Choosing the Direction of Development of Foreign Economic Activity for Enterprises in the Aviation Industry

The article is aimed at studying the existing approaches to the development of foreign economic activity (FEA) of enterprise, elaborating the procedure of its management in order to determine the direction of development of FEA of enterprises in the aviation industry of Ukraine. The authors have developed, formalized and visualized a phased mechanism of choosing the direction of development of FEA for enterprise, according to the method of functional modeling. The obtained instrument was used to determine the direction of FEA development for a typical enterprise in the aviation industry. Features of the aforementioned enterprise have been allocated, a suitable set of development directions has been selected, a reasoned procedure of implementation of activities on development of foreign economic activity at the enterprise has been analyzed and determined. Prospect for further research in this direction can be implementation of the mechanism at the enterprises of other industries, refinement of the instrumentarium for each stage of the process according to their features and needs

АНАЛІЗ ІСНУЮЧИХ ПІДХОДІВ ПРОТИДІЇ НАЙПОШИРЕНІШИМ КІБЕРНЕТИЧНИМ ВТРУЧАННЯМ В ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО–ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНІ МЕРЕЖІ

The rapid development of information and communication technologies and the global Internet opens up many new opportunities in all spheres of human life and in the country as a whole. On the other hand, the use of computers, mobile gadgets and other digital devices has contributed to the development of a new threat - cybernetic interventions, which are understood as actions in cyberspace directed against the information and telecommunications network with the aim of influencing it by disrupting its functioning, gaining control over the network, copy, delete, damage, insert or destroy data, create conditions for changing user behavior. In Ukraine, from 2014 to 2017, a number of cybernetic interventions were carried out, which were widely publicized both in the country and in the world. In the context of the globalization of information processes and their integration into various spheres of public life, the leadership of the leading states of the world pays special attention to the creation and improvement of effective systems for protecting critical infrastructure against external and internal cyber threats. Therefore, it will be expedient to analyze the widespread cybernetic interventions that have been carried out on the territory of Ukraine and to consider existing methods and methods of preventing cybernetic interventions, as well as to offer a method and scheme for protection from cybernetic interventions.Стремительное развитие информационно-коммуникационных технологий и глобальной сети Интернет открывает много новых возможностей во всех сферах жизни человека и в стране в целом. С другой стороны использование компьютеров, мобильных гаджетов и других цифровых устройств способствовало развитию новой угрозы - кибернетических вмешательств, под которыми понимают действия в киберпространстве, направленные против информационно-телекоммуникационной сети с целью воздействия на нее путем нарушения ее функционирования, получения контроля над сетью, коррекции, копирования, удаления, повреждения, внедрения или уничтожения данных, создания условий для изменения поведения пользователей. В Украине в период с 2014 по 2017 годы прошел ряд кибернетических вмешательств, которые получили широкую огласку как в стране так и в мире.В условиях глобализации информационных процессов, их интеграции в различные сферы общественной жизни руководство ведущих государств мира уделяет повышенное внимание созданию и совершенствованию эффективных систем защиты критической инфраструктуры от внешних и внутренних угроз кибернетического характера. Поэтому целесообразным будет проанализировать распространенные кибернетические вмешательства, которые были совершены на территории Украины и рассмотреть существующие методы и способы предупреждения кибернетических вмешательств, а также предложить метод и схему защиты от кибернетических вмешательств.Стрімкий розвиток інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій та Глобальної мережі Інтернет відкриває багато нових можливостей у всіх сферах життя людини і в країні загалом. З іншої сторони використання комп’ютерів, мобільних гаджетів та інших цифрових пристроїв сприяло розвитку нової загрози – кібернетичних втручань, під якими розуміють дії в кіберпросторі, спрямовані проти інформаційно-телекомунікаційної мережі метою впливу на неї шляхом порушення її функціонування, отримання контролю над мережею, корекції, копіювання, вилучення, пошкодження, впровадження чи знищення даних, створення умов для зміни поведінки її користувачів. В Україні в період з 2014 по 2017 роки відбулася низка кібернетичних втручань, які набули широкого розголосу як в країні так і в світі.В умовах глобалізації інформаційних процесів, їх інтеграції в різні сфери суспільного життя керівництво провідних держав світу приділяє посилену увагу створенню та удосконаленню ефективних систем захисту критичної інфраструктури від зовнішніх і внутрішніх загроз кібернетичного характеру. Тому доцільним буде проаналізувати найпоширеніші кібернетичні втручання, які були здійснені на території України та розглянути існуючі методи та способи попередження кібернетичних втручань, а також запропонувати метод та схему захисту від кібернетичних втручань

Determination of Diphenhydramine by HPLC Method in Biological Liquids

The aim of the study was to develop an algorithm for directed analysis of diphenhydramine in biological extracts from urine and blood using a unified method of HPLC research.Materials and methods. The extraction of diphenhydramine was carried out with chloroform at pH 9.0. The extracts were purified from impurities by a combination of TLC and extraction with hexane. TLC purification and identification of diphenhydramine were carried out under optimal conditions: organic solvents systems – chloroform-methanol (90:10); methanol; methanol-25 % solution of ammonium hydroxide (100:1.5) and chromatographic plates - Sorbfil PTLC-AF-A, Sorbfil PTLC-P-B-UV. For the detection of diphenhydramine, the most sensitive location reagents were used - UV light (λ = 254 nm) and Dragendorff reagent in the modification of Mounier.HPLC analysis was carried out on a microcolumn liquid chromatograph "Milichrome A-02" in conditions: reversed-phase variant, column with non-polar sorbent Prontosil 120-5 C18 AQ, 5 μm; mobile phase in the mode of linear gradient – from eluent А (5 % acetonitrile and 95 % buffer solution) to eluent B (100 % acetonitrile) as during 40 min. The flow rate of the mobile phase has been formed 100 μl/min, injection volume – 4 μl. Multichannel detection of the substance was carried out using a UV spectrophotometer at 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 280 and 300 nm; the optimal value of column temperature – 37 - 40°С and pressure of pump – 2.8 – 3.2 MPa.Results and its discussion. Extraction, purification, identification and quantitative determination of diphenhydramine were carried out according to the developed methods. It is established that when isolating diphenhydramine from blood according to the developed methods it is possible to allocate 34.2 – 38.4 % of substance ( = ± 5.69 %, RSD = 2.04 %) and from urine – 55.8 – 60.5 % of substance ( = ± 3.91 %, RSD = 1.40 % ).Conclusions. An algorithm has been developed for directed analysis of diphenhydramine in biological extracts from urine and blood using a unified HPLC method. Statistical processing of the experimental results indicates the reliability and reproducibility of the techniqu

Determination of Diphenhydramine by HPLC Method in Biological Liquids

The aim of the study was to develop an algorithm for directed analysis of diphenhydramine in biological extracts from urine and blood using a unified method of HPLC research.Materials and methods. The extraction of diphenhydramine was carried out with chloroform at pH 9.0. The extracts were purified from impurities by a combination of TLC and extraction with hexane. TLC purification and identification of diphenhydramine were carried out under optimal conditions: organic solvents systems – chloroform-methanol (90:10); methanol; methanol-25 % solution of ammonium hydroxide (100:1.5) and chromatographic plates - Sorbfil PTLC-AF-A, Sorbfil PTLC-P-B-UV. For the detection of diphenhydramine, the most sensitive location reagents were used - UV light (λ = 254 nm) and Dragendorff reagent in the modification of Mounier.HPLC analysis was carried out on a microcolumn liquid chromatograph "Milichrome A-02" in conditions: reversed-phase variant, column with non-polar sorbent Prontosil 120-5 C18 AQ, 5 μm; mobile phase in the mode of linear gradient – from eluent А (5 % acetonitrile and 95 % buffer solution) to eluent B (100 % acetonitrile) as during 40 min. The flow rate of the mobile phase has been formed 100 μl/min, injection volume – 4 μl. Multichannel detection of the substance was carried out using a UV spectrophotometer at 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 280 and 300 nm; the optimal value of column temperature – 37 - 40°С and pressure of pump – 2.8 – 3.2 MPa.Results and its discussion. Extraction, purification, identification and quantitative determination of diphenhydramine were carried out according to the developed methods. It is established that when isolating diphenhydramine from blood according to the developed methods it is possible to allocate 34.2 – 38.4 % of substance ( = ± 5.69 %, RSD = 2.04 %) and from urine – 55.8 – 60.5 % of substance ( = ± 3.91 %, RSD = 1.40 % ).Conclusions. An algorithm has been developed for directed analysis of diphenhydramine in biological extracts from urine and blood using a unified HPLC method. Statistical processing of the experimental results indicates the reliability and reproducibility of the techniqu

Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19

BackgroundWe previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15-20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in similar to 80% of cases.MethodsWe report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded.ResultsNo gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5-528.7, P=1.1x10(-4)) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR=3.70[95%CI 1.3-8.2], P=2.1x10(-4)). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR=19.65[95%CI 2.1-2635.4], P=3.4x10(-3)), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR=4.40[9%CI 2.3-8.4], P=7.7x10(-8)). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD]=43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P=1.68x10(-5)).ConclusionsRare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old