Les préparations anatomiques d’anthropologie au milieu du xixe siècle

La collection formée à partir de 1839 pour la chaire d’Anthropologie du Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Paris comprenait des préparations anatomiques sèches dont plusieurs ont eu un rôle essentiel dans l’illustration des théories anthropologiques de l’époque. Les auteurs présentent succinctement, dans ce contexte, les valeurs et enjeux des matériaux du corps humain en tant que matière d’un discours.The collection assembled from 1839 onwards for the anthropology department of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, included dried anatomical preparations, several of which played a fundamental role in illustrating anthropological theories of the day. In this context, the authors thus present a succinct account of the values and risks of bodily materials as a subject for scientific discourse

Les préparations anatomiques d’anthropologie au milieu du xixe siècle

La collection formée à partir de 1839 pour la chaire d’Anthropologie du Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Paris comprenait des préparations anatomiques sèches dont plusieurs ont eu un rôle essentiel dans l’illustration des théories anthropologiques de l’époque. Les auteurs présentent succinctement, dans ce contexte, les valeurs et enjeux des matériaux du corps humain en tant que matière d’un discours.The collection assembled from 1839 onwards for the anthropology department of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, included dried anatomical preparations, several of which played a fundamental role in illustrating anthropological theories of the day. In this context, the authors thus present a succinct account of the values and risks of bodily materials as a subject for scientific discourse

Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on nutritive swallowing in lambs

Current knowledge suggests that, to be successful, oral feeding in preterm infants should be initiated as soon as possible, often at an age where immature respiration still requires ventilatory support in the form of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). While some neonatologist teams claim great success with initiation of oral feeding in immature infants with nCPAP, others strictly wait for this ventilatory support to be no longer necessary before any attempt at oral feeding, fearing laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide a first assessment of the effect of various levels of nCPAP on bottle-feeding in a neonatal ovine model, including feeding safety, feeding efficiency, and nutritive swallowing-breathing coordination. Eight lambs born at term were surgically instrumented 48 h after birth to collect recordings of electrical activity of laryngeal constrictor muscle, electrocardiography, and arterial blood gases. Two days after surgery, lambs were bottle-fed under five randomized nCPAP conditions, including without any nCPAP or nasal mask and nCPAP of 0, 4, 7, and 10 cmH(2)O. Results revealed that application of nCPAP in the full-term lamb had no deleterious effect on feeding safety and efficiency or on nutritive swallowing-breathing coordination. The present study provides a first and unique insight on the effect of nCPAP on oral feeding, demonstrating its safety in newborn lambs born at term. These results open the way for further research in preterm lambs to better mimic the problems encountered in neonatology

Genome-wide association for milk production and lactation curve parameters in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with 305-day milk yield and lactation curve parameters on primiparous (n = 9,910) and multiparous (n = 11,158) Holstein cows. The SNP solutions were estimated using a weighted single-step genomic BLUP approach and imputed high-density panel (777k) genotypes. The proportion of genetic variance explained by windows of 50 consecutive SNP (with an average of 165 Kb) was calculated, and regions that accounted for more than 0.50% of the variance were used to search for candidate genes. Estimated heritabilities were 0.37, 0.34, 0.17, 0.12, 0.30 and 0.19, respectively, for 305-day milk yield, peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay for primiparous cows. Genetic correlations of 305-day milk yield with peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay in primiparous cows were 0.99, 0.63, 0.20, 0.97 and -0.52, respectively. The results identified three windows on BTA14 associated with 305-day milk yield and the parameters of lactation curve in primi- and multiparous cows. Previously proposed candidate genes for milk yield supported by this work include GRINA, CYHR1, FOXH1, TONSL, PPP1R16A, ARHGAP39, MAF1, OPLAH and MROH1, whereas newly identified candidate genes are MIR2308, ZNF7, ZNF34, SLURP1, MAFA and KIFC2 (BTA14). The protein lipidation biological process term, which plays a key role in controlling protein localization and function, was identified as the most important term enriched by the identified genes

Expert-based development of a generic HACCP-based risk management system to prevent critical negative energy balance in dairy herds

The objective of this study was to develop a generic risk management system based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles for the prevention of critical negative energy balance (NEB) in dairy herds using an expert panel approach. In addition, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the system in terms of implementation in the individual dairy herd. For the expert panel, we invited 30 researchers and advisors with expertise in the field of dairy cow feeding and/or health management from eight European regions. They were invited to a Delphi-based set-up that included three inter-correlated questionnaires in which they were asked to suggest risk factors for critical NEB and to score these based on 'effect' and 'probability'. Finally, the experts were asked to suggest critical control points (CCPs) specified by alarm values, monitoring frequency and corrective actions related to the most relevant risk factors in an operational farm setting. A total of 12 experts (40 %) completed all three questionnaires. Of these 12 experts, seven were researchers and five were advisors and in total they represented seven out of the eight European regions addressed in the questionnaire study. When asking for suggestions on risk factors and CCPs, these were formulated as 'open questions', and the experts' suggestions were numerous and overlapping. The suggestions were merged via a process of linguistic editing in order to eliminate doublets. The editing process revealed that the experts provided a total of 34 CCPs for the 11 risk factors they scored as most important. The consensus among experts was relatively high when scoring the most important risk factors, while there were more diverse suggestions of CCPs with specification of alarm values and corrective actions. We therefore concluded that the expert panel approach only partly succeeded in developing a generic HACCP for critical NEB in dairy cows. We recommend that the output of this paper is used to inform key areas for implementation on the individual dairy farm by local farm teams including farmers and their advisors, who together can conduct herd-specific risk factor profiling, organise the ongoing monitoring of herd-specific CCPs, as well as implement corrective actions when CCP alarm values are exceeded

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

Evaluation à un instant donné de l'opportunité d'hospitalisation à domicile pour les patients hospitalisés en gériatrie ou suivis par l'équipe mobile de gériatrie au cours du mois de décembre 2008, au CHRU de Lille

LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Quelle démocratisation des grandes écoles depuis le milieu des années 2000 ?

Ce rapport documente, de manière aussi précise que possible, l’évolution du recrutement des classes préparatoires et des grandes écoles depuis le milieu des années 2000. L’étude privilégie une approche quantitative s’appuyant sur un ensemble très riche de données administratives qui n’ont pas jusqu’à ce jour été exploitées de manière systématique. Ces données sont mobilisées pour caractériser l’évolution du profil des étudiants de ces formations selon plusieurs dimensions : leur origine sociale, leur genre, leur origine géographique et leur parcours scolaire antérieur

Droit financier 1ère édition

International audienc

Grandes écoles : quelle « ouverture » depuis le milieu des années 2000 ?

https://www.ipp.eu/publication/janvier-2021-grandes-ecoles-quelle-ouverture-depuis-le-milieu-des-annees-2000/ publication parue dans notes IPP n 61Financeurs : Cette étude a été réalisée dans le cadre de l’appel à projets de recherche DEPP-SIES intitulé « Filières sélectives et mobilité sociale ». Elle a bénéficié du soutien financier de la Direction de l’évaluation, de la prospective et de la performance du ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de la Jeunesse et des Sports (MENJS-DEPP) et de la Sous-direction des systèmes d’information et des études statistiques du ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation (MESRI-SIES).Résumé : Grâce à des données riches et inédites, cette note documente l’évolution du recrutement des grandes écoles depuis le milieu des années 2000, selon plusieurs dimensions : composition sociale, origine géographique des étudiants et répartition filles/garçons. Malgré les dispositifs d’ « ouverture » qui ont été mis en place par certaines grandes écoles pour tenter de diversifier le profil de leurs étudiants, leur base de recrutement est restée très étroite et n’a guère évolué au cours des quinze dernières années. Alors que leurs effectifs ont fortement augmenté au cours de la période, ces institutions d’élite sont restées presque entièrement fermées aux élèves issus de milieux sociaux défavorisés, la part des étudiants non franciliens n’a pas progressé et les filles y demeurent sous-représentées. Cette permanence des inégalités d’accès aux grandes écoles ne s’explique qu’en partie par les écarts de performance scolaire entre les groupes considérés. Elle trouve sa source, en amont, dans l’absence de diversication du recrutement des classes préparatoires et des écoles post-bac. L’impuissance des dispositifs d’ouverture sociale mis en oeuvre depuis le milieu des années 2000 à amorcer une démocratisation des grandes écoles met en lumière les limites de l’approche qui a jusqu’à présent été privilégiée : un foisonnement d’initiatives locales, sans réelle coordination nationale et rarement évaluées. Ce constat d’échec invite à repenser les leviers qui pourraient être mobilisés pour diversifier le recrutement des filières sélectives et favoriser une plus grande circulation des élites