ombrophilous Dense Forest, others to the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, and one third group common to the two vegetation types. The species number decreased downstream along the river, in coherence to the equivalent reduction in the water availability defined by the climatic types. The degradation geomorphic surfaces presented the highest diversity indexes, which can be associated to the longest developing time of these geomorphic features and the presence of non-hydromorphic and semihydromorphic soils. In local scale, the maximum width of the floodplain and the average width of the river are negatively correlated with bromeliad richness, which is associated to strong anthropogenic disturbance. The proximity of the phorophytes with the river influenced positively bromeliad richness, probably, through the humidity and luminosity increment. At the same way, the phorophytes with the largest diameters presented greater richness of bromeliads, indicating, principally, that the time of exposition of substrate is important, what agrees with literature. The maintenance of forests close to streams and large trees is fundamental to epiphytic bromeliad conservation purposes at Iguaçu river floodplains

COMPARTIMENTAÇÃO TOPOSSEQÜENCIAL E CARACTERIZAÇÃO FITOSSOCIOLÓGICA DE UM CAPÃO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA

This work aim to characterize flora composition and structure of a copse, in Quatro Barras County, located in steppe area in first highland of Paraná, considering soil and topographic relief conditions. Based on the definition of compartments in the environment, that considered the forms and declivities of the slopes and the characteristics of soil, parcels for trees sampling had been installed. The species had answered in diversity and density to the different conditions of drainage of Cambissolos and Gleissolos of the copse. Podocarpus lambertii demonstrated high adaptability to soil with different moistures regimes, while Myrcia laruotteana presented narrow relation with water saturated soil. The environmental segmentation based on geomorphology and soil types showed to be fundamental aspect to better understand plants species distribution on the landscape.Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a composição e estrutura florística de um capão de floresta no município de Quatro Barras, inserido em Estepe do Primeiro Planalto Paranaense, relacionando relevo e solos. Com base na definição de compartimentos no ambiente, que considerou as formas e declividades das rampas e as características dos solos, foram instaladas parcelas para amostragem das árvores. As espécies responderam em diversidade e densidade às diferentes condições de drenagem dos Cambissolos e Gleissolos do capão. Podocarpus lambertii demonstrou elevada adaptabilidade a solos com diferentes regimes de saturação hídrica, enquanto Myrcia laruotteana apresentou relação estreita com solos saturados hidricamente. A compartimentação ambiental com base em geomorfologia e solos mostrou ser um quesito fundamental para a melhor compreensão da distribuição das espécies vegetais na paisagem