PISCOeo_pm, a reference evapotranspiration gridded database based on FAO Penman-Monteith in Peru

A new FAO Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration gridded dataset is introduced, called PISCOeo_pm. PISCOeo_pm has been developed for the 1981–2016 period at ~1 km (0.01°) spatial resolution for the entire continental Peruvian territory. The framework for the development of PISCOeo_pm is based on previously generated gridded data of meteorological subvariables such as air temperature (maximum and minimum), sunshine duration, dew point temperature, and wind speed. Different steps, i.e., (i) quality control, (ii) gap-filling, (iii) homogenization, and (iv) spatial interpolation, were applied to the subvariables. Based on the results of an independent validation, on average, PISCOeo_pm exhibits better precision than three existing gridded products (CRU_TS, TerraClimate, and ERA5-Land) because it presents a predictive capacity above the average observed using daily and monthly data and has a higher spatial resolution. Therefore, PISCOeo_pm is useful for better understanding the terrestrial water and energy balances in Peru as well as for its application in fields such as climatology, hydrology, and agronomy, among others

Acclimatation des arbres forestiers au vent : de la perception du vent à ses conséquences sur la croissance et le dimensionnement des tiges.

Storms are by far the major hazard damaging the trees. However, trees do not just behave passively in the wind. They sense their own strains under the influence of an external force such as wind andrespond by modifying their growth and the mechanical properties of their tissues. But this process, called thigmomorphogenesis, has mainly been studied in very young trees in controlled conditions. This thesis aims to expand for the first time such studies at the scale of a forest stand in order to understand how adult trees acclimate to the wind in natural conditions by adapting their growth. It relies on an experimental set up in a regular stand of beech (Fagus sylvatica) which have never be thinned. The wind speed, the longitudinal strains and the radial growth of fifteen pairs of trees with contrasted sizes and wind exposures (split into two social status, dominant and suppressed trees) were monitored for one year. By controlling the strain intensity experienced by the trees, either by guying or by additional bendings, we show that the trees respond only to mechanical stimulation caused by rather strong winds with a return period higher than a week. This response leads however to a very strong increase in radial growth. And it follows a law of mecano-sensing uniform among the trees, regardless of their sizes. We then studied the effects of the strain regulation on the mechanical design of the trees and the potential risk of stem breakage. Despite the contrasted sizes and wind exposures, the strain regime remained uniform within the beech stand, in agreement with the hypothesis of an optimal mechanical design often inferred but never validated in its mechanism. Finally, the constitutive equations of a possible growth model dependent on wind are proposed and discussed.Les tempêtes sont de loin la première cause de dégâts pour les arbres. Toutefois ceux-ci ne font pas que subir passivement le vent. Ils perçoivent leurs propres déformations sous l'effet du vent (comme de toute force externe) et y répondent en modifiant leur croissance et les propriétés mécaniques de leurs tissus. Mais ce processus, appelé thigmomorphogénèse, a surtout été étudié sur de très jeunes arbres en conditions contrôlées. Cette thèse vise à étendre pour la première fois cette étude à l'échelle d'un peuplement forestier afin de comprendre comment des arbres adultes s'acclimatent au vent en conditions naturelles en adaptant leur croissance. Elle s'appuie sur un dispositif expérimental mis en place dans un peuplement régulier de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) non éclairci. La vitesse du vent, les déformations longitudinales et la croissance radiale de quinze paires d'arbres de dimension et d'exposition au vent contrastées (et regroupés selon leur statut social dominant ou dominé) ont été suivies pendant une année. En contrôlant l'intensité des déformations subies, par haubanage ou à l'aide de flexions artificielles, nous avons pu démontrer que les arbres ne répondent qu'à des stimulations mécaniques provoquées par des vents suffisamment forts ayant un temps de retour supérieur à la semaine. Cette réponse se traduit par contre par une très forte augmentation de leur croissance radiale et suit une loi de mécano-perception commune à l'ensemble des arbres, quelle que soit leur taille. Nous avons ensuite étudié les conséquences de la régulation des déformations sur le dimensionnement mécanique des arbres et leur risque d’endommagement. Il s'avère que malgré des dimensions et des expositions au vent contrastées, le régime de déformation reste uniforme entre les hêtres du peuplement, en accord avec l'hypothèse d'un dimensionnement mécanique optimal souvent inférée mais jamais validée dans son mécanisme. Finalement, les équations constitutives d'un possible modèle de croissance dépendant du vent sont proposées et discutées

Tree acclimation to wind in forest stands : from wind sensing to its consequences on the growth and the stems mechanical design.

Les tempêtes sont de loin la première cause de dégâts pour les arbres. Toutefois ceux-ci ne font pas que subir passivement le vent. Ils perçoivent leurs propres déformations sous l'effet du vent (comme de toute force externe) et y répondent en modifiant leur croissance et les propriétés mécaniques de leurs tissus. Mais ce processus, appelé thigmomorphogénèse, a surtout été étudié sur de très jeunes arbres en conditions contrôlées. Cette thèse vise à étendre pour la première fois cette étude à l'échelle d'un peuplement forestier afin de comprendre comment des arbres adultes s'acclimatent au vent en conditions naturelles en adaptant leur croissance. Elle s'appuie sur un dispositif expérimental mis en place dans un peuplement régulier de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) non éclairci. La vitesse du vent, les déformations longitudinales et la croissance radiale de quinze paires d'arbres de dimension et d'exposition au vent contrastées (et regroupés selon leur statut social dominant ou dominé) ont été suivies pendant une année. En contrôlant l'intensité des déformations subies, par haubanage ou à l'aide de flexions artificielles, nous avons pu démontrer que les arbres ne répondent qu'à des stimulations mécaniques provoquées par des vents suffisamment forts ayant un temps de retour supérieur à la semaine. Cette réponse se traduit par contre par une très forte augmentation de leur croissance radiale et suit une loi de mécano-perception commune à l'ensemble des arbres, quelle que soit leur taille. Nous avons ensuite étudié les conséquences de la régulation des déformations sur le dimensionnement mécanique des arbres et leur risque d’endommagement. Il s'avère que malgré des dimensions et des expositions au vent contrastées, le régime de déformation reste uniforme entre les hêtres du peuplement, en accord avec l'hypothèse d'un dimensionnement mécanique optimal souvent inférée mais jamais validée dans son mécanisme. Finalement, les équations constitutives d'un possible modèle de croissance dépendant du vent sont proposées et discutées.Storms are by far the major hazard damaging the trees. However, trees do not just behave passively in the wind. They sense their own strains under the influence of an external force such as wind andrespond by modifying their growth and the mechanical properties of their tissues. But this process, called thigmomorphogenesis, has mainly been studied in very young trees in controlled conditions. This thesis aims to expand for the first time such studies at the scale of a forest stand in order to understand how adult trees acclimate to the wind in natural conditions by adapting their growth. It relies on an experimental set up in a regular stand of beech (Fagus sylvatica) which have never be thinned. The wind speed, the longitudinal strains and the radial growth of fifteen pairs of trees with contrasted sizes and wind exposures (split into two social status, dominant and suppressed trees) were monitored for one year. By controlling the strain intensity experienced by the trees, either by guying or by additional bendings, we show that the trees respond only to mechanical stimulation caused by rather strong winds with a return period higher than a week. This response leads however to a very strong increase in radial growth. And it follows a law of mecano-sensing uniform among the trees, regardless of their sizes. We then studied the effects of the strain regulation on the mechanical design of the trees and the potential risk of stem breakage. Despite the contrasted sizes and wind exposures, the strain regime remained uniform within the beech stand, in agreement with the hypothesis of an optimal mechanical design often inferred but never validated in its mechanism. Finally, the constitutive equations of a possible growth model dependent on wind are proposed and discussed

Impacts of forestation on water and soils in the Andes: What do we know?

Bonnesoeur V., Locatelli B., Ochoa-Tocachi B.F., 2018. Impacts of forestation on water and soils in the Andes: What do we know? CIFOR Info Brief 237 doi:10.17528/cifor/00707

Impacts du boisement sur l'eau et les sols dans les Andes : Que savons-nous ?

Resumen de políticas, Proyecto "Infraestructura Natural para la Seguridad Hídrica" (INSH), Forest Trends, Lima, Per

Habituation to wind as a prime driver of secondary growth in forest trees: How trees filter chronic wind-signals to acclimate strongly to high winds

Controlled experiments have shown that secondary growth is extremely sensitive to static bending strains. However, the strain regime in nature is more complex, due to a full spectrum of winds. We hypothesized that ii) the sensing of wind-induced strains is a major driver of wood production in forest conditions and ii) trees avoid overreacting by responding only to winds which bring information on exposure to high wind.To assess hypothesis 1, the strain regimes of beech trees in an un-thinned acclimated stand was manipulated by comparing trees free to sway with guyed trees (as a control treatment for the effects of all the factors but wind-induced trunk bending). Radial growth was then monitored during 3 years using dendrometers. Depending on the wind regime of each year, wind-induced strains increased radial growth by +37% à +95 % by. Wind is thus a major driver of wood growth even in conditions of competition for the access to light.To investigate possible wind habituation, we submitted the unguyed trees to artificial bending with strain magnitudes mimicking the magnitude of wind with various mean return time during the leaf-on period, ranging from the mean daily (thermal) winds to the strong winds that occur once to twice a year [2]. It was found that trees only responded to the unusual wind events, but responded massively to it ( + 76 to + 156 % depending on the social status). Tree acclimation to wind is thus forced through a strain filter enhancing the detection of unusual wind events. It is argued that such habituation requires a memory, and allows trees to get a more relevant information for the estimation of their exposure to wind hazards

Development of a monitoring system for the assessment of Wetlands using Earth Observation

Proceedings of the 3rd IAHR Young Professionals Congress. Online. 28 November - 2 December 2022</p

Modeling the acclimation to wind of the aerial part of beech

International audienc