Programa preventivo para mejorar la autoestima en adolescentes del nivel secundario de una institución educativa de la provincia de Carhuaz 2022

La propuesta del programa, es un estudio de tipo descriptivo – propositivo con el objetivo de proponer un programa preventivo para mejorar la autoestima en adolescentes del nivel secundario de una institución educativa de la provincia de carhuaz 2022. La muestra estuvo conformada por 153 estudiantes adolescentes del segundo año del nivel secundario de una institución Educativa Publica, El instrumento aplicado fue el inventario de Autoestima Forma Escolar de Coopersmith (1967), el cual se utiliza para medir la autoestima de los adolescentes en sus diferentes niveles. Para el análisis de datos se trabajó con el Software SPSS. Como resultado se obtuvo que el 41,8% de los alumnos presentan un nivel bajo de autoestima, un 28,8 presentan nivel promedio y un 29,4 de ellos tiene una autoestima alta, esto nos menciona que existe un grupo grande de los adolescentes que presentan una baja autoestima

Prenatal aromatase inhibition alters postnatal immunity in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus)

In birds, exposure to exogenous testosterone during embryonic development can suppress measures of immune function; however, it is unclear whether these effects are due to direct or indirect action via aromatization. Estradiol (E2) is synthesized from testosterone by the enzyme aromatase, and this conversion is a necessary step in many signaling pathways that are ostensibly testosterone-dependent. Many lines of evidence in mammals indicate that E2 can affect immune function. We tested the hypothesis that some of the immunomodulatory effects observed in response to in ovo testosterone exposure in birds are mediated by conversion to E2 by aromatase, by using fadrozole to inhibit aromatization of endogenous testosterone during a crucial period of embryonic immune system development in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). We then measured total IgY antibody count, response to PHA challenge, mass of thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and plasma testosterone post-hatch on days 3 and 18. Because testosterone has a reputation for immunosuppression, we predicted that if modulation of an immune measure by testosterone is dependent on aromatization, then inhibition of estrogen production by fadrozole treatment would lead to elevated measures of that parameter. Conversely, if testosterone inhibits an immune measure directly, then fadrozole treatment would likely not alter that parameter. Fadrozole treatment reduced circulating E2 in female embryos, but had no effect on males or on testosterone in either sex. Fadrozole-treated chicks had decreased day 3 plasma IgY antibody titers and a strong trend towards increased day 18 thymic mass. Furthermore, fadrozole treatment generated a positive relationship between testosterone and thymic mass in males, and tended to increase day 18 IgY levels for a given bursal mass in females. There was no effect on PHA response, bursal mass, or plasma testosterone at either age post-hatch. The alteration of several indicators of immune function in fadrozole-treated chicks implicates aromatization as a relevant pathway through which developmental exposure to testosterone can affect immunity in bird

A new framework for urban ecology: an integration of proximate and ultimate responses to anthropogenic change

As urban areas continue to grow, understanding how species respond and adapt to urban habitats is becoming increasingly important. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind observed phenotypic changes of urban-dwelling animals will enable us to better evaluate the impact of urbanization on current and future generations of wildlife and predict how animals respond to novel environments. Recently, urban ecology has emerged not only as a means of understanding organismal adaptation but also as a framework for exploring mechanisms mediating evolutionary phenomena. Here, we have identified four important research topics that will advance the field of urban ecology and shed light on the proximate and ultimate causes of the phenotypic differences commonly seen among species and populations that vary in their responses to urbanization. First, we address the ecological and socio-economic factors that characterize cities, how they might interact with each other, and how they affect urban species. Second, we ask which are the proximate mechanisms underlying the emergence over time of novel traits in urban organisms, focusing on developmental effects. Third, we emphasize the importance of understanding the ultimate causations that link phenotypic shifts to function. This question highlights the need to quantify the strength and direction of selection that urban individuals are exposed to, and whether the phenotypic shifts associated with life in the city are adaptive. Lastly, we stress the need to translate how individual-level responses scale up to population dynamics. Understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of variation among populations and species in their responses to urbanization will unravel species resilience to environmental perturbation, which will facilitate predictive models for sustainability and development of green cities that maintain or even increase urban biodiversity and wildlife health and wellbeing

Weathering the storm: parental effort and experimental manipulation of stress hormones predict brood survival

BACKGROUND:Unpredictable and inclement weather is increasing in strength and frequency, challenging organisms to respond adaptively. One way in which animals respond to environmental challenges is through the secretion of glucocorticoid stress hormones. These hormones mobilize energy stores and suppress non-essential physiological and behavioral processes until the challenge passes. To investigate the effects of glucocorticoids on reproductive decisions, we experimentally increased corticosterone levels (the primary glucocorticoid in birds) in free-living female tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, during the chick-rearing stage. Due to an unprecedented cold and wet breeding season, 90% of the nests in our study population failed, which created a unique opportunity to test how challenging environmental conditions interact with the physiological mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs.RESULTS:We found that exogenous corticosterone influenced the regulation of parental decisions in a context-dependent manner. Control and corticosterone-treated females had similar brood failure rates under unfavorable conditions (cold and rainy weather), but corticosterone treatment hastened brood mortality under more favorable conditions. Higher female nest provisioning rates prior to implantation were associated with increased probability of brood survival for treatment and control groups. However, higher pre-treatment male provisioning rates were associated with increased survival probability in the control group, but not the corticosterone-treated group.CONCLUSIONS:These findings reveal complex interactions between weather, female physiological state, and partner parental investment. Our results also demonstrate a causal relationship between corticosterone concentrations and individual reproductive behaviors, and point to a mechanism for why naturally disturbed populations, which experience multiple stressors, could be more susceptible and unable to respond adaptively to changing environmental conditions

MABO Electronics S.A.S. /

MABO ELECTRONICS surge desde el momento de ver la necesidad en el mercado tecnológico que puedan realizar y garantizar los trabajos bajo una supervisión legal y con el cumplimiento de las normas que lo rigen, ofreciendo a sus clientes un buen servicio con calidad, eficiencia, eficacia, responsabilidad social, asesoramiento técnico, tecnológico y especializado desde el momento de la compra hasta su puesta en marcha. Esta empresa buscar acercar el mercado de la tecnología a hogares, restaurantes, centros comerciales y en general establecimientos que requieran de los servicios que esta ofrece. Nuestro objetivo General en la empresa es ofrecer un servicio local en cuanto a calidad y celeridad en la asistencia en instalación y mantenimiento de redes de telecomunicaciones, sistemas de seguridad y sistemas de cómputo; para esto necesitamos conocer la situación de la zona de Cartagena en cuanto a redes y sistemas de seguridad a fin de detectar y establecer las posibilidades medios y recursos para asegurar una incorporación plena en el mercado. A nivel corporativo llegar a ser una empresa líder en calidad, servicio, eficiencia, eficacia y responsabilidad social. Generar una alta rentabilidad, con plena satisfacción de los clientes, además de una adecuada calificación y bienestar para nuestro recurso humano y Asistir a los clientes con mano de obra calificada y especializada, para lograr conseguir nuestros objetivos necesitamos de un personal altamente calificado y con conocimientos en el tema para ello contamos con dos ingenieros electrónicos, un tecnólogo en sistemas y un auxiliar de logística

ENERGETIC COSTS AND STRATEGIES OF POST‐JUVENAL MOLT IN AN EQUATORIAL BIRD, THE RUFOUS‐COLLARED SPARROW (ZONOTRICHIA CAPENSIS)

Abstract  ∙ Many tropical birds have slow‐paced life history strategies, exhibiting lower metabolic rates, reduced annual investment in reproduction, and longer lifespans relative to birds at higher latitudes. Life history strategies have been relatively well documented in adult individuals in the tropics, but we know comparatively little about the immature life history stage. Here we examine strategies of feather replacement (molt) and fattening in immature Rufous‐collared Sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) in a high elevation equatorial population, following a parallel, previous study on an arctic congener, the White‐crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). In captivity, Rufous‐ collared Sparrows incurred energetic costs of experimentally induced feather growth, similar to those previously described for Zonotrichia at higher latitudes. In contrast, free‐ranging immature Rufous‐collared Sparrows in natural molt had fat stores that declined over time, opposite to patterns evident in arctic Zonotrichia that fatten before migration. Equatorial birds in good condition molted more heavily (controlling for fat stores), suggesting that body condition limits the intensity of molt. Heavily molting equatorial sparrows also had lower amounts of fat (controlling for body condition), suggesting a trade‐off between allocation of resources to fat stores versus feather growth. Molt progressed slowly in Rufous‐collared Sparrows relative to previously described patterns in their arctic congener, which is concordant with a slower pace‐of‐life syndrome in tropical, as compared with high latitude, birds. Resumen ∙ Costos energéticos y estrategias de muda post‐juvenil en un ave ecuatorial, el Chingolo (Zonotrichia capensis) Muchas especies de aves tropicales presentan historias de vida lenta, exhibiendo bajas tasas metabólicas, esfuerzo reproductivo anual reducido, y mayor longevidad que las especies que habitan en latitudes más altas. La variación en historia de vida en especies tropicales ha sido bien documentada para individuos adultos, pero sabemos comparativa‐ mente poco de los individuos inmaduros. Aquí estudiamos las estrategias de muda y deposición de grasa en individuos inmaduros de Chingolo (Zonotrichia capensis) en una población ecuatorial de altura y comparamos los resultados con un estudio similar realizado en una población ártica del congénere Chingolo Coroniblanco (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). En cautiverio, individuos juveniles de Z. capensis incurrieron costos energéticos debidos a la muda inducida, similar lo encontrado en Z. leucophrys gambelii. En contraste, Z. capensis inmaduros mudando en libertad presentaron depósitos de grasa que disminuyeron a lo largo del tiempo, lo opuesto a Z. l. gambelii, que deposita más grasa antes de migrar. Z. capensis inmaduros en buen estado nutricional (controlando por diferencias en deposición de grasa) mudaron de manera más intensa, lo que sugiere que el estado nutricional limita la muda. Individuos inmaduros de Z. capensis mudando de manera intensa presentaron menor cantidad de grasa depositada (controlando por diferencias en estado nutricional), lo que sugiere un balance entre la deposición de grasa y la muda. La muda fue más lenta en la población ecuatorial de Z. capensis comparado con la de Z. l. gambelii, lo que concuerda con lo esperado debido a la historia de vida más lenta en aves tropicales

Planeamiento estratégico para prendas de vestir del Perú

La presente tesis es un plan estratégico referente a la industria de prendas de vestir. Luego de un análisis del entorno interno como externo de la industria se plantean los objetivos de largo plazo que respondan a la visión propuesta para la industria. Existe un gran mercado potencial en el mundo para la industria de prendas de vestir que se va incrementando con el paso del tiempo. Según un estudio realizado por McKinsey& Company (2017), en el 2025 la industria de las prendas de vestir llegará a un billón 376 mil millones dólares. Muchos son los factores condicionantes para esta industria, como la cultura, el crecimiento de las poblaciones, la moda, la estabilización económica de los países, por eso se torna un mercado en el que las empresas tienen que estar preparadas para el cambio rápido de las tendencias y coyuntura. Las principales estrategias a ser implementadas principalmente son las de tipo intensiva y de integración, ya que existe un mercado que aún no ha sido atendido en diferentes continentes. De esa manera, se podrán aprovechar las cortas distancias de los países vecinos para la exportación como también la innovación, y creación de productos de lujo para la exportación en los países de mayor crecimiento económico, como los europeos y los asiáticos. Sin embargo, no se debe descuidar al mayor mercado de exportación que es Estados Unidos y para el cual se deben desarrollar nuevos productos y conocer sus tendencias demográficas. Con estas estrategias, al 2027 el Perú estará entre los tres primeros exportadores en Latinoamérica con alrededor de US 2,500 millones, generando así empleo en el país y un gran prestigio en el rubro a nivel mundialIn this thesis, we have elaborated a strategic plan regarding the apparel industry. After an analysis of the internal and external environment of the industry, we have set out the long-term objectives that respond to the vision proposed for the industry. There is a large potential market in the world for the apparel industry that is increasing over time, according to a study by McKinsey & Company (2017); in 2025, the apparel industry will reach a 376 billion. There are many conditioning factors for this industry, such as culture, population growth, fashion, and economic stabilization of countries, so it becomes a market in which companies have to be prepared for the rapid change of Trends and conjuncture. The main strategies to be implemented are mainly intensive and integration, since there is a market that has not yet been served in different continents, so we can take advantage of the short distances of neighboring countries for export as well as innovation and creation of luxury products for export in the fastest-growing countries such as Europeans and Asians. However, we think that we should not neglect our largest export market that is USA and that we must develop new products and know the demographic trends of the same. With these strategies for 2027 Peru will be among the top three exporters in Latin America with about $ 2.5 billion a year, thus generating employment in the country and a great prestige in the worldTesi

Spatiotemporal Patterns in Nest Box Occupancy by Tree Swallows Across North America

Data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) suggest that populations of aerial insectivorous birds are declining, particularly in northeastern regions of the continent, and particularly since the mid-1980s. Species that use nest boxes, such as Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), may provide researchers with large data sets that better reveal finer-scale geographical patterns in population trends. We analyzed trends in occupancy rates for ca. 40,000 Tree Swallow nest-box-years from 16 sites across North America. The earliest site has been studied intensively since 1969 and the latest site since 2004. Nest box occupancy rates declined significantly at five of six (83%) sites east of -78° W longitude, whereas occupancy rates increased significantly at four of ten sites (40%) west of -78° W longitude. Decreasing box occupancy trends from the northeast were broadly consistent with aspects of a previous analysis of BBS data for Tree Swallows, but our finding of instances of increases in other parts of the continent are novel. Several questions remain, particularly with respect to causes of these broad-scale geographic changes in population densities of Tree Swallows. The broad geographic patterns are consistent with a hypothesis of widespread changes in climate on wintering, migratory, or breeding areas that in turn may differentially affect populations of aerial insects, but other explanations are possible. It is also unclear whether these changes in occupancy rates reflect an increase or decrease in overall populations of Tree Swallows. Regardless, important conservation steps will be to unravel causes of changing populations of aerial insectivores in North America

Neighbours' Breeding Success and the Sex Ratio of Their Offspring Affect the Mate Preferences of Female Zebra Finches

Several hypotheses on divorce predict that monogamous pairs should split up more frequently after a breeding failure. Yet, deviations from the expected pattern “success-stay, failure-leave” have been reported in several species. One possible explanation for these deviations would be that individuals do not use only their own breeding performance (i.e., private information) but also that of others (i.e., public information) to decide whether or not to divorce. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relative importance of private and public information for mate choice decisions in female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata).We manipulated the reproductive performance of breeding pairs and measured females' preferences for their mate and the neighbouring male first following pair formation and then seven weeks later when all females had laid eggs and the young were independent. Although all females reduced their preference for their mate after a breeding failure, the decrease was significant only when the neighbouring pair had reproduced successfully. Furthermore, there was no evidence that females biased the sex ratio of their offspring according to their mate's attractiveness. On the other hand, after reproduction, both successful and unsuccessful females increased their preferences for males who had produced a larger proportion of sons. Despite the fact that other mechanisms may have also contributed to our findings, we suggest that females changed their mate preferences based on the proportion of sons produced by successful males, because offspring sex ratio reflects the male's testosterone level at the moment of fertilization and hence is an indicator of his immune condition